Na maioria das construções utilizam-se estruturas de madeira para coberturas e muitas são executadas no sistema convencional, empregando treliças. Com o avanço da arquitetura, no que diz respeito a empregabilidade da madeira, outras formas vêm sendo utilizadas, tornando o ambiente mais livre e harmônico, e para isso, a necessidade de vigas maiores, para vencer maiores vãos. Desta forma, os materiais dos elementos estruturais têm importante papel, a fim de demandar continuidade das peças, dentro dos padrões de segurança. As Normas Brasileiras apresentam formas de ligações onde, o emprego da madeira e o aço, garantem a estabilidade para ambos os materiais, visto a utilização de parafusos e pinos como elemento de ligação, empregados nas construções. Neste trabalho, a proposta é avaliar os conjuntos dos materiais de ligações aparafusadas entre madeira/madeira e compará-la com a ligações madeira/chapa de aço/madeira; a chapa dobrada a frio e prensada entre as peças não está aparente. Portanto, a ligação ficará a cargo dos parafusos, mas, com a chapa a resistência será maior suportando aos esforços cortantes causados pela flexão dos parafusos e inserida diretamente na madeira, que tem grande importância quanto à direção das fibras e do esforço aplicado. / In most constructions are used wooden structures for roofs and many are executed in the conventional system using trusses. With the advancement of architecture, with regard the employability of timber, other ways have been used making the free and harmonious environment, and for this, the need for larger beams, to win larger spans. Therefore, the materials of the structural elements have an important role in order to demand continuity of parts with in the safety standards. Brazilian Standards of forms of links where the use of timber and steel, ensure stability for both materials, as the use of bolts and pins as liaison, used in buildings. In this paper, the proposal is to assess the joint of bolted connections materials between timber / timber and compare it with the connections timber / steel plate / timber; the folded plate and cold pressed between the parts is not apparent. Therefore, the connection will fall on the bolts, but with the plate resistance will be higher by supporting the shearing caused by the bending of the bolts and inserted directly on timber, which is very important as to the direction of the fibers and of the applied load.

O presente trabalho possui o objetivo de avaliar a aplicabilidade da metrologia em uma ferramenta de estampagem incremental de chapas. Para o estudo foi confeccionada uma ferramenta de estampagem com rebaixos em seu corpo cilíndrico para a fixação dos sensores que mediram a deformação relativa. As análises apresentadas nesta pesquisa representam os cuidados e processos necessários ao uso de extensômetros aliado a um processo de fabricação mecânica. No presente estudo define-se a calibração de um sistema de medição da deformação superficial da ferramenta de estampagem com auxílio da Extensometria. Para validar os resultados obtidos pelos métodos da instrumentação das medidas das deformações e forças no processo de estampagem incremental foram utilizados os métodos de Cálculos Analíticos e Simulação Numérica por meio de softwares de Elementos Finitos. No método de medida se considerou parâmetros que podem comprometer os valores medidos tais como a medida da temperatura utilizando equipamentos termovisor. Além disso, foram realizados 04 (quatro) ensaios preliminares com o intuito de avaliar a medição de forma satisfatória nos eixos X e Y do processo de estampagem incremental, efetuando análises das forças nesses eixos em tração e compressão. A estampagem incremental ocorreu por meio de um total de 09 (nove) Ensaios variando-se ângulo de parede (ψ) e espessura das chapas (s0). Os experimentos baseiam-se na variante de estampagem incremental denominada Estampagem Incremental de Ponto Simples (SPIF – Single Point Incremental Forming). Para a execução dos testes práticos foram utilizados recursos de hardware como Ponte Wheatstone, extensômetros, Termovisor, Centro de Usinagem CNC, matriz incremental, ferramenta de estampagem incremental e um dispositivo prensa chapas. Além de recursos de software CAD/CAM, DAQ (Data Acquisition System), Análise de Elementos Finitos. E recursos de cálculos analíticos como forma comprobatória de resultados. A partir dos procedimentos executados junto com aparato tecnológico foi possível efetuar as análises e medições das forças na ferramenta de estampagem incrementa com referência aos eixos X e Y. Demonstrando neste a aplicabilidade de extensometria para leitura e análise de forças no processo de ISF. / This present work has the objective of assessing the applicability of instrumentation science in an incremental forming tool. For this study was made a tool with recesses on its cylindrical body as a means of fixing the strain sensors. The study presented demonstrate some of the warning and processes required the use of Strain Gages combined with a mechanical manufacturing process. In the present study is defined as an acceptable calibration measuring system with the aid of Extensometry. To validate the results obtained by the methods of instrumentation measurements of the deformations and forces in incremental sheet forming process were used Analytical Calculations and Numerical Simulation using Finite Elements. The measurement method was considered parameters that can compromise the measured values such as temperature measurement devices using thermometer. In addition, we conducted four (04) preliminary tests in order to evaluate the measurement system in satisfactory form with measured variables such as X and Y axes. We analyses the traction and compression forces in both axes. After the preliminary step, was performed a total of nine (09) tests with incremental sheet forming process, varying wall angle (ψ) and the thickness (s0). The experiments are based on the Single Point Incremental Forming - SPIF. For the implementation of the practical tests were used hardware resources such as CNC Machining Center, Wheatstone Bridge, Strain Gauges, Thermal Imager, incremental matrix and incremental forming tool. Besides, we used softwares such as CAD/CAM, DAQ (Data Acquisition System) and Finite Element Analysis. From the technological procedures perform with apparatus was possible do carry out the analyzes and measurement of forces in incremental sheet forming tool increases about to the axes X and Y. Demonstrating the applicability of the extensometry for reading and analyzing forces in the ISF process.

Os Aços Avançados de Alta Resistência ou AHSS (do inglês Advanced High Strength Steels) apresentam muitas vantagens mecânicas em relação aos aços convencionais. Seu uso crescente na indústria automotiva deve-se principalmente à sua capacidade de possibilitar a redução de peso e, ao mesmo tempo, o aumento da segurança aos ocupantes do veículo em caso de colisões. No entanto, apresentam maiores dificuldades no que se refere à conformabilidade (maiores níveis de solicitação e desgaste das ferramentas, menor deformabilidade plástica, etc). Assim, alguns testes para avaliar a conformabilidade destes materiais ganham maior importância. É o caso do Teste de Expansão de Furos, cuja propriedade medida é a Razão de Expansão de Furos (REF). Neste trabalho investiga-se o processo de expansão de furos para o aço avançado de alta resistência (AHSS) martensítico DOCOL 190M, sob as seguintes condições de processo: duas formas de obtenção do furo (jato d’água e usinagem); duas geometrias distintas de punções (cônico de 60º e elíptico); diversos diâmetros do furo inicial; com e sem o uso de lubrificante; com acabamento diferenciado da borda do furo; e expansão com deslocamento do punção em etapas. Os experimentos demonstram que a expansão de furos possui uma estreita relação com a geometria do punção utilizado para a expansão, bem como com o diâmetro do furo inicial, acabamento da borda e condições de lubrificação. A partir dos resultados experimentais de expansão de furos foi possível realizar a calibração de um software de simulação computacional em relação ao dano crítico do material no momento da fatura na borda do furo. / Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) offer many mechanical advantages over conventional steels. Its increasing use in the automotive industry is mainly due to its ability to reduce weight and, at the same time, increase occupant safety in the event of collisions. However, they present greater difficulties with respect to the formability (higher levels of solicitation and wear of the tools, lower plastic formability, etc). Thus, some tests to evaluate the formability of these materials come to have greater importance. This is the case of the Hole Expansion Test, whose measured property is the Hole Expansion Ratio (REF). This work investigates the hole expansion process for a martensitic advanced high-strength steel (AHSS), DOCOL 190M, under the following process conditions: two ways of obtaining the hole (water jet and machining); two different geometries of punctures (conical of 60º and elliptical); various diameters of the initial hole; with and without the use of lubricant; with differentiated finishing of the hole edge; and expansion with punch displacement in steps. The experiments demonstrate that the hole expansion has a close relationship with the geometry of the punch used for the expansion, as well as the initial hole diameter, edge finish and lubrication conditions. From the experimental hole expansion results it was possible to carry out the calibration of a computational simulation software in relation to the critical damage of the material at the moment of hole edge rupture.

