The eyewitnessed reportage has a pronounced character of narrating. The imaginative power of the text helps the reader to empathise with the characters. That makes constructing empathy a necessary skill of reporters. But how can this be done? Despite a tradition of story telling among reporters, narratologists virtually have neglected the reportage genre. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how narrative strategies can be used in reportages and, at the same time, suggest methods for investigating those strategies. The main question is: How can empathy be constructed? Empathy is here defined as a function of presence, perspective, selection and disnarration. A screen of covert values is also added. The study applies a narratological and a media rhetorical approach to journalistic narratives, and focus is on basic discussions supported by analysis samples. Theories by Gérard Genette, Dorrit Cohn, Seymor Chatman, William C. Booth, Gerald Prince, Göran Rossholm, Bengt Nerman and others are discussed. Even though a reportage is about real events, it always represents a personal interpretation. It presents the readers with a represented reality. In a narratological model for the macro level of the reportage I identify the trait of construction as an interaction between three instances: the producer (i. e. the implied author), the narrator and the experiencing reporter. On a micro level this model helps me to explain, for example, how a homodiegetic narrator can be combined with external focalisation, and how another character than the experiencing reporter can be focalised. In the former case I examine the interplay between showing and telling relative to the narrator’s visibility. In the latter case I especially focus on a complex technique for shifting perspectives, both those concerning thoughts, like Free, Indirect Discourse (FID), and those concerning perception. At the same time I study different degrees of perspectivity.

Magister Legum - LLM

8 pp. / Information to help reduce the occurrence of show ring fiascos. Focus is on proper preparation, selection, and the necessary time commitment that youth participants can expect.

Le présent mémoire analysera la version orale d’Il faut prendre le taureau par les contes ! de Fred Pellerin sous forme auditive et son adaptation en conte littéraire. L’étude des deux actualisations médiatiques se fera en trois temps qui correspondent aux moments significatifs de la performance du conte tels que définis par la théoricienne Jeanne Demers. Le premier moment est la formation du cercle du conte et représente un espace instauré hors du réel qui offre aux spectateurs ou aux lecteurs la possibilité d’adhérer sans retenue aux événements exposés dans le récit grâce à l’ouverture, la fermeture et le maintien du cercle. Le deuxième moment du conte se produit quand le conteur crée et consolide un lien de connivence avec son public, ce qui capte son attention en le liant au contenu. Pour ce faire, Pellerin cherche à répondre aux attentes de son public, à jouer avec la frontière entre vérité et fiction et à provoquer des réactions. Le troisième et dