This thesis deals with ultrasound blood flow meter design with emphasis on practical implementation of such device. This medical device is used in ultrasound diagnostic, especially for measuring direction and velocity of blood flow in superficial vessels. This thesis contains consecutive design including description of individual function blocks. Documents for making double-sided printed circuit are included as well.

This thesis contains design of beamforming network designed for passive radar antennas. The first part contains theory of passive radars and beamforming networks. The next part implies design of beamforming network at the block digram level. Then are choosed circuits for amplitude and phase control, including the design of control communication. It follows by realization of IQ phase shifter and his automatic measurement. Based on this results is phase shifter adjusted and PCB of 2x2 beamforming network is designed. Last part includes design of control application (Matlab) and control program for STM32F407VG microcontroller.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt integrierte Hochvolt-Schaltungen für die Ansteuerung elektrostatisch arbeitender Mikroaktoren und Mikroaktorarrays. Im Besonderen wird auf die Gesichtspunkte der Treiberschaltungen von Torsionsspiegelarrays eingegangen. Es werden verschiedene Verstärkerbetriebsarten und Schaltungsvarianten hinsichtlich der Ansteuerung kleiner kapazitiver Lasten beurteilt. Für die hocheffiziente Signalübertragung zwischen Low-Side und High-Side in geschalteten Hochvolt-Verstärkern wird ein neuer dynamischer Level-Shifter vorgestellt. Anhand eines gebondeten Mikroelektronik-Mikromechanik-Aufbaus für ein Hadamard-Transformations-Spektrometer werden die speziellen Aspekte des Elektronikentwurfs für ein System-in-Package aufgezeigt. Als Entwurfsgrundlage wird ein Überblick über die wesentlichen Isolationstechnologien für integrierte Hochvolt-Schaltungen und über die Bauelementemodellierung in einer SOI-Technologie ausgearbeitet. Außerdem werden die Vor- und Nachteile der wichtigsten Antriebsprinzipien von Mikroaktoren zusammengefasst.

Dans un monde où l’information va de plus en plus vite, il est important de pouvoir rester connecté en permanence. De nouvelles solutions émergent pour connecter les passagers à bord d’un avion grâce aux communications par satellite. Parmi elles, on retrouve les antennes à pointage électronique dans lesquelles cette thèse de doctorat s’intègre. Une étude sur les différentes antennes existantes ou en projet est présentée. Les puces électroniques MMIC AsGa permettent d’appliquer des lois d’amplitude et de phase pour chaque élément rayonnant d’une antenne réseau. Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur la conception d’un déphaseur, après avoir étudié les technologies et les topologies de celui-ci. Ensuite, la conception d’un amplificateur faible bruit à gain variable est proposée à partir d’un état de l’art. Les résultats de simulation et de mesures de ces deux fonctions sont exposés. / In a world where the information is moving faster and faster, it is important to be able to stay connected continuously. Some new solutions for air transport connectivity are in development thanks to the rise of satellite communications. This thesis work is part of an electronically steerable antenna array project, developed as a solution to achieve In-Flight Connectivity in Ka-band. A state- of-the art review on electronically steerable antenna arrays is also presented. In these arrays, each radiating element needs a specific amplitude and phase to obtain a scanning beam by adding their contribution. This thesis focus on the design of a GaAs MMIC chip inclusion two functions: a phase shifter and a variable-gain low-noise amplifier. The simulation and measurement results are presented for these two functions.

A high-precision mixed-signal mismatch measurement technique for metal-oxide metal (MoM) capacitors as well as the design of a 13-GHz 5-bit 360-degree phase shifter are presented. This thesis presents a high-precision, mixed-signal mismatch measurement technique for metal-oxide–metal capacitors. The proposed technique incorporates a switched-capacitor op amp within the measurement circuit to significantly improve the measurement precision while relaxing the resolution requirement on the backend analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The proposed technique is also robust against multiple types of errors. A detailed analysis is presented to quantify the sensitivity improvement of the proposed technique over the conventional one. In addition, this thesis proposes a multiplexing technique to measure a large number of capacitors in a single chip and a new layout to improve matching. A prototype fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology demonstrates the ability to sense capacitor mismatch standard deviation as low as 0.045% with excellent repeatability, all without the need of a high-resolution ADC. The 13-GHz 5-bit 360-degree phase shifter consists of 2 stages. The first stage utilizes a delay line for 4-bit 180-degree phase shift. A second stage provides 1-bit 180-degree phase shift. The phase shifter includes gain tuning so as to allow a gain variation of less than 1 dB. The design has been fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology and measurement results show a complete 360◦ phase shift with an average step size of 10.7◦ at 13-GHz. After calibration the phase shifter presented an output gain S21 of 0.5 dB with a gain variation of less than 1 dB across all codes at 13-GHz. The remaining s-parameter testing showed a S22 and S11 below -11 dB and a S12 below -49 dB at 13 GHz.

No description available.

