iDuring the past twenty years, China has been making dramatic progress in both the quality and the quantity of collective housing construction. However, many old problems still exist, and many more new problems have emerged, especially in some historical and compact but now fastgrowing cities, such as Suzhou, a 2500-year historic city with more than one million people.The objective of this study is to explore a design strategy to improve the collective dwelling environment --- the most popular dwelling type in China today --- in such a fast growing context. In order to provide an improvement in urban dwelling environments for residents, it is necessary to rethink the interaction between the individual resident and his or her dwelling. "Because building a house is a cultural phenomenon, its form and organization are greatly influenced by the cultural milieu to which it belongs."' In concurrence with this statement, this study examines not only the contemporary urban situation and typical residential environment but also the traditional urban fabric and housing settlement.Based on the principle that a harmonious environment results from "a whole range of sociocultural factors"Z, this study seeks several equilibriums: between the urban tissue and the building, between the building and the dwelling, between nature and the human being. The author's longterm goal is to apply the knowledge gained in this study in future practice.In the first part of this report, theoretical research is presented concerning the evolution of Chinese housing. Narrowing its geographical focus, this study selects Suzhou, a medium-size city at Yangtze Delta --- one of the most rapidly growing and developing plains in China --- as the site for the study. The historical dwelling pattern and current public housing style have been studied. Drawing on extensive research and field observation, the scope of the study is confined to rebuilding the harmony between human beings in all their diversity and common needs, and the morphological, functional and environmental aspects of residential environments.In the second part, a design model is proposed. Inspired by traditional interdisciplinary design strategies, as well as by a brief study of contemporary social needs, the author has proposed a new housing type: bio-climatic "atrium type" collective housing. This type links bioclimatic design principles to the framework of Open Building. On this basis, an experimental design proposal is next presented. In a specific site, it examines a way to help people exercise control of their immediate living environment, with both individual and social sustainable perspectives in mind. / Department of Architecture

本文主要探讨苏州话的连续变调，研究范围限定为音译词和复合词这两类多音节词。通过对苏州话语料的详细考察，本文总结出苏州话多音节词连读变调存在三层变调行为：（i）首音节尽量保留原调;（ii）第二个音节的变调与首音节的单字调有关;（iii）其余音节负载一个低平调. / 本文针对舒声调为首音节的多音节词的变调规律，回答了如下问题：（i）苏州话连续变调为何存在三层变调行为，而非两层或者四层？（ii）首音节保持原调的变调行为及它较高的负载声调的能力是由什么决定的？（iii）其余音节所负载的变调是如何决定的？ / 经过分析，我们将苏州话的变调域确认为韵律词，其内部结构如下：每个韵律词的头两个音节构成一个左重双拍音步，剩余的音节不构成音步因而直接被韵律词所管辖。由此苏州话的三层变调行为可以通过这三类音节在韵律词中的不同地位来解释，即：（i）首音节是左重双拍步中的强音节; （ii）第二个音节是左重双拍步中的弱音节; （iii）其余音节因不属于音步而被韵律词直接管辖。 / 基于对苏州话韵律结构的分析，本文以优选论为框架从理论上统一解释苏州话的连续变调。首先忠实性制约条件“禁止删除强音节单字调和“禁止强音节单字调变化 解释了首音节尽量保留原调的变调行为。其次，“禁止复杂仄调“，“禁止升调“和“禁止弱音节负载仄调这些简约性制约条件解释了现今苏州话连读变调模式中不允许出现复杂仄调，升调和非首音节仄调的现象。再次，“尾音节连接低调解释了连读变调后韵律词尾音节所负载的低平调。 / 本文通过对音译词和复合词的分类考察，补充了前人对苏州话连读变调现象的描述。而且在以往理论研究的基础上，本文论证了苏州话的连读变调是由它的韵律结构所决定的，由此补足了苏州话变调现象的理论解释。最后，本文对苏州话的分析也进一步印证了韵律结构的层级关系和韵律单位是人类语言所共有的，但韵律单位的构建在不同语言中则各有不同。 / This thesis presents an optimality-theoretic account of Suzhou tone sandhi from a prosodic perspective. By investigating transliterations and compounds, we find a three-way distinction of tone sandhi behavior within a tone sandhi domain: (i) the initial syllable has the ability to retain its citation tone; (ii) the second syllable carries a sandhi level tone related to the citation tone in the initial syllable; and (iii) the remaining syllables carry a low level tone. / Focusing on the tone sandhi patterns with initial long tones, we answer the following research questions: (i) what determines the existence of a three-way distinction of tone sandhi behavior, rather than a two-way or four-way one? (ii) what determines the tone stability and the greater tone-bearing ability of the initial syllable? and (iii) how are the sandhi tones in the non-initial syllables determined? / The tone sandhi domain in Suzhou Chinese is identified as the prosodic word, which contains a single left-headed binary foot and unfooted syllables. The three-way distinction is then captured by the three prosodic states in a prosodic word: (i) the strong syllable in the left-headed binary foot within the prosodic word, (ii) the weak syllable in this foot, and (iii) the syllables which are unfooted and immediately dominated by the prosodic word. / Based on the analysis of Suzhou prosodic structure, our account of Suzhou tone sandhi is formulated within the framework of Optimality Theory. First, ranking the positional faithfulness constraints with reference to strong syllables higher than the context-free faithfulness constraints guarantees the tone stability of the initial syllables. Second, the undominated markedness constraints which require no complex contour tone and no rising tone trigger contour tone reduction and tone redistribution. Another undominated markedness constraint which requires no contour tone in weak syllables ensures no contour tones in a weak syllable, i.e. a non-initial syllable in Suzhou Chinese. Third, the final low level tone in the sandhi patterns is determined by the markedness constraint which requires low tone assignment in the rightmost syllable of a prosodic word. / This thesis complements the descriptive studies on Suzhou tone sandhi, by adding the data of transliterations and investigating compounds according to the morphological relations. It also confirms the idea in previous theoretical studies on Chinese languages that prosodic structure governs tone sandhi, including the tone stability in strong syllables and the greater tone-bearing ability of strong syllables. This thesis further corroborates the idea in Prosodic Phonology that the prosodic hierarchy and its constituent are universal, though the precise shape of the constituent are language-specific. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Shi, Xinyuan. / "November 2012." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.I / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- OVERVIEW --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- PRELIMINARY: PHONETIC INVENTORIES OF SUZHOU CHINESE --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: OPTIMALITY THEORY --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Basic principles --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Conflicts between markedness and faithfulness --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Alignment constraints --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- ORGANIZATION --- p.10 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- INVESTIGATION OF TONE SANDHI PATTERNS IN SUZHOU CHINESE --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES ON TONAL PHONOLOGY OF SUZHOU CHINESE --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Citation tones --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Tone sandhi --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Interim summary --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2 --- TONE SANDHI PATTERNS IN SUZHOU CHINESE: THE CURRENT INVESTIGATION . --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Tone sandhi patterns in transliterations --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Tone sandhi patterns beginning with long tones --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Tone sandhi patterns beginning with short tones --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Tone sandhi patterns in compounds --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Tone sandhi patterns in compounds I: modification --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Tone sandhi patterns in compounds II: coordination --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Tone sandhi patterns in compounds III: other morphological relations --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Intra-variations in disyllabic compounds: [HL.L]~[HL.H] --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.2.5 --- Inter-speaker variations in compounds: [LL.H]~[LH.H] --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2.6 --- Tone sandhi in a group of frequently used compounds --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Tone sandhi in fast tempo --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3 --- SUMMARY --- p.53 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- PREVIOUS STUDIES OF TONE SANDHI IN CHINESE LANGUAGES --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1 --- STUDIES OF THE REPRESENTATION OF TONE WITHIN THE SPE FRAMEWORK --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Wang’s (1967) ground-breaking proposal of tone features --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Woo’s (1969) proposal of decomposing contour tones --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Yip’s (1980) proposal of two pitch heights in each register --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Interim summary --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2 --- STUDIES OF TONE SANDHI IN NORTHERN WU WITHIN THE METRICAL-AUTOSEGMENTAL FRAMEWORK --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Duanmu’s (1990) moraic analysis of tone re-association in New Shanghai --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Ao’s (1993) identification of tone sandhi domain in Nantong Chinese --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Interim summary --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3 --- STUDIES OF TONAL DISTRIBUTION WITHIN OT FRAMEWORK --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Jiang-King’s (1996) tone-syllable weight correlation in Northern Min --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Zhang’s (2001) tone-duration correlation in typological survey --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Interim summary --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4 --- SUMMARY --- p.76 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- AN OPTIMALITY THEORETICAL ACCOUNT OF TONE SANDHI IN SUZHOU CHINESE --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1 --- IDENTIFYING THE TONE SANDHI DOMAIN --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Identifying prosodic word as the tone sandhi domain --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- Brief introduction of the prosodic hierarchy --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- Prosodic categories relevant to Suzhou tone sandhi --- p.80 / Chapter 4.1.1.3 --- Construction of prosodic word in Suzhou Chinese --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Identifying morpho-syntactic unit as the tone sandhi domain --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Inadequacy of identifying morphological unit as the tone sandhi domain --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- The relation between tone sandhi domains and morphological units --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.2.3 --- Mismatch between tone sandhi domain and syntactic unit --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Interim summary --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2 --- CONSTRAINTS ON SUZHOU TONE SANDHI PATTERNS --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Constraints on the structure of the prosodic word --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Constraints on tone retention --- p.99 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Constraints on contour tone prohibition --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Constraint on tonal assignment --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3 --- PREDICTING TONE SANDHI PATTERNS BY CONSTRAINT RANKING --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Predicting tone sandhi patterns in transliterations --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Predicting tone sandhi patterns in compounds --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Intra-speaker variations in compounds: [HL.L]~[HL.H] --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Inter-speaker variations in compounds: [LL.H]~[LH.L] --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.2.4 --- Tone sandhi in fast speech tempo --- p.117 / Chapter 4.4 --- SUMMARY --- p.119 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.120 / LIST OF REFERENCES --- p.125

中國河南省鄧州市，被稱為世界鄧氏的發源地。鄧姓後人自五千年前開始便不斷外遷，至今分佈在世界各地的鄧氏總人口達七百餘萬。自二千年開始，位於鄧州市有“天下鄧氏第一陵“之稱的吾離陵園，成為鄧州市的重點發展項目之一，市政府積極向世界鄧氏宣傳鄧州和陵園保護建設，部分鄧氏後人也紛紛捐款支持。本論文探討跨地域網絡與文化遺產保護的關係，透過在三個鄧氏團體（鄧村、香港和多倫多）的田野考察，了解鄧氏後人對建立世界“鄧氏文化遺產“的看法。我將會探究為何鄧州政府和部分鄧氏後人投資巨款於陵墓建設上，而其他人則拒絶贊助？在全球化的環境下，政治、經濟、宗教、社會和文化因素如何推動或拒絶族氏文化遺產的建立？本論文的最終目的是探討跨地域網絡如何影響文化遺產管理，和不同利益團體對建立世界“鄧氏文化遺產“的解讀。 / The Tang clan is said to have originated from Dengzhou City, Henan Province, China; members of the Tang clan began their migratory trek 5,000 years ago, and now they claim that there are 7 millions descendents all over the world. Since the 2000s, the Wuli Mausoleum - claimed to be the First Mausoleum of the Tang clan, has caught the attention of the Dengzhou government, which has since been promoting this to the Tangs across the world. The local government is eager to preserve the Mausoleum and a preservation plan has been announced; some Tang descendants have made substantial donations towards the project. This ethnographic study explores the nature of the transregional connections on heritage management and the meanings of building a global “Tang heritage“ among three regional Tang groups, namely in Dengcun (Henan Province), Hong Kong and Toronto. This study addresses the following questions: Why are the local government and some Tangs willing to spend enormous sums of money on the conservation of the Mausoleum, while others refuse to do so? What are the socio-cultural, economic, political and religious factors facilitating the promotion or denial of the Tang heritage in today’s globalized world? The ultimate goal of this research is to understand the politics and power dynamics among various stakeholders in the process of heritage management through a construction of transregional connections in post-Mao China. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chan, Hiu Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-153). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / List of Illustrations / Abstract / 摘要 / Acknowledgement / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Literature Review --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heritage as a Contested Idea --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) Vs. Local Interpretation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Uses of Heritage --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Significance of Kinship in Heritage Relations --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Management of Archaeological Sites --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives and Methodology --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Objectives --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Methodology --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Legends of the Tang Clan and the Wuli Mausoleum --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Setting: Dengzhou City as the “Ancestral Homeland“ of the Tangs --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Authenticity of the Mausoleum: Is it an Archaeological Site? --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Wuli Mausoleum and its Changing Cultural Context --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Government of Dengzhou City --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Bureau of Culture and its Cultural Policy --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Roles of the Government in the Conservation Project --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Politics of the “pseudo“ Tang Lineage Association Head Office --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion: Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) and the Power Penetration of the Government --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Mausoleum and its Local Associated People: The Dengcun Tangs in Dengzhou City --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1 --- Locating the Tangs --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2 --- Setting: The Local Community - the Dengcun Tangs --- p.51 / Chapter 4.3 --- “An Inseparable Relationship“: The Tomb and the Dengcun Tangs --- p.54 / Chapter 4.4 --- Interests of the Dengcun Tangs --- p.58 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion: “Weapons of the Weak“ - Intense Negotiations --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- The Mausoleum and the Associated People in Hong Kong --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction: The Tangs in Hong Kong --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Ping Shan Tangs --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Reasons for not Being Interested in the Project --- p.76 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Discussion --- p.79 / Chapter 5.3 --- The Hong Kong Tang Clansmen Association --- p.83 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Discussion: Engage or Disengage - “Capital“ --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- The Mausoleum and the Associated People in Toronto --- p.98 / Chapter 6.1 --- Background: The Tang Community in Toronto --- p.98 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Toronto Tangs and the Conservation Project --- p.102 / Chapter 6.3 --- Discussion: What are the factors affecting their perceptions? --- p.109 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion and Conclusion: The “Tang Heritage“ and its Transregional Connections --- p.124 / Bibliography --- p.146

劇烈的城市化過程已經在世界上多個地區發生並產生了許多的城市群，珠江三角洲正是這樣的一個城市群。目前，珠江三角洲上的城市土地利用和土地覆蓋已經發生了巨大的變化。而其中最重要的一個結果就是大量城市不透水層的出現，並已經極大地影響著當地的城市環境，如城市洪水、城市氣候、水污染和大氣污染等。因此，城市不透水層及其分佈的估算對於監測和管理城市化進程及其對環境的影響有著重要的意義。然而，由於城市土地覆蓋類型的多樣性，精確的城市不透水層的估算（ISE）仍然是一個極具挑戰性的課題。本論文旨在通過融合光學遙感和合成孔徑雷達（SAR）遙感技術來提高亞熱帶濕潤區城市不透水層估算的精度。此外，論文還將探索亞熱帶濕潤區土地覆蓋類型分類的季節性變化及其對城市不透水層提取的影響。本論文的研究結果主要包括以下幾個部分。 / 首先，本研究發現亞熱帶濕潤區不透水層提取的季節性效應與中緯度地區截然不同。在亞熱帶濕潤地區，冬季是最適合用遙感影像進行不透水層提取的。原因是由於冬季是旱季，雲量少，許多可變來源區域（VSA）沒有水體覆蓋，而在遙感影像中，水體容易和暗不透水層混淆。另一方面，秋季最不適合不透水層提取，因為存在大量的雲層，並且，大量的降水導致VSA區域充滿水，從而增加了與暗不透水層混淆的區域面積。此外，大量的雲層在影像中也是呈現高反射特徵的，因此極容易和亮不透水層混淆，這是秋季不適合用於提取不透水層的另一重要原因。 / 其次，提出了一種新的基於形狀自我調整鄰域（SAN）的特徵提取演算法。該特徵提取演算法類比人類視覺對圖像感知的強大能力，進行遙感影像低層特徵的提取。實驗結果表明，SAN特徵提取方法對非監督分類有顯著的提高，其中總體分類精度從0.58提高到0.86，而Kappa係數從0.45提高到0.80。SAN特徵對於監督分類的精度也有一定的提高，這些都表明，與傳統的特徵提取方法相比，SAN特徵對遙感影像分類具有重要的作用。 / 再次，通過對比分析光學遙感影像和SAR影像發現，單獨採用光學遙感影像進行不透水層提取比單獨採用SAR影像取得更好的結果。同時，單獨採用光學遙感（Landsat ETM+）時，支援向量機（SVM）比人工神經網路（ANN）取得更好的結果，這是因為ANN對於亮不透水層與幹裸土之間，以及暗不透水層與陰影之間的光譜混淆更加敏感。然而，當單獨採用SAR遙感（ENVISAT ASAR）時，ANN則取得更好的結果，這是由於SVM分析SAR影像時更容易產生雜訊，並具有明顯的邊緣效應。因此，融合光學遙感和SAR遙感具有重要的意義。通過比較不同圖像融合層次發現，像元級融合（Pixel Level Fusion）會降低單獨採用光學遙感提取不透水層的精度，因而不適合光學和SAR影像的融合。而特徵級融合（Feature Level）決策級融合（Decision Level）可以更好的把不透水層從陰影區域和裸土中區分出來，因為更加適合光學與SAR的融合。 / 最後，三組不同的光學遙感和SAR遙感影像被用於評估本論文提出的光學和SAR融合方法，包括Landsat ETM+與ASAR影像，SPOT-5與ASAR影像，以及SPOT-5與TerraSAR-X影像。此外，還比較了不同的融合方法（人工神經網路、支援向量機和隨機森林）對融合結果的影響。結果表明，用光學和SAR遙感影像融合提取不透水層有利於減少在光學遙感影像中容易出現的光譜混淆現象，從而提高不透水層提取的精度。另外，隨機森林在融合光學和SAR影像中效果較其它兩種方法，因為隨機森林對兩種不同的資料來源區別對待，而這正是符合光學遙感與SAR遙感截然不同的工作方式的特點，從而能更好的融合光學遙感和SAR遙感。 / 本論文的研究成果有助於探索亞熱帶濕潤區中物候特點和氣候特點對城市不透水層提取所產生的季節性效應；同時也為融合光學遙感和SAR遙感影像提取城市不透水層提供了一個技術框架。由於珠江三角洲是一個亞熱帶濕潤區一個典型的快速城市化的城市群區域，本文所提出的方法框架和所得到研究結論可為世界上其它亞熱帶濕潤區的城市遙感研究提供一定的參考價值。 / Dramatic urbanization processes have happened in many regions and thus created a number of metropolises in the world. The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of such typical areas, where the urban land use/land cover has been significantly changing in the recent past. As one of the most important implications, a large increment of impervious surface (IS) turned out to be one of the features of fast urbanization process and has been influencing the urban environment significantly, including urban flooding, urban climate, water pollutions, and air pollutions. Therefore, the estimation of IS would be very helpful to monitor and manage the urbanization process and its impacts on the environment. However, accurate estimation of urban IS remains challenging due to the diversity of land covers. This dissertation attempts to fuse optical and SAR remote sensing data to improve the accuracy of urban impervious surface estimation (ISE) in humid subtropical regions (HSR). The seasonal characteristics of land covers and its impacts on ISE in HSR are all investigated. Some interesting findings are summarized as follows. / Firstly, the study demonstrates quite a special pattern of the seasonal effects of ISE in humid subtropical areas that is different from that in mid-latitude areas. According to the results, in subtropical monsoon regions, winter is the best season to estimate IS from satellite images. There are little clouds, and most of the Variable Source Areas (VSA) is not filled with water. On the other hand, autumn images obtained the lowest accuracy of IS due to the clouds coverage and the water in VSA. Autumn is a rainy season in a subtropical monsoon region, for which clouds occur very often and VSA areas are always filled with water. Consequently, clouds are confused with bright IS due to their similarly high reflectance, and more water in VSA is confused with dark IS due to their similarly low reflectance. / Secondly, a novel feature extraction technique, based on the shape-adaptive neighborhood (SAN), is proposed to incorporate the advantages of human vision into the process of remote sensing images. Quantitative results showed that improvement of SAN features is particularly significant improvement for the unsupervised classifier, for which the overall accuracy increased from 0.58 to 0.86, and the Kappa coefficient increased from 0.45 to 0.80, indicating promising applications of SAN features in the unsupervised processing of remote sensing images. / Thirdly, a comparison study of ISE between optical and SAR image demonstrates that single optical image provides better results than using single SAR image. In addition, results indicate that support vector machine (SVM) is a better choice for ISE using Landsat ETM+ (optical) images, while artificial neural network (ANN) turns out to be more sensitive to the confusion between dry soils and bright IS, and between shades and dark IS. However, ANN gets a better result using ASAR (SAR) image with higher accuracy, while the SVM classifier produces more noises and has some edge effects. Considering both the merits and demerits of optical and SAR images, synergistically fusing the two data sources should be a promising solution. Comparison of three different levels of fusion shows that pixel level fusion seems not appropriate for optical-SAR fusion, as it reduces the accuracy compared to the single use of optical data. Meanwhile, feature level fusion and decision level fusion obtained better accuracy, since they improves the identification of IS from shaded areas and bare soils. / Fourthly, a methodological framework of fusing the optical and SAR images is proposed. Three different data sets are used to assess the effectiveness of this methodological framework, including the Landsat TM and ASAR images, the SPOT-5 and ASAR images, and the SPOT-5 and TerraSAR-X images. In addition, different methods (e.g. ANN, SVM and Random Forest) are employed and compared to fusion the two data sources at a mixed level fusion of pixel and feature levels. Experimental results showed that the combined use of optical and SAR image is able to effectively improve the accuracy of ISE by reducing the spectral confusions that happen easily in optical images. Moreover, Random Forest (RF) demonstrated a promising performance for fusing optical and SAR images as it treats the two data sources differently through a random selection procedure of variables from different data sources. / The major outcome of this research provides evidence of the seasonal effects on IS assessment due to phenological and climatic characteristics, as well as provides an applicable framework of methodology for the synergistic use of optical and SAR images to improve the ISE. Since the PRD region is highly typical of many fast growing areas, the methodology and conclusions of this research would serve as a useful reference for other subtropical, humid regions of the world. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Zhang, Hongsheng. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-185). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / 論文摘要 --- p.vii / Table of Contents --- p.xi / List of Abbreviations --- p.xv / List of Tables --- p.xvii / List of Figures --- p.xviii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research questions and hypotheses --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives and significance --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Significance of Impervious Surface --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Environmental significance --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Socio-economic significance --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- Climatology and Phenology in HSR --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Characteristics of the climate and phenology --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Seasonal effects from Climatology and Phenology --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4 --- Land-cover complexity in rapid urbanized region --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5 --- Approaches of ISE --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Sub-pixel approaches --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Per-pixel approaches --- p.23 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Synergistic use of optical and SAR data for ISE --- p.27 / Chapter 2.6 --- Summary --- p.28 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- STUDY AREA AND DATA SETS --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1 --- Study area --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Site A: Guangzhou --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Site B: Shenzhen --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Site C: Hong Kong --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- Satellite data --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Landsat ETM+ --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- SPOT-5 --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- ENVISAT ASAR --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- TerraSAR-X --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Digital Orthophoto data --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4 --- In-situ data --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.40 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.43 / Chapter 4.1 --- Framework --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- Per-pixel modeling of ISE --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3 --- Investigation of the seasonal effects --- p.46 / Chapter 4.4 --- Feature extraction --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Conventional approach --- p.48 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Novel approach based on shape-adaptive neighborhood --- p.48 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- The concept of shape-adaptive neighborhood --- p.49 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- The determination of a shape-adaptive neighborhood --- p.51 / Chapter 4.4.2.3 --- Extracting spatial features --- p.54 / Chapter 4.5 --- Fusing the optical and SAR data --- p.58 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Multi-source image co-registration --- p.60 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Compare the single use of optical and SAR image --- p.61 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Compare different levels of fusion --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Fusion with supervised classifiers --- p.65 / Chapter 4.5.4.1 --- Artificial neural network --- p.66 / Chapter 4.5.4.2 --- Support vector machine --- p.68 / Chapter 4.5.4.3 --- Random Forest --- p.71 / Chapter 4.6 --- Results validation and accuracy assessment --- p.75 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Training and testing data sampling --- p.75 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Accuracy assessment --- p.76 / Chapter 4.7 --- Summary --- p.77 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (I) - ASSESSMENT OF SAN FEATURES --- p.79 / Chapter 5.1. --- Analysis of threshold to determine the SAN --- p.79 / Chapter 5.2. --- Feature extraction from SAN --- p.80 / Chapter 5.3. --- Assessment of the SAN features with classification --- p.82 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Training samples and classification --- p.82 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Testing samples and accuracy --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Assess the effectiveness of the SAN based features --- p.85 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.87 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (II) - SEASONAL EFFECTS OF ISE --- p.89 / Chapter 6.1 --- Seasonal effects of ISE --- p.89 / Chapter 6.2 --- Analyzing the seasonal changes of typical targets --- p.92 / Chapter 6.3 --- Comparing the seasonal sensitivity of methods --- p.96 / Chapter 6.4 --- Summary --- p.97 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (III) - URBAN LAND COVER DIVERSITY --- p.101 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.101 / Chapter 7.2 --- Urban LC classification Using RF --- p.102 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Optimization of RF --- p.102 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Land covers classification with optimized RF --- p.104 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Compare RF with other decision tree-based methods --- p.107 / Chapter 7.3 --- Summary --- p.108 / Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (IV) - FUSING OPTICAL&SAR DATA --- p.111 / Chapter 8.1 --- Introduction --- p.111 / Chapter 8.2 --- Comparison of ISE with single optical and SAR data --- p.111 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- ISE with ETM+ data --- p.112 / Chapter 8.2.1.1 --- Mapping the IS --- p.112 / Chapter 8.2.1.2 --- Effects of the parameter configurations of the methods --- p.114 / Chapter 8.2.2 --- ISE with ASAR data --- p.115 / Chapter 8.2.2.1 --- Mapping the IS --- p.115 / Chapter 8.2.2.2 --- Effects of the parameter configurations of the methods --- p.117 / Chapter 8.2.3 --- Comparisons over the data and methods --- p.119 / Chapter 8.2.4 --- Discussion and implications --- p.121 / Chapter 8.3 --- Comparison of different levels of fusion method --- p.122 / Chapter 8.3.1 --- Fusion strategies at different levels --- p.122 / Chapter 8.3.2 --- Results of feature extractions --- p.124 / Chapter 8.3.3 --- Fusion results on different levels --- p.126 / Chapter 8.3.4 --- Comparisons --- p.128 / Chapter 8.3.5 --- Discussion and implications --- p.129 / Chapter 8.4 --- Synergizing optical and SAR data with RF --- p.130 / Chapter 8.4.1 --- Feature extraction from ASAR data --- p.130 / Chapter 8.4.2 --- Determine the optimal number of features in each decision tree --- p.132 / Chapter 8.4.3 --- Determine the optimal numbers of decision trees in the RF --- p.134 / Chapter 8.4.4 --- ISE with optimized RF --- p.135 / Chapter 8.4.5 --- Discussion and implications --- p.140 / Chapter 8.5 --- A comprehensive study: ISE using SPOT-5 and TerraSAR-X data --- p.142 / Chapter 8.5.1 --- Data set and experiment design --- p.142 / Chapter 8.5.2 --- Feature extraction of SPOT-5 data --- p.145 / Chapter 8.5.3 --- Feature extraction of TerraSAR-X data --- p.148 / Chapter 8.5.4 --- LULC classification with optimized models --- p.149 / Chapter 8.5.5 --- ISE with optimized models --- p.152 / Chapter 8.5.6 --- Discussion and implications --- p.155 / Chapter 8.6 --- Summary --- p.156 / Chapter CHAPTER 9 --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.159 / Chapter 9.1 --- Findings and conclusions --- p.159 / Chapter 9.1.1 --- Seasonal effects of ISE in HSR --- p.159 / Chapter 9.1.2 --- Feature extraction methods --- p.160 / Chapter 9.1.3 --- Comparison between optical and SAR data --- p.161 / Chapter 9.1.4 --- Fusion level and fusion methods --- p.162 / Chapter 9.2 --- Recommendations for future research --- p.163 / Chapter 9.2.1 --- Feature extraction --- p.163 / Chapter 9.2.2 --- Study areas selection and design --- p.163 / Chapter 9.2.3 --- Validation with in-situ data --- p.164 / Chapter 9.2.4 --- Fusion level and strategy --- p.164 / Chapter 9.2.5 --- Fusion methods --- p.165 / References --- p.169 / Chapter Appendix I --- Codes for Determining Shape-adaptive Neighborhood --- p.186 / Chapter Appendix II --- Publication list related to this thesis research --- p.188