The recent thinning, acceleration and retreat of tidewater glaciers around Greenland suggests that these systems are highly sensitive to a change in climate. Tidewater glacier dynamics have already had a significant impact on global sea level, and, given projected future climate warming, will likely continue to do so over the coming century. Understanding of the processes connecting climatic change to tidewater glacier response is, however, at an early stage. Current leading thinking links tidewater glacier change to ocean warming by submarine melting of glacier calving fronts, yet the process of submarine melting remains poorly understood. This thesis combines modelling and field data to investigate submarine melting at tidewater glaciers, ultimately seeking to constrain the sensitivity of the Greenland Ice Sheet to climate change. Submarine melting is thought to be enhanced where subglacial runoff enters the ocean and drives energetic ice-marginal plumes. In this thesis, two contrasting models are used to examine the dynamics of these plumes; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) and the simpler buoyant plume theory (BPT). The first result of this thesis, obtained with the MITgcm, is that the spatial distribution of subglacial runoff at the grounding line of a tidewater glacier is a key control on the rate and spatial distribution of submarine melting. Focussed subglacial runoff induces rapid but localised melting, while diffuse runoff induces slower but spatially homogeneous melting. Furthermore, for the same subglacial runoff, total ablation by submarine melting from diffuse runoff exceeds that from focussed runoff by at least a factor of five. BPT is then used to examine the relationship between plume-induced submarine melting and key physical parameters, such as plume geometry, fjord stratification, and the magnitude of subglacial runoff. It is shown that submarine melt rate is proportional to the magnitude of subglacial runoff raised to the exponent of 1/3, regardless of plume geometry, provided runoff lies below a critical threshold and the fjord is weakly stratified. Above the runoff threshold and for strongly stratified fjords, the exponent respectively decreases and increases. The obtained relationships are combined into a single parameterisation thereby providing a useful first-order estimate of submarine melt rate with potential for incorporation into predictive ice flow models. Having investigated many of the factors affecting submarine melt rate, this thesis turns to the effect of melting on tidewater glacier dynamics and calving processes. Specifically, feedbacks between submarine melting and calving front shape are evaluated by coupling BPT to a dynamic ice-ocean boundary which evolves according to modelled submarine melt rates. In agreement with observations, the model shows calving fronts becoming undercut by submarine melting, but hints at a critical role for subglacial channels in this process. The total ablation by submarine melting increases with the degree of undercutting due to increased ice-ocean surface area. It is suggested that the relative pace of undercutting versus ice velocity may define the dominant calving style at a tidewater glacier. Finally, comparison of plumes modelled in both MITgcm and BPT with those observed at Kangiata Nunata Sermia (KNS), a large tidewater glacier in south-west Greenland, suggests that subglacial runoff at KNS is often diffuse in nature. In addition to the above implications for submarine melting, diffuse drainage may enhance basal sliding during warmer summers, thereby providing a potential link between increasing atmospheric temperature and tidewater glacier acceleration which does not invoke the role of the ocean. This thesis provides a comprehensive investigation and quantification of the factors affecting submarine melting at tidewater glaciers, a complex process that is believed to be one of the key influences on the current and future stability of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Based on the magnitude of modelled melt rates, and their effect on calving front shape, the process of submarine melting is a likely driver of retreat at slower-flowing tidewater glaciers in Greenland. For melting to influence the largest and fastest-flowing glaciers requires invoking a sensitive coupling between melting and calving which is as yet obscure. It should however be noted that modelled melt rates depend critically on parameters which are poorly constrained. The results and parameterisations developed in this thesis should now be taken forward through testing against field observations - which are currently rare - and, from a modelling perspective, coupling with ice flow models to provide a more complete picture of the interaction of the Greenland Ice Sheet with the ocean.

La contribution des calottes polaires à l'augmentation du niveau marin est un sujet de préoccupation majeure. Dans le cadre du réchauffement climatique, la dynamique de leurs glaciers émissaires évolue et ceux-ci accélèrent leur décharge de glace vers l'océan. En tant qu'exutoires des calottes polaires et régulateurs de leur perte de masse, la prise en compte de leur fonctionnement dans les prévisions d'augmentation du niveau marin est capitale. Cependant, les processus qui régissent leur dynamique sont mal contraints et il convient alors de réduire les incertitudes qui y sont liées. Les rétroactions entre la dynamique du front et la dynamique du glacier en sont un exemple représentatif. Dans ce cadre, cette thèse se concentre sur la modélisation de la dynamique du front de vêlage, et vise à proposer une nouvelle approche physique des mécanismes aboutissant au vêlage d'iceberg. Le travail réalisé ici couple la mécanique de l'endommagement et la mécanique de la rupture. Il intègre ainsi la dégradation progressive des propriétés rhéologiques de la glace aboutissant à la formation d'un champ de crevasses et modélise ensuite la propagation des fractures caractéristiques de l'évènement de vêlage. Ce modèle nouvellement créé est contraint sur une géométrie 2D en ligne d'écoulement du glacier Helheim, au Groenland, dont on parvient à reproduire un comportement cohérent de la partie terminale. Les tests de sensibilité menés sur chacun des paramètres introduits dans le modèle contraignent l'importance de chacun d'eux. On évalue ensuite l'impact sur la dynamique du front de deux forçages naturels couramment observés dans les fjords groenlandais : la fonte de la partie immergée du front et l'impact mécanique d'un mélange de glace (mélange de glace de mer et d'icebergs). Les résultats suggèrent que si la fonte affecte légèrement la dynamique du front, le mélange de glace provoque une réponse saisonnière d'une amplitude similaire aux variations observées dans la réalité. En frottant contre les parois du fjord, il empêche le vêlage et favorise l'avancée du glacier. On montre également que la fonte ne modifie pas le bilan de masse du glacier, mais que l'effet du mélange de glace est plus marqué. Enfin, nos résultats suggèrent que lorsque le glacier présente une extension flottante, un forçage élevé peut modifier l'équilibre du glacier et affecter plus considérablement son bilan de masse pluriannuel. / Polar ice-sheets discharge and subsequent sea level rise is a major concern. Warming climate affects the behaviour of tidewater outlets glaciers and increases their ice discharge. As they drain the ice flow toward the ocean, it is pivotal to incorporate their dynamics when modelling the ice-sheet response to global warming. However, tidewater glacier dynamics is still complicated to understand, as they are believed to involve many feedbacks. The one between calving margin dynamics and glacier general dynamics is fundamental. This PhD thesis focuses on modelling the calving front of outlet glaciers, in order to enhance the representation of physical processes occurring at their margin. To do so, we build up a new framework for calving based on damage mechanics and fracture mechanics. This allows us to represent the slow degradation of the ice rheological properties from a virgin state to the appearance of a crevasse field, as well as the rapid fracture propagation associated with calving events. Our model is then constrained within a 2D flow-line representation of Helheim Glacier, Greenland. We find some parameters sets for which the glacier behaviour is coherent with its past evolution. Sensitivity tests are carried out and they reveal the significance of each model parameter. This new calving law is then employed to study the impact of submarine frontal melting and ice mélange (heterogeneous mixture of sea-ice and icebergs) on glacier dynamics. These two forcings are usually suspected to be responsible for the seasonal variations of the calving margin. Our results show that both forcings impact the front dynamics. The melting, however, only slightly changes the front position, when the ice mélange can force the glacier front to displace up to a few kilometers. Additionally, if the melting at the front is not sufficient to affect the inter-annual mass balance, this is not obvious when forced by ice mélange. At last, our model highlights a feature which is specific to floating glaciers: for the strongest forcings, the glacier equilibrium may be modified, as well as its pluri-annual mass balance.STAR

Les prochaines modèles climatiques comprendront un modèle de calotte polaire afin de tenir en compte la dynamique de la glace et les interactions glace-océans dans ses projections. D'une part, l'océan Austral (SO) pilote l'accélération des glaciers de l'Antarctique via une augmentation de la fonte basale des ice shelves. D'autre part, l'accélération de la décharge de glace de l'Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) contribue à la montée du niveau de la mer et est susceptible de devenir le plus grand contributeur de la cryosphère d'ici la fin du siècle. En outre, l'adoucissement relié, peut avoir des répercussions importantes sur la glace de mer et sur la formation des eaux profondes. Cependant, on ne sait pas encore comment les modèles d'océan et de calotte polaire des futurs systèmes couplés vont représenter les interactions glace-océan, causes et conséquences du déséquilibre de masse de AIS. Ici, dans ce travail, les différents aspects des modèles de océan et calotte polaire ont été étudiés. Une première étape de cette thèse a été concentrée à la représentation des flux d'eau douce glaciaires dans les modèles océaniques actuels. Basé dans estimations glaciologiques, la fonte basal des ice shelves a été répartie dans une grille de ORCA025, et les taux de production d'icebergs ont été appliqués dans une version améliorée du modèle d'iceberg NEMO-ICB. Cette étude préliminaire a été utilisé pour produire une climatologie d'eau de fonte provenant des icebergs, valable pour forcer les modèles de océan actuels. Ce travail montre l'importance de représenter les flux d'eau de fonte des icebergs lors de la modélisation de la glace de mer, qui peut être obtenu en utilisant notre climatologie. Ces améliorations ont été pris en compte dans l'étude de la réponse du modèle de océan a la perte de masse de AIS. Cette étude considère une perturbation réaliste de l'eau douce glaciaire aussi près que possible de sa représentation dans les futurs modèles couplés ice-sheet/océan. Selon nos résultats, jusqu'à 50% des changements récents de volume de la glace de mer pourrait être causée par le bilan masse de l'AIS. Le forçage en eau douce glaciaire semble être cruciale pour représenter correctement les interactions glace-océan et projeter la glace de mer dans les futurs systèmes couplés. Cependant, l'estimation de l'apport d'eau douce glaciaire dans les modèles climatiques futurs sera fortement affecté par la capacité des modèles de calotte polaire de reproduire les migrations de grounding line des glacières de "marine ice sheets". Les modèles de calotte polaire actuels présentent grandes incertitudes liées aux différents réglages. Dans le contexte des futurs modèles climatiques, nous avons étudié la sensibilité des retraites de la grounding line produites par l'océan à l'application de deux lois de frottement différentes et deux différentes approximations du stress glacier. Les modèle réagit de façon presque similaire aux approximations SSA ou SSA *. Par contre, les différences dans la contribution du glacier à l'élévation du niveau de la mer peuvent être jusqu'à 50% en fonction de la loi de frottement considéré. La loi de friction Schoof, la plus physique, est nettement plus réactif aux perturbations océaniques que la loi Weertman, et devrait être pris en compte dans les systèmes couplés futurs. Ce travail souligne que les incertitudes liées aux estimations des modèles de la calotte glaciaire de migrations de grounding line peuvent contribuer non seulement à des incertitudes du futur niveau de la mer, mais aussi de la glace de mer à travers des interactions glace-océan dans les futures models climatiques. Tel conclusion suggère la nécessité d'améliorer la représentation de la fonte basal des ice shelves et le frottement du glacier, afin d'améliorer les projections climatiques des modèles climatiques, dans lequel la distribution spatiale et saisonnière des eau douce glaciaires peut jouer un rôle important en établir la glace de mer. / The next generation of climate models will include an ice-sheet model in order to improve the ice sheet mass balance projections by accounting for the ice dynamics and ice-oceans interactions. On the one hand, the Southern Ocean (SO) is indeed driving the acceleration of the Antarctic outlet glaciers via an increase in the basal melting of the ice shelves. On the other hand, the increasing ice discharge from Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) contributes to the current sea level rise and is likely to become the largest cryospheric contributor to sea level rise by the end of the current century. In addition, the related freshening may have significant implications on future sea-ice cover and on bottom water formation. However, it is not clear yet how the ocean and ice-sheet components of future coupled systems will account for the ice-ocean interactions, which are both causes and consequences of the AIS mass imbalance. Here in this work, different aspects of the standalone ocean and ice-sheet components have been investigated. A first step of this thesis has been focused in the representation of the glacial freshwater fluxes in current ocean models. Based on recent glaciological estimates, the ice shelf basal melting fluxes have been spatially distributed in an ORCA025 grid, and the calving rates have been applied into an improved version of the NEMO-ICB iceberg model. This preliminary study has been used to produce a monthly iceberg meltwater climatology, to be used to force current ocean models. This work shows the importance of representing the iceberg meltwater fluxes when modeling sea ice, which can be inexpensively achieve by using our climatology. The improvements in the representation of the glacial freshwater fluxes have been considered in the study of the ocean model response to the Antarctic mass imbalance. This study considers a realistic perturbation in the glacial freshwater forcing as close as possible as it will be represented in future ice-sheet/ocean models. According to our results, up to 50% of the recent Antarctic sea ice volume changes might be caused by the observed decadal AIS mass imbalance rate. Glacial freshwater forcing appears to be crucial to correctly represent the ice-ocean interactions and projecting sea ice cover of future coupled systems. However, the estimation of the glacial freshwater input in future climate models will be strongly dependent upon the capacity of ice-sheet models to reproduce the grounding line migrations of marine ice sheet glaciers. Current ice-sheet models present large uncertainties related to different parametrizations. In the context of the future climate models, we have studied the sensitivity of ocean-driven grounding line retreats to the application of two different friction laws and two different englacial stress approximations. The model responses almost indistinctively to either the SSA or the SSA* englacial stress approximations. However, differences in the contribution of the glacier to the sea level rise can be up to 50% depending on the friction law considered. The more physically constrained Schoof friction law is significantly more reactive to the ocean perturbations than Weertman law and should be considered in future coupled systems. This work underlines that uncertainties related to the ice sheet model estimates of grounding line migrations may not only contribute to uncertainties in sea level projections, but also the sea ice cover through the ice-ocean interaction in future ocean models.This conclusion suggests the need for improving the representation of both the ice shelf basal melting and the glacier interaction with the bedrock, in order to improve the climate projections of future climate models, in which the spatial and seasonal distribution of the glacial freshwater fluxes may play an important role in setting the sea ice cover.

Ce travail porte sur la mise en forme par compression des Sheet Moulding Compounds (SMC), matériaux composites à matrice polymère renforcés par des fibres courtes. Il s’inscrit dans un plus vaste projet visant à la création d'un outil de simulation du procédé de compression des SMC. Il se focalise sur le développement d’outils et de méthodes de caractérisation de la rhéologie et des microstructures dédiés à aux formulations de SMC allégées ou à fort taux de fibres, dans le but de construire un modèle rhéologique prenant en compte la forte compressibilité de ces matériaux. Dans un premier temps, des essais de compression sur site industriel sont réalisés en utilisant des flans de différentes couleurs. Couplés à des images 3D obtenues par microtomographie à rayons X, ils permettent de mettre en évidence la complexité des mécanismes de déformation vus par les SMC au cours de leur mise en forme par compression. En parallèle, des essais de compression sur rhéomètre transparent mettent en évidence une forte compressibilité des SMC qui se traduit par un écoulement en deux phases : une cinématique de consolidation suivie d’un écoulement isovolume. La consolidation et ses liens avec la porosité initiale des SMC est ensuite étudiée grâce à des essais de compression avec observations 3D in situ et en temps réel réalisées dans un microtomographe à rayons X synchrotron. De là, différents dispositifs expérimentaux permettant de caractériser les SMC dans des sollicitations représentatives du procédé ont été développés. Ainsi, un dispositif de traction, couplé à des mesures de champs cinématiques par corrélation d’images ainsi qu’à des observations des évolutions microstructurelles par microtomographie à rayons X a été mis au point, il permet de mieux comprendre le comportement des SMC au cours de la phase d’estampage. Un dispositif de compression œdométrique permettant une mesure des états de contrainte au cours de la compression ainsi qu’un dispositif de cisaillement simple permettant d’appliquer une contrainte normale variable ont également été développés afin d’étudier les liens entre la consolidation des SMC et leur cisaillement. Les différentes campagnes expérimentales réalisées au cours de ces travaux mettent d’une part en évidence des différences importantes au niveau des microstructures des formulations étudiées et de leurs évolutions en écoulement. D’autre part, les résultats expérimentaux mettent également en évidence un comportement mécanique viscoélastoplastique non linéaire, anisotrope et compressible, fortement dépendant de la microstructure initiale des SMC. Sur la base de tous ces essais un modèle rhéologique visqueux, compressible, isotrope transverse est proposé et ses paramètres constitutifs sont identifiés. / This study focuses on the compression moulding Sheet Moulding Compounds (SMCs), i.e., short fibre-reinforced thermoset polymer composites. It is part of a wider project aiming at the development of software to simulate the SMC compression moulding. It focuses on the development of tools and methods to characterise the rheology and the microstructures high fibre content and ultralight SMCs in order to build a rheological model that takes into account the noticeable compressibility of these materials. For that purpose, industrial compression using colored sheets were carried out and coupled with 3D images obtained from X-ray microtomography. They highlighted the complexity of flow-induced mechanisms during compression moulding. Compression experiments were also performed on a transparent rheometer to highlight the high compressibility of SMCs which resulted in a two steps flow: a compaction followed by an isovolume flow. The consolidation stage and its links with the initial porosity is then studied through 3D in situ and real time observations of compression tests carried out inside an X-ray synchrotron microtomograph. In addition, various experimental an dedicated rheometers were developed following flow modes close to those encountered during the compression moulding process. Hence, a tensile device was developed and coupled with (i) local kinematic strain field measurements using digital image correlation as well as (ii) microstructural observations obtained from X-ray microtomography. It allowed a better understanding of the stamping phase during the early stage of the SMC compression moulding process. Furthermore, an oedometric compression device equipped with sensors to measure the stress state during compression, together with a simple shear device allowing normal stress to be tuned, were developed in order to study the link between SMC consolidation and their shear behaviour. First of all, experimental results showed strong differences in the microstructures of the studied formulations and in their evolutions during the SMC flow. They also highlighted an anisotropic, compressible, nonlinear viscoelastoplastic mechanical behavior that strongly depended on the initial SMC microstructure. On the basis of these experimental results, a viscous, compressible and transversely isotropic rheological model was proposed and its consitutitve parameters were identified.

Some climate models are still lacking features such as dynamical modelling of ice sheets due to their computational cost which results in poor accuracy and estimates of e.g. sea level rise. The need for low-cost high-order models initiated the development of the First-Order Stokes (or Blatter-Pattyn) model which retains much of the accuracy of the full-Stokes model but is also cost-effective. This model has proven accurate for ice sheets and glaciers with frozen bedrocks, or no-slip basal boundary conditions. However, experimental evidence seems to be lacking regarding its accuracy under sliding, or stress-free, bedrock conditions (ice-shelf conditions). Hence, it became of interest to investigate this. Numerical experiments were set up by formulating the first-order Stokes equations as a variational finite element problem, followed by implementing them using the open-source FEniCS framework. Two types of geometries were used with both no-slip and slip basal boundary conditions. Specifically, experiments B and D from the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for Higher-Order ice sheet Models (ISMIP-HOM) were used to benchmark the model. Local model errors were investigated and a convergence analysis was performed for both experiments. The results yielded an inherent model error of about 0.06% for ISMIP-HOM B and 0.006% for ISMIPHOM D, mostly relating to the different types of geometries used. Errors in stress-free regions were greater and varied on the order of 1%. This was deemed fairly accurate, and probably enough justification to replace models such as the Shallow Shelf Approximation with the First-Order Stokes model in some regions. However, more rigorous tests with real-world geometries may be warranted. Also noteworthy were inconsistent results in the vertical velocity under slippery conditions (ISMIPHOM D) which could either be due to coding errors or an inherent problem with the decoupling of the horizontal and vertical velocities of the First-Order Stokes model. This should be further investigated. / Vissa klimatmodeller saknar fortfarande funktioner så som dynamisk modellering av istäcken på grund av dess höga beräkningskostnad, vilket resulterar låg noggrannhet och uppskattningar av t.ex. havsnivåhöjning. Behovet av enkla modeller med hög noggrannhet satte igång utvecklingen av den s.k. Första Ordningens Stokes (eller Blatter-Pattyn) modellen. Denna modell behåller mycket av noggrannheten i den mer exakta full-Stokes-modellen men är också väldigt kostnadseffektiv. Denna modell har visat sig vara noggrann för istäcken och glaciärer med frusna berggrunder eller s.k. no-slip randvillkor. Experimentella bevis tycks dock saknas med avseende på dess noggrannhet under glidning, eller stressfria, berggrundsförhållanden (t.ex. vid ishyllor). Därför ville vi undersöka detta. Numeriska experiment upprättades genom att formulera Blatter-Pattyn ekvatonerna som ett variationsproblem (via finita elementmetoden), följt av att implementera dem med hjälp av den öppna källkoden FEniCS. Två typer av geometrier användes med både glidande och stressfria basala randvillkor. Specifikt användes experiment B och D från Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for Higher-Order ice sheet Models (ISMIP-HOM) för att testa modellen. Lokala fel undersöktes och en konvergensanalys utfördes för båda experimenten. Resultaten gav ett modellfel på ca 0,06 % för ISMIP-HOM B och 0,006 % för ISMIP-HOM D, vilka var mest relaterade till de olika typerna av geometrier som användes. Fel i stressfria regioner var större och varierade i storleksordningen 1 %. Detta ansågs vara ganska noggrant och sannolikt tillräckligt för att ersätta modeller så som Shallow Shelf Approximationen med Blatter-Pattyn-modellen i vissa regioner. Dock krävs mer noggranna tester med mer verkliga geometrier för att dra konkreta slutsatser. Också anmärkningsvärt var motsägande resultat i den vertikala hastigheten under glidande förhållanden (ISMIP-HOM D) som antingen kan ha berott på kodningsfel eller ett modelproblem som härstammar utifrån särkopplingen mellan den horizontella- och den vertikala hastigheten i Blatter-Pattyn-modellen. Detta bör undersökas vidare.

The subject of this thesis is the proposal of land consolidation in the cadastral area Břeží u Žinkov. Description of the area is the part of the land consolidation as well as erosion control measures to protect the land fund, measures to access to the property, measures for the creation and protection of the environment and water management. The final part of the proposal is to create the claims inventory of three owners and to propose a new land arrangement for selected owners. The results of this thesis are the improvement of environment protection and suitable solution of the land arrangement.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o comportamento da chapa de latão 70/30 para o processo de Estampagem Incremental de Chapas (ISF - Incremental Sheet Forming), baseado nos parâmetros: ângulo de parede (ψ), passo vertical ( Z) e estratégia do caminho da ferramenta. Os experimentos baseiam-se na variante da Estampagem Incremental denominada Estampagem Incremental com Ponto Simples (SPIF - Single Point Incremental Forming). Foram realizados 18 ensaios usando uma ferramenta de estampar com raio (RT) de 5 mm. Para execução dos testes práticos, foram utilizados os recursos: softwares CAD/CAM, centro de usinagem CNC com três eixos, matriz incremental, ferramenta de estampagem incremental e um dispositivo prensa chapas. Além disso, o acabamento da superfície conformada foi medido através do parâmetro de rugosidade RZ nos principais ensaios, bem como a medição das deformações verdadeiras (j) e da espessura (s1). Os testes práticos demonstraram que a estratégia de usinagem espiral proporcionou um maior ângulo de parede, comparado à estratégia paralela de contorno. / This study aims to evaluate the behavior of 70/30 brass plate to the process of Incremental Sheet Forming - ISF, based on the parameters: wall angle (ψ), vertical step ( Z) and tool path strategy. The experiments were based on a variation of the ISF process, called SPIF (Single Point Incremental Forming). Eighteen tests were conducted using a punching tool with a radius (RT) of 5 mm. For the execution of practical tests, the resources were used: CAD / CAM software, CNC machining center with three axis. It was also used an incremental matrix, a tool for incremental forming and a sheet-press device. In addition, the surface finish was measured by RZ roughness parameter in the main tests, the same way the measurement of true strains (φ) and thickness (s1). The practice tests showed that the spiral machining strategy has provided a greater wall angle, compared to the parallel strategy contour.