Unter dem geografischen Südpol liegt das IceCube Neutrino Observatorium. Es nutzt einen Kubikkilometer Gletschereis, um Sekundärteilchen aus Neutrinointerkationen zu detektieren. Der Detektor besteht aus insgesamt 5160 optischen Sensoren, die das Cherenkov Licht der relativistischen, geladenen Teilchen messen. Um die Sensitivität und das Detektionsvermögen zu erhöhen sind Vergrößerungen des Detektors mit neuentwickelten optischen Sensoren geplant. Mindestens einer dieser neuen Sensoren soll den Messbereich aus dem optischen Bereich in den UV Bereich erweitern, wobei eine neu entwickelte wellenlängenschiebende Technologie verwendet wird. Um die Verbesserungen dieser neuen Module zu verstehen, wurde ein Kalibrierungsgerät gebaut, getestet und zweimal bei einer in-situ Messung am geografischen Südpol verwendet. Die Messung wurde in dem offenen SPICEcore borehole durchgeführt. In dem Kalibrierungsgerät waren sowohl Lichtquelle, als auch Detektor verbaut. Um die Eiseigenschaften zu vermessen, wurde Licht in möglichst kurzen Pulsen in das Eis gestrahlt. Der Detektor hat nun die Zeitverteilung gemessen, mit der die Photonen wieder zu dem Detektor zurückgestreut werden. Zur Detektion nutzt das Kalibrierungsgerät die gleiche wellenlängenschiebende Technologie, wie die neuentwickelten optischen Module. Die Messung wurde für Wellenlängen zwischen 245 nm und 400 nm an mehreren Tiefen in einem Bereich, in dem auch IceCube liegt durchgeführt. Diese in-situ Messungen sind der erste erfolgreiche Einsatz der neuen wellenlängenschiebenden Technologie. Mit einem likelihood fit wurde die Messung mit einer Simulation verglichen, welche die Absorption und Streuung der Photonen im Eis als Parameter variiert. Mit dieser Analyse konnte für jede Wellenlänge und Tiefe am besten passende Parameter mit Unsicherheiten, bestehend aus statistischen und systematischen Fehlern gefunden werden. Der größte Einfluss auf die Unsicherheiten ist die schlechte Zeitauflösung des Detektors. Die Ergebnisse legen eine hohe Transparenz im tiefen UV-Bereich nahe und erlauben einen tieferen Einblick in die Streuprozesse im antarktischen Eis. / The IceCube Neutrino Observatory lies under the South Pole. It instruments one cubic kilometer of glacial ice to detect secondary particles originating from neutrino interactions. The detector consists of 5160 optical sensors, which measure the Cherenkov light of these relativistic, charged particles. In order to increase the sensitivity and detection range, new extensions with newly developed optical sensors are planned. At least one of these new sensors is supposed to expand the detection range from the optical into the UV range, using a new wavelength shifting technology. To understand the improvements of these new modules, the UV calibration device was built, tested, and deployed twice in in-situ measurements at the geographic South Pole. The measurement was carried out in the open SPICEcore borehole. A light source and a detector were included in the design of the UV calibration device. To measure the ice properties, the light was pulsed in the ice as short as possible. The detector measured the timing distribution of the light getting scattered back. For the detection, the wavelength shifting technology developed for the new optical sensors is used. The measurement was carried out with four wavelengths between 245 nm and 400 nm at several depths, some within the IceCube range. These in-situ measurements successfully applied the new wavelength shifting technology for the first time. Using a likelihood fit, the measurements were compared to a simulation, which varied the absorption and scattering coefficients of the photons in the ice as parameters. With this analysis, a best-fitting set of parameters could be found for each wavelength and depth. The uncertainties are very conservative, consisting of statistical and systematic errors. The most significant influence on the uncertainties is caused by the insufficient time resolution of the detection system. The results suggest a high transparency for the deep UV range and provide a deeper insight into the scattering processes of Antarctic ice.