Wu, Huanyu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-170). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; includes Chinese. / Illustrations --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- Research Question --- p.4 / Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Theoretical Background: Tradition, Modernity, and Social Change" --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2. --- Research Perspective: Food studies --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3. --- Utsat Studies --- p.15 / Chapter 3. --- Methodology --- p.17 / Chapter 4. --- Chapter Organization --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- An Islamic History of Utsat --- p.22 / Chapter 1. --- Arabian-Persian Merchants --- p.22 / Chapter 2. --- Champa Immigrants --- p.27 / Chapter 3. --- Mainland Muslims --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Pu (蒲）Lineage --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Hai （海） Lineage --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Book of Utsat Genealogies (《通屯宗谱全书》) --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4 --- Some Observations --- p.42 / Chapter 4. --- Being Hui --- p.47 / Chapter 5. --- Summary and Analysis --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- The Contemporary Utsat Community --- p.57 / Chapter 1. --- Location and Demography --- p.57 / Chapter 2. --- The Local Religious Practice --- p.58 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Mosques --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2 --- Core Duties and Beliefs --- p.61 / Chapter 3. --- Education --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1 --- Religious Education --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2 --- Secular Education --- p.66 / Chapter 4. --- Kinship and Communal Interaction --- p.70 / Chapter 5. --- Tourism and the Local Economy --- p.74 / Chapter 6. --- Summary --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Qingzhen and Islamic Food Laws --- p.78 / Chapter 1. --- The Meaning of Qingzhen --- p.78 / Chapter 2. --- Qingzhen and Islamic Foodways --- p.81 / Chapter 3. --- The Utsat Understanding of qingzhen --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1 --- Our Hui Food --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2 --- Ethnic Food --- p.100 / Chapter 4. --- Summary --- p.104 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Tourism and Law-breaking Behaviors --- p.105 / Chapter 1. --- The Development of Sanya Tourism --- p.105 / Chapter 1.1 --- A General Background --- p.105 / Chapter 1.2 --- Making a Fortune: A Success Story of an Utsat woman --- p.109 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Islam, Gender, and Social Change" --- p.113 / Chapter 2. --- The Changing Utsat Foodways --- p.115 / Chapter 2.1 --- Lawful Ways of Changing --- p.115 / Chapter 2.2 --- Law-breaking Behaviors --- p.125 / Chapter 3. --- Summary & Discussion --- p.149 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.152 / Chapter 1. --- The Nature of Utsat Social Change --- p.152 / Chapter 2. --- Reflections on the Study of Social Change --- p.156 / Bibliography --- p.159 / Appendix I --- p.171

Esta dissertação propõe-se estudar, em contextos específicos, o fenômeno da polidez lingüística em sheng. Para atingir esse objetivo abordaremos, inicialmente, as teorias sobre polidez lingüística dentro do panorama da sociopragmática, apresentando tanto as teorias mais tradicionais, surgidas nos anos 70, quanto as mais recentes, todas desenvolvidas principalmente em países anglófonos. Em seguida, traçaremos um perfil da situação lingüística do Quênia e trataremos especificamente do sheng em Nairóbi. Finalmente, serão descritas as expressões em sheng utilizadas nas situações de abertura e fechamento de conversações, agradecimentos, pedidos de desculpas e outras que potencialmente podem ser avaliadas como polidas. Essa análise permitirá verificar se, mesmo em uma situação social de extrema exclusão, como a vivida pela comunidade de Mukuru, em Nairóbi, onde a mera questão de sobrevivência torna-se uma luta diária, os indivíduos da comunidade lingüística que hoje \"constrói\" esse novo código lingüístico, estariam preocupados em estabelecer regras de conduta para situações de interação que se refletiriam em seu discurso, e se essas regras seriam formas de \"polidez lingüística\" ou formas de \"comportamento político\", como proposto por Richard Watts. / This dissertation aims to analyze, in specific contexts, the linguistic politeness phenomenon in sheng. In order to fulfill this goal, we will initially approach the theories on linguistic politeness within the scope of socio pragmatics, presenting the more traditional theories, which appeared in the 1970s, as well as the more recent ones, all developed mainly in Anglophone countries. Then we will outline Kenya\'s linguistic situation, focusing mostly on sheng in Nairobi. Finally, we will describe sheng idioms that are used in conversational openings and closings, in acts of returning thanks and apologies, and other actions that might be potentially considered as polite. This analysis will allow us to observe if the individuals from the linguistic community that \"constructs\" today this linguistic code, even living in a situation of extreme exclusion such as the one experienced by the Makuru community in Nairobi, where mere subsistence is itself a daily struggle, are concerned about establishing rules of conduct for interaction situations that would reflect in their discourse, and if these rules would be forms of \"linguistic politeness\" or forms of \"political behavior\", as it is assumed by Richard Watts.

Martin, Karine. / Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 219-239). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 15, September, 2016). / Martin, Karine.

