In this report, studies on interharmonics from three different measurement sites are performed. The first site is a wind park with three turbines, where the measurements are performed at the point of common coupling of these three. The second site is a network which consists of a PV inverter and two types of EV chargers – a DC charger or an AC charger. Measurements are performed with three different set-ups in this site – only AC charger connected, only DC charger connected, and AC charger and PV inverter connected simultaneously. The third site where measurements were made is a microgrid using frequency control in order to signal how the microgrid should operate at the moment. The interharmonic analysis was conducted using desynchronized processing technique (DP) and Sliding-Window Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques (SlidingWindow ESPRIT or SWESPRIT). The result from the wind park is that closely and evenly spaced interharmonics can be seen when the current suddenly increases (could be fast variations in wind speed). It is however uncertain if these interharmonics are caused by spectral leakage or not since SWESPRIT estimates the fundamental frequency to vary drastically when wind speed varies. It is observed that the SWESPRIT estimation of fundamental frequency could be caused by sudden changes in phase angle as the current varies. Further investigation and analysis are needed. The result from the measurements on the site with EV chargers and a PV inverter is that eight distinct patterns can be observed. Some patterns appear to come from the upstream grid, while some appear to be caused by either one of the EV chargers or the PV inverter, or interaction between them. Further studies are needed. The result from the microgrid measurements is that two distinct patterns at high frequencies (above 1000 Hz) can be observed during grid connected mode and island mode, respectively. During transitions between grid connection and island mode or vice versa, the fundamental frequency varies drastically, and it is therefore hard to analyse potential interharmonics and draw inferences. Further studies are needed. Advantages and disadvantages, as well as ideas for improvements, of the two applied signal processing methods are discussed throughout the different case-studies.

The main subject of this work represents the time-frequency signal analysis. Firstly, it intends to provide the most essential theoretical background with focus on the continuous wavelet transform, where also a comparison of the key features with its close relative the short-time Fourier transform is performed. Afterwards, there follows a demonstration of the purpose with a practical example. The particular aim is to create a phase vocoder solution for modifying the length of a sound record duration and pitch shifting. Here, in this place, the functional principles, design, procedure of assembling, outputs and achieved results are well documented.

No description available.

Recently, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has become commonplace in many applications. It is based on storing and remotely retrieving the data embedded on the tags. The tag structure can be chipped or chipless. In chipped tags, an integrated IC attached to the antenna is biased by an onboard battery or interrogating signal. Compared to barcodes, the chipped tags are expensive because of the existence of the chip. That was why chipless RFID tags are demanded as a cheap candidate for chipped RFID tags and barcodes. As its name expresses, the geometry of the tag acts as both modulator and scatterer. As a modulator, it incorporates data into the received electric field launched from the reader antenna and reflects it back to the receiving antenna. The scattered signal from the tag is captured by the antenna and transferred to the reader for the detection process. By employing the singularity expansion method (SEM) and the characteristic mode theory (CMT), a systematic design process is introduced by which the resonant and radiation characteristics of the tag are monitored in the pole diagram versus structural parameters. The antenna is another component of the system. Taking advantage of ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, it is possible to study the time and frequency domain characteristics of the antenna used in chipless RFID system. A new omni-directional antenna element useful in wideband and UWB systems is presented. Then, a new time-frequency technique, called short-time matrix pencil method (STMPM), is introduced as an efficient approach for analyzing various scattering mechanisms in chipless RFID tags. By studying the performance of STMPM in early-time and late-time responses of the scatterers, the detection process is improved in cases of multiple tags located close to each other. A space-time-frequency algorithm is introduced based on STMPM to detect, identify, and localize multiple multi-bit chipless RFID tags in the reader area. The proposed technique has applications in electromagnetic and acoustic-based detection of targets. / Ph. D.

The early diagnosis of CP (Cerebral Palsy) in infants is important for developing meaningful interventions. One of the major symptoms of the CP is lack of the coordinated movements of a baby. The bilateral coordinated movement (BCM) is that a baby shows in the early development stage. Each limb movement shows various ranges of speed and angle with fluency in a normal infant. When a baby has CP the movements are cramped and more synchronized. A quantitative method is needed to diagnose the BCM. Data is collected from 3-axis accelerometers, which are connected, to each limb of the baby. Signal processing the collected data using short time Fourier transforms, along with the formation of time-dependent transfer functions and the coherence property is the key to the diagnostic approach. Combinations of each limb's movement and their relationship can represent the correlated movement. Data collected from a normal baby is used to develop the technique for identifying the fidgety movement. Time histories and the resulting diagnostic tool are presented to show the regions of the described movement. The evaluation of the transduction approach and the analysis is discussed in detail. The application of the quantitative tool for the early diagnosis of CP offers clinicians the opportunity to provide interventions that may reduce the debilitating impact this condition has on children. Tools such as this can also be used to assess motor development in infants and lead to the identification and early intervention for other conditions. / Master of Science

Στα πλαίσια της διπλωματικής εργασίας αναπτύχθηκε μία εφαρμογή, η οποία προσδιορίζει τις τρεις πρώτες συχνότητες συντονισμού της φωνητικής κοιλότητας κατά τη διαδικασία της φώνησης φωνηέντων. Οι τρεις αυτές συχνότητες παρέχουν επαρκή πληροφορία για τον προσδιορισμό του φωνήεντου. Η φώνηση εξομοιώνεται με σήμα εισόδου το οποίο παρουσιάζει κορυφές σε αναμενόμενες περιοχές συχνοτήτων. Ο προσδιορισμός των συχνοτήτων συντονισμού στηρίζεται στη μέθοδο βραχύχρονης ανάλυσης Fourier. Η εφαρμογή αναπτύχθηκε σε περιβάλλον μVision της Keil, σε γλώσσα προγραμματισμού C, για τον μικροελεγκτή STM32F103RB της ST Microelectronics. / In the context of this thesis an application was developed, that is capable of estimating the first three formant frequencies (resonances of the vocal tract) in the event of voicing of vowels. These three frequencies provide us enough information to determine the vowel that is voiced. The human voice is being emulated by an input signal which has peaks in the anticipated frequency regions. The formant frequencies are being estimated based on the short-time Fourier analysis method. The application was developed in Keil μVision programming suite, in C programming language, for the STM32F103RB microcontroller by ST Microelectronics.

Neste trabalho, nós investigamos o comportamento crítico dinâmico de três modelos estatísticos utilizando simulações Monte Carlo em tempos curtos. Inicialmente, estudamos os modelos tridimensionais de dupla-troca e de Heisenberg. O expoente dinâmico de persistência global, bem como o expoente z são estimados através de duas técnicas. Para obter o expoente de persistência global, aplicamos diretamente a lei de potência obtida para a probabilidade de persistência global e em seguida fizemos o colapso de uma função universal para duas redes de tamanhos diferentes. Para estimar o valor de z, nós usamos uma função mista que combina resultados de simulações realizadas com diferentes condições iniciais e o cumulante de Binder de quarta ordem dependente do tempo. O expoente dinâmico que governa o comportamento tipo lei de potência da magnetização inicial, é estimado através da correlação temporal da magnetização (modelos de dupla-troca e Heisenberg) e da aplicação direta de uma lei de potência (modelo de Heisenberg). Os expoentes estáticos da magnetização e comprimento de correlação são estimados seguindo o comportamento de escala do parâmetro de ordem e sua derivada, respectivamente. Os resultados confirmam que esses dois modelos pertencem à mesma classe de universalidade. Em seguida, alguns expoentes críticos dinâmicos e estáticos são estimados no ponto de bifurcação do modelo de spin com simetria Z(5) bidimensional. Neste ponto, o modelo apresenta dois parâmetros de ordem diferentes, cada um possuindo um conjunto diferente de índices críticos. Os valores dos expoentes críticos estáticos estão em boa concordância com os resultados exatos. Até onde sabemos, está é a primeira tentativa de se obter os expoentes críticos dinâmicos para os modelos de dupla troca, Heisenberg e para o modelo Z(5). / In this work, we investigate the dynamic critical behavior of three statistical models by using short-time Monte Carlo simulations. At first, we study the three-dimensional double-exchange and Heisenberg models. The global persistence exponent, as well as the exponent z are estimated through two techniques. The dynamical exponent of global persistence is obtained by using the straight application of the power law obtained for the global persistence probability and by following the scaling collapse of a universal function for two diferent lattice sizes. To estimate the value of z, we use a mixed function which combines results obtained from samples submitted to diferent initial configurations and the time dependent fourth-order Binder cumulant. The dynamical exponent which governs the power law behavior of the initial magnetization, is estimated through the time correlation of the magnetization (double-exchange and Heisenberg models) and through the straight application of a power law(Heisenberg model). The statical exponents of the magnetization and correlation length are estimated through the scaling behavior of the order parameter and its derivative, respectively. The results confirm which those models belong to the same universality class. Following, the dynamical exponents and the statical exponents are estimated at the bifurcation point of the two-dimensional Z(5)-symmetric spin model. In this point, the model presents two diferent order parameters, each one possessing a diferent set of critical indices. The values of the static critical exponents are in good agreement with the exact results. Our study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first attempt to obtain the dynamic critical exponents of the double-exchange, Heisenberg, and Z(5) models.

O Mycobacterium bovis causa a tuberculose zoonótica, doença que afeta os animais e o homem podendo causar a morte, sendo o leite uma importante via de transmissão da doença para o homem. A pasteurização do leite é a principal medida para quebrar essa cadeia de transmissão, cujos parâmetros de tempo e temperatura foram definidos através de experimentos que datam desde o fim do século XIX, com base na resistência térmica do M. bovis e da Coxiella burnetti, então considerados os mais resistentes patógenos não formadores de esporos que contaminam o leite. No Brasil são aprovados os binômios 62ºC a 65ºC por 30 minutos e 72ºC a 75ºC por 15 a 20 segundos. Entretanto, com o passar dos anos e surgimento de novas tecnologias (PCR, Spoligotyping e outras técnicas biomoleculares) foi possível observar diferenças genéticas intra-espécie. Assim, este projeto tem por objetivo avaliar e comparar o comportamento de dois espoligotipos de M. bovis (SB0120 e SB1033) frente aos dois protocolos de pasteurização utilizados no país. Para tanto, leite integral UHT foi contaminado com esses espoligotipos e submetido aos dois processos térmicos, em Banho-Maria. O leite foi semeado em meio sólido Stonebrink-Leslie e a contagem de colônias foi feita após 45 dias de incubação a 37ºC. Não houve neste experimento diferença entre as resistências térmicas dos dois espoligotipos, no entanto detectou-se uma maior importância da fase de aquecimento na redução do agente do que da fase de manutenção da temperatura, para os dois espoligotipos, nos dois processos. / Mycobacterium bovis causes zoonotic tuberculosis disease that affects animals and humans and can cause death, the milk is an important route of disease transmission to humans. The pasteurization of milk is the main measure to break the transmission chain, whose time and temperature parameters were defined by experiments dating from the late nineteenth century, based on thermal resistance of M. bovis and Coxiella burnetti, considered then the most resistant non-spore-forming pathogens that contaminate the milk. In Brazil, there are two approved binomials 62ºC to 65ºC for 30 minutes and 72ºC to 75ºC for 15 to 20 seconds. However, over the years and the emergence of new technologies (PCR, spoligotyping and other biomolecular techniques) was observed genetic differences intra-species. Thus, this project aims to evaluate and compare the behavior of two spoligotypes of M. bovis (SB0120 and SB1033) compared to the two pasteurization protocols used in the country. To this end, UHT milk was contaminated with these spoligotypes and subjected to two thermal processes in a water bath. The milk was streaked on solid medium Stonebrink-Leslie and colony counting was done after 45 days of incubation at 37ºC. This experiment showed that there was no difference between the thermal resistances of the two spoligotypes, however it was detected a greater importance of the heating phase in reducing the agent that the maintenance phase of temperature for the two spoligotypes, in both cases.

Investigações da dinâmica crítica em modelos de magnetismo, para tempos curtos, têm aparecido com grande freqüência na literatura. Essa técnica foi descoberta por Li, Schülke e Zheng que, inspirados em trabalhos anteriores de Huse e Janssen et al., mostraram que generalizações de grandezas como a magnetização e o cumulante de Binder exibem comportamento universal já no início da simulação. O estudo da criticalidade em tempos curtos proporciona um caminho alternativo para a estimativa do expoente z, além de permitir o cálculo de um novo expoente dinâmico θ, associado ao comportamento anômalo da magnetização. Da mesma forma, simulações dependentes do tempo tornaram-se ferramenta útil para estudar transições de fase em autômatos celulares e modelos de spin. Em particular, as melhores estimativas para o expoente z do Ising bidimensional foram obtidas por meio da técnica de propagação de danos, introduzida por Kauffman no estudo de autômatos e mais tarde generalizada para modelos de spin. Na primeira parte deste trabalho utilizamos o método Monte Carlo em tempos curtos para investigar o modelo de Baxter-Wu, definido em uma rede bidimensional triangular com variáveis do tipo Ising, acopladas por interações de três corpos. Obtivemos os expoentes críticos dinâmicos z e θ além dos índices críticos estáticos ß e Nû. Os resultados não corroboram aqueles recentemente obtidos por Santos e Figueiredo para o expoente z. Na segunda parte do trabalho, investigamos a propagação de danos no modelo de Ising unidimensional submetido a duas dinâmicas propostas por Hinrichsen e Domany (HD). Em particular, nós estudamos o efeito da atualização síncrona (paralela) e assíncrona (dinâmica contínua) sobre o espalhamento do dano. Mostramos que o dano não se propaga quando a segunda dinâmica é implementada de forma assíncrona. Também mostramos que as regras para atualização do dano produzidas por essa dinâmica, quando a temperatura vai a infinito e um certo parâmetro Lambda é igual a zero, são equivalentes àquelas do bem conhecido autômato celular (modelo A) de Grassberger. / Short-time simulations have been used with great frequency in the literature. That technique was discovered by Li, Shülke and Zheng that, inspired in previous works by Huse and Janssen et al., showed that generalizations of quantities like magnetization and the Binder´s cumulant exhibit universal behavior in the beginning of the simulation (early time behavior). The study of criticality in short-times provides an alternative way to estimate the dynamic critical exponent z, besides allowing the calculation of a new dynamic exponent θ, associated to the anomalous behavior of the magnetization. In the same way, time-dependent simulations became a useful tool to study phase transitions in cellular automata and also for spin models. In fact, the best estimates for the exponent z of the two-dimensional Ising model were obtained through the technique of damage spreading, introduced by Kauffman in the study of cellular automata, later widespread for spin models. In the first part of this work we used short-time Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the Baxter-Wu model, defined in a triangular lattice whose variables are Ising-like coupled by triplet interactions. We have obtained estimates for the dynamic critical exponents z and θ besides static exponents ß e Nû. Our results do not corroborate recent estimates by Santos and Figueiredo for the critical exponent z. In the second part of this work, we investigated the damage spreading in the one-dimensional Ising model under two dynamics introduced by Hinrichsen and Domany (HD). In particular, we study the effects of synchronous (parallel) and asynchronous (continuous dynamics) updating on the spreading properties. We showed that the damage does not spread when the second dynamic is implemented in an asynchronous way. We found that the rules for updating the damage produced by this dynamic, as the temperature goes to infinity and a certain parameter Lambda is zero, are equivalent to those of Grassberger’s well-known model A cellular automaton.

Le fuseau mitotique assure la ségrégation des chromatides sœurs et le maintien de la poïdie des cellules filles. Le fuseau est composé de microtubules dynamiques (qui polymérisent et dépolymérisent continuellement), de nombreux moteurs moléculaires, d'agents de réticulations et de régulateurs. Bien que la structure du fuseau au niveau moléculaire soit connue, son fonctionnement reste délicat à comprendre, et nécessite la prise en compte de la dynamique de ses composants et leurs interactions. Les approches utilisées pour répondre à ces problématiques sont jusqu'à maintenant plutôt des approches in silico et in vitro. Il manque aujourd'hui une caractérisation de la mécanique du fuseau dans son contexte physiologique. Nous proposons une méthode non invasive basée sur de l'analyse d'image, combiné à une modélisation heuristique pour mesurer les paramètres mécaniques durant toute la division. Nous suivons les pôles du fuseau marqués par protéine fluorescente avec un taux acquisition rapide et une bonne résolution spatiale ce qui nous permet d'accéder aux fluctuations de longueur du fuseau in vivo. Avec la transformée de Fourier aux temps courts, nous calculons leurs densités spectrales de puissances — leurs signatures mécaniques. Ces spectres sont alors ajustés avec un modèle Kelvin — Voigt avec inertie (un ressort, un amortisseur et un terme inertiel en parallèle). Nous avons validé la méthode par des expériences numériques où nous retrouvons les évolutions des paramètres sur des données simulées et la calibration a été réalisée par l'utilisation de la rupture du fuseau induite par micro chirurgie laser ou par la génétique. Nous avons caractérisé le fuseau de l'embryon unicellulaire du nématode C. elegans. La méthaphase apparaît dominée par l'amortisseur, ce qui est cohérent avec la lente élongation du fuseau que nous observons. Mais contraste l'idée répandue de l'existence d'un mécanisme de maintien de la longueur du fuseau durant la métaphase. Au passage en anaphase, les trois paramètres mécaniques chutent, avant de réaugmenter environ 50 secondes après la transition pour réatindre un régime dominé de nouveau par l'amortisseur, ce qui suggère que les microtubules interpolaires jouent un rôle mineur durant l'élongation du fuseau en début d'anaphase. Dans la perspective de comprendre le lien entre la mécanique du fuseau et les interactions des acteurs moléculaires, nous avons partiellement supprimé un gène par sous-structure du fuseau. Nous avons alors retrouvé des comportements connus avec une perspective augmentée offerte par notre méthode. Cette méthode, ne va pas seulement permettre la compréhension fondamentale de la mécanique du fuseau, en remplaçant la modélisation du fuseau basé uniquement sur la longueur, mais aussi d'aller vers la prise en compte de la robustesse de fonctionnement du fuseau mitotique face aux défauts tel que la polyou l'aneuploïdie. / The mitotic spindle ensures the correct segregation of the sister chromatids to maintain ploidy in daughter cells. The spindle comprises dynamical microtubules (alternating polymerizing and depolymerizing), a variety of molecular motors, crosslinker and the regulators. Although the molecular grounds of spindle structure is well known, the link to its functions remain elusive, calling for including the dynamics of its components and their interactions. These questions were mostly investigated by in silico or in vitro approaches. But a detailed characterizing of spindle mechanics, in physiological conditions, is missing. We propose an image processing based, non invasive, method combined to an heuristic model to measure mechanical parameters of the mitotic spindle along time. We tracked fluorescently labeled spindle pole at high temporal and spatial resolution and measured the variations of spindle length, in vivo. We computed their power density spectrum using short time Fourier transform (sliding window) — a blueprint of spindle mechanics. Such a spectrum is then fitted with a Kelvin —Voigt model with inertia (a spring, a damper, an inertial element in parallel). We validated this method by recovering the mechanical parameters over time from simulated data and calibrated it uses laser and genetically induced spinlde cut. We characterized the mitotic spindle of the one-cell embryo of nematode C. elegans. Metaphase appeared dominated by damping element, consistent with the slow spindle elongation observed. But in contrast with the common thought that a mechanism maintains the spindle length during metaphase. At anaphase onset, all three parameters collapsed, before increasing about 50s later to reach a regime where damping dominated again, suggesting the overlapping spinlde microtubules may play a minor role in early anaphase spinlde elongation. In perspective of understanding how spindle mechanics emerge of molecular players interactions, we depleted one gene per splindle sub-structure — overlapped microtubules, kinetochore microtubules, central spindle and astral microtubules. We succefully recovered some known behavior but with the augmented insight offered by our method. This method paves the way not only towards understanding the fundamentals of spindle mechanics, superseding the degenerated modeling based on the sole spindle length but also towards acounting for spindle functional robustness towards defect as polyor aneuploidy.