Les techniques permettant de maitriser la vitesse de la lumière, au-delà de l'intérêt scientifique qu'elles suscitent, peuvent être appliquées au domaine radar. Elles permettent, ainsi, de remplacer avantageusement les retards optiques, jusqu'alors réalisés par des modifications géométriques du chemin optique. L’objectif de la thèse est d’étudier la lumière lente et rapide créée par oscillations cohérentes de population dans les amplificateurs à semi-conducteurs.Nous avons évalué théoriquement et expérimentalement les performances d’une ligne à retards accordables, en termes d’amplitude des retards et déphasages accordables, et de bandes passantes. Nous avons aussi étudié l’impact des oscillations cohérentes de population sur les facteurs de mérite de la liaison opto-électronique. La compréhension des mécanismes physiques mis en jeu nous a amenés à proposer des solutions pour contourner les limites identifiées du composant. Nous avons montré qu’il était possible d’utiliser les lignes à retards accordables au delà de l’inverse du temps de vie des porteurs (500 MHz) en utilisant la montée en fréquence des oscillations cohérentes de population par modulation croisée de gain. Nous avons ainsi obtenu des retards accordables de 389 ps à 16 GHz, sur une bande passante instantanée de 360 MHz. Enfin nous avons proposé une architecture permettant d’obtenir des déphasages accordables proches de 180 degrés à haute fréquence, en substituant l’effet du couplage gain-indice, révélé par l’utilisation d’un filtre optique, par l’excitation paramétrique des oscillations cohérentes de population. Nous avons utilisé ce principe, qui permet par exemple d’atteindre un déphasage accordable de 162 degrés à 2,2 GHz, pour concevoir un oscillateur optoélectronique fonctionnant à 2,2 GHz. La fréquence de ce dernier est rapidement accordable sur 6 MHz à l’aide du courant d’injection de l’amplificateur à semi-conducteur. / Slow and fast light is becoming a wide research field driven by an extensive effort to implement this new technology in real applications. Coherent population oscillations in semiconductor optical amplifiers constitute one of the most promising approaches, in particular for the processing of optically carried microwave signals, which includes the control of tunable true time delays and RF phase shifts.We studied theoretically and experimentally the available tunable delays and phase shifts and the associated bandwidths for a microwave photonics link including a semiconductor optical amplifier. We analyzed the influence of the coherent population oscillations on the dynamic range of the link.The understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms led us to propose new architectures in order to overcome the identified limitations of the components. We show how up-converted coherent population oscillations enable to get rid of the intrinsic limitation of the carrier lifetime (500 MHz), leading to the generation of true time delays at any high frequencies in a single semiconductor device. We demonstrated tunable delays up to 389 ps at 16 GHz, with an instantaneous bandwidth of 360 MHz.Lastly we demonstrate how to conceive a RF phase shifter up to 180 degrees at high frequency by forced coherent population oscillations. This effect replaces the enhancement of the coherent population oscillations by gain-index coupling effect, revealed by an optical filter. We used this principle, which enables to achieve a tunable phase shift up to 162 degrees at 2,2 GHz, in order to conceive an optoelectronic oscillator at 2,2 GHz. The frequency of this oscillator is fast tunable over 6 MHz by changing the current of the semiconductor amplifier.

The growth in the number of wireless devices and applications underscores the need for characterizing and mitigating interference induced problems such as distortion and blocking. A typical interference scenario involves the detection of a small amplitude signal of interest (SOI) in the presence of a large amplitude interfering signal; it is desirable to attenuate the interfering signal while preserving the integrity of SOI and an appropriate dynamic range. If the frequency of the interfering signal varies or is unknown, an adaptive notch function must be applied in order to maintain adequate attenuation. This work explores the performance space of a phase cancellation technique used in implementing the desired notch function for communication systems in the 1-3 GHz frequency range. A system level model constructed with MATLAB and related simulation results assist in building the theoretical foundation for setting performance bounds on the implemented solution and deriving hardware specifications for the RF notch subsystem devices. Simulations and measurements are presented for a Low Noise Amplifer (LNA), voltage variable attenuators, bandpass filters and phase shifters. Ultimately, full system tests provide a measure of merit for this work as well as invaluable lessons learned. The emphasis of this project is the on-wafer LNA measurements, dependence of IC system performance on mismatches and overall system performance tests. Where possible, predictions are plotted alongside measured data. The reasonable match between the two validates system and component models and more than compensates for the painstaking modeling efforts. Most importantly, using the signal to interferer ratio (SIR) as a figure of merit, experimental results demonstrate up to 58 dB of SIR improvement. This number represents a remarkable advancement in interference rejection at RF or microwave frequencies.

Abnormal electromagnetic wave propagation characterized by negative group velocity and consequently negative group delay (NGD) has been observed in certain materials as well as in artificially built structures. Within finite frequency intervals where an NGD phenomenon is observed, higher frequency components of the applied waveform are propagated with phase advancement, not delay, relative to the lower frequency components. These media have found use in many applications that require positive delay compensation and an engineered phase characteristic, such as eliminating phase variation with frequency in phase shifters, beam-squint minimization in phased array antenna systems, size reduction of feed-forward amplifiers and others. The three principal questions this thesis addresses are: can a generic formulation for artificial NGD structures based on electric circuit resonators be developed; is it possible to derive a quantitative functional relationship (asymptotic limit) between the maximum achievable NGD and the identified trade-off quantity (out-of-band gain); and, can a microwave circuit exhibiting a fully loss-compensated NGD propagation in both directions be designed and implemented? A generic frequency-domain formulation of artificial NGD structures based on electric circuit resonators is developed and characterized by three parameters, namely center frequency, bandwidth and the out-of-band gain. The developed formulation is validated through several topologies reported in the literature. The trade-off relationship between the achievable NGD on one hand, and the out-of-band gain on the other, is identified. The out-of-band gain is shown to be proportional to transient amplitudes when waveforms with defined “turn on/off” times are propagated through an NGD medium. An asymptotic limit for achievable NGD as a function of the out-of-band gain is derived for multi-stage resonator-based NGD circuits as well as for an optimally engineered linear causal NGD medium. Passive NGD media exhibit loss which can be compensated for via active elements. However, active elements are unilateral in nature and therefore do not allow propagation in both directions. A bilateral gain-compensated circuit is designed and implemented, which overcomes this problem by employing a dual-amplifier configuration while preserving the overall circuit stability.