梁家麟. / 手稿本. / Thesis (Ph.D)--香港中文大學硏究院中國文化硏究學部. / Shou gao ben. / Includes bibliographical references (v. 3, leaves 999-1077). / Liang Jialin. / Thesis (Ph.D)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan Zhongguo wen hua yan jiu xue bu. / 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 初叩一口通商之門(一八○七至一八三九) --- p.16 / Chapter 第二章 --- 突破通商口岸(一八四二至一八六○) --- p.65 / Chapter 第三章 --- 傳教教育的奠立 --- p.94 / Chapter 第四章 --- 傳教解除與全省開放(一八六○至一八九九) --- p.129 / Chapter 第五章 --- 高等化與系統化 --- p.211 / Chapter 第六章 --- 飛躍的時代(一九○○至一九二○) --- p.249 / Chapter 第七章 --- 傳教教育與中國社會變遷 --- p.342 / Chapter 第八章 --- 民族怒潮的撼擊（一九二○至一九二七） --- p.420 / Chapter 第九章 --- 從傳教教育到基督教教育(一九二七至一九三六) --- p.519 / Chapter 第十章 --- 在政治劇變中結束(一九三七至一九五三) --- p.631 / Chapter 第十一章 --- 結論 ─ 建立一個基督教教育的全面解說 --- p.712 / 注釋 --- p.732 / 參考書目 --- p.999

by Ngan Nga Wing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 220-236). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiv / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Background --- p.1 / Context of the Study --- p.2 / Ethnic Chinese and Their Business --- p.2 / Ethnic Chinese and Homeward Investment --- p.4 / Guanxi and the Contemporary Socialist China --- p.5 / The Notion of Guanxi and Instrumental Relationships --- p.7 / Area of Study --- p.10 / Physical Environment of Fuj ian Province --- p.10 / Economic Development Since 1949 --- p.10 / "Reasons of Selecting Jinjiang, Fujian " --- p.11 / Objectives of the Study --- p.12 / A Brief of the Thesis --- p.13 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES --- p.14 / Introduction --- p.14 / Research Designs And Methods --- p.15 / Choice of the Method-Qualitative Method --- p.15 / Data Collection From Human Resources --- p.20 / Purposive and Emergent Sampling --- p.21 / Data Collection in the Field --- p.22 / In-depth Interviews --- p.23 / Group Interviews --- p.26 / Participant Observation --- p.28 / Secondary Data in the Field --- p.29 / Some Critical Reflection in the Field --- p.30 / Data Collection From Non-human Resources --- p.32 / Inductive Data Analysis --- p.33 / Categorization --- p.33 / Triangulation --- p.34 / Network Analysis --- p.35 / Case Reporting --- p.36 / Tape Recording --- p.37 / Verbatim --- p.38 / Narrative --- p.38 / Validity And The Issue Of Subjectivity --- p.39 / Summary --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- ETHNIC CHINESE AND THEIR BUSINESS CULTURE --- p.42 / Introduction --- p.42 / Economic Success of Ethnic Chinese --- p.43 / Hostile Business Environments --- p.45 / Political Environment --- p.45 / Restriction of the Scope of Economic Activities --- p.47 / Restriction on Capital Participation of Ethnic Chinese --- p.49 / Restriction of Governing Labour by Ethnic Chinese --- p.50 / Other Discriminatory Treatment Against Ethnic Chinese --- p.51 / Chinese Culture And Capitalism --- p.53 / Confucian Value System --- p.55 / Confucianism and Ethnic Chinese Entrepreneurs --- p.57 / Ethnic Chinese Business Culture --- p.59 / The Concept of Family --- p.59 / Family and Ethnic Chinese Business --- p.60 / Characteristics of Family-oriented Firms --- p.61 / Kin Groups and Association --- p.64 / Types of Kin's Groups and Association --- p.64 / Functions of the Kin's Groups and Associations --- p.66 / "Networks, Trust and Guanxi " --- p.68 / The Cultural Trait of Networks Among Ethnic Chinese --- p.68 / Trust --- p.70 / Guanxi --- p.72 / Ethnic Chinese Homeward Investment --- p.76 / Spatial Hurdles in Homeward Investment --- p.77 / Weak Legal Framework --- p.77 / Poor Quality of Bureaucrats --- p.79 / The Prevalence of Guanxi --- p.80 / How Do Ethnic Chinese Do to Overcome the Problems? --- p.81 / Summary --- p.84 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- NETWORKS AND ETHNIC FUJIANESE ENTREPRENEURS --- p.85 / Introduction --- p.85 / Networks and Investment --- p.86 / Types Of Networks --- p.88 / The Nature of Networks --- p.89 / Extra-firm Networks --- p.89 / Intra-firm Networks --- p.93 / Entrepreneurship --- p.96 / Inter-firm Networks --- p.97 / Kinship --- p.97 / Friendship --- p.99 / Friendship is More Important than Kinship --- p.101 / Motivations of Cultivating Networks --- p.104 / Extra-firm Networks --- p.104 / Weak Legal Framework --- p.105 / Flimsy Bureaucratic System --- p.107 / Greater Autonomy of Local Authority --- p.107 / Intra-firm Networks and Inter-firm Networks --- p.110 / Ancestral Ties and Emotional Linkages --- p.110 / Personal Trust and Reciprocal Obligation --- p.112 / Cultural Affinity --- p.113 / Complex Sentiment --- p.114 / Mechanisms of Network Building --- p.115 / Extra-firm Networks --- p.115 / Power rather than Monetary Relationships --- p.115 / Proprietary Rights --- p.116 / Social and Political Legitimacy --- p.117 / Intra-firm Networks --- p.118 / Utilitarianistic Familism --- p.118 / Entrepreneurial Familism --- p.121 / Inter-firm Networks --- p.122 / Blood Relationship of Kinship --- p.123 / The Role of Intermediary --- p.124 / Reciprocity and Obligations of Friends --- p.126 / Benefits of Building Networks --- p.127 / Extra-firm Networks --- p.127 / Access to Profit --- p.129 / Access to Protection --- p.130 / Intra-firm Networks --- p.132 / Reliable Management --- p.133 / Fast Decision Making --- p.134 / Personal Achievement --- p.134 / Inter-firm Networks --- p.136 / Obtaining Information --- p.136 / Minimizing Risk --- p.137 / Mutual Exchange --- p.138 / Summary --- p.139 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- ENTREPRENEURS AND GUANXI --- p.141 / Introduction --- p.141 / Dimensions of Personal Relations --- p.142 / Rural Vs Urban --- p.142 / Sentimental Relations Vs Instrumental Relationship --- p.145 / Guanxi Mentality Vs Economic Mentality --- p.147 / Reciprocity (Bao) Vs Corruption/Bribery --- p.148 / Elements of Guanxi Management --- p.150 / Sameness --- p.151 / Familiarity --- p.152 / Trust --- p.154 / Social Obligation and Reciprocity --- p.155 / The Tactics of Cultivating Guanxi --- p.157 / Gift-giving --- p.157 / Money-giving --- p.161 / Banquets --- p.163 / Achieved Familiarity by an Intermediary --- p.165 / Employment and Partnership --- p.167 / Entrepreneurs Need Certain Technical Skill --- p.172 / Awareness of Guanxi --- p.172 / Understand the Guanxi Cultivating Process --- p.173 / Impacts of Guanxi --- p.174 / "Ability to Identify, Design and Implement Guanxi Cultivation " --- p.175 / Knowledge of Management Techniques --- p.177 / Attitudes and Performance of Entrepreneurs in Guanxi Cultivating --- p.179 / Proactive --- p.179 / Reactive --- p.182 / Resistive --- p.185 / Characteristics of Firms With Successful Strategies --- p.189 / Strong Entrepreneurship --- p.189 / Strong Personal Networks --- p.191 / Good Family Networks --- p.193 / Local Professionals --- p.194 / Strong Financial Back Up --- p.195 / Summary --- p.198 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- CONCLUSION AND REFLECTIONS --- p.200 / Homeward Investment by Ethnic Fujianese in Fujian: Summary of Finding --- p.200 / Reflections --- p.203 / Reflections from Informant Entrepreneurs --- p.203 / Personal Reflections --- p.209 / Contribution of the Study --- p.210 / Direction for Future Study --- p.211 / Appendix I In-depth Interviews with Ethnic Fujianese Entrepreneurs --- p.213 / Appendix II In-depth Interviews with Government Officials --- p.215 / Glossary --- p.216 / Bibliography --- p.220

Finally, the newly integrated model was firstly applied to analyze the relationship of land use and hydrologic regimes based on the land use maps in 1980 and 2000. Then the newly integrated model was applied to simulate the potential impacts of land use change on hydrologic regimes in the East River Basin under a series of hypothetical scenarios. The results show that ET has a positive relationship with Leaf Area Index (LAI) while runoff has a negative relationship with LAI in the same climatic zone, which can be elaborated by surface energy balance and water balance equation. Specifically, on an annual basis, ET of forest scenarios is larger than that of grassland or cropland scenarios. On the contrary, runoff of forest scenarios is less than that of grassland or cropland scenarios. On a monthly basis, for most of the scenarios, particularly the grassland and cropland scenarios, the most significant changes occurred in the rainy season. The results indicate that deforestation would cause increase of runoff and decrease of ET on an annual basis in the East River Basin. On a monthly basis, deforestation would cause significant decrease of ET and increase of runoff in the rainy season in the East River Basin. / In order to effectively simulate hydrologic impact of LUCC, an integrated model of ESEBS and distributed monthly water balance model has been developed in this study. The model is capable of considering basin terrain and the spatial distribution of precipitation and soil moisture. Particularly, the model is unique in accounting for spatial and temporal variations of vegetation cover and ET, which provides a powerful tool for studying the hydrologic impacts of LUCC. The model was applied to simulate the monthly runoff for the period of 1980-1994 for model calibration and for the period of 1995-2000 for validation. The calibration and validation results show that the newly integrated model is suitable for simulating monthly runoff and studying hydrologic impacts ofLUCC in the East River Basin. / Land use/cover change (LUCC) has significantly altered the hydrologic system in the East River (Dongjiang) Basin. Quantitative modeling of hydrologic impacts of LUCC is of great importance for water supply, drought monitoring and integrated water resources management. An integrated eco-hydrologic modeling system of Distributed Monthly Water Balance Model (DMWBM), Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) was developed with aid of GIS/RS to quantify LUCC, to conduct physically-based ET (evapotranspiration) mapping and to predict hydrologic impacts of LUCC. / The physically-remote-sensing-based Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) was employed to estimate areal actual ET for a large area rather than traditional point measurements . The SEBS was enhanced for application in complex vegetated area. Then the inter-comparison with complimentary ET model and distributed monthly water balance model was made to validate the enhanced SEBS (ESEBS). The application and test of ESEBS show that it has a good accuracy both monthly and annually and can be effectively applied in the East River Basin. The results of ET mapping based on ESEBS demonstrate that actual ET in the East River Basin decreases significantly in the last two decades, which is probably caused by decrease of sunshine duration. / These results are not definitive statements as to what will happen to runoff, ET and soil moisture regimes in the East River Basin, but rather offer an insight into the plausible changes in basin hydrology due to land use change. The integrated model developed in this study and these results have significant implications for integrated water resources management and sustainable development in the East River Basin. / To begin with, in order to evaluate LUCC, understand implications of LUCC and provide boundary condition for the integrated eco-hydrologic modeling, firstly the long-term vegetation dynamics was investigated based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data, and then LUCC was analyzed with post-classification methods and finally LUCC prediction was conducted based on Markov chain model. The results demonstrate that the vegetation activities decreased significantly in summer over the years. Moreover, there were significant changes in land use/cover over the past two decades. Particularly there was a sharp increase of urban and built-up area and a significant decrease of grassland and cropland. All these indicate that human activities are intensive in the East River Basin and provide valuable information for constructing scenarios for studying hydrologic impacts of LUCC. / Wang, Kai. / "December 2010." / Adviser: Yongqin Chen. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-04, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-227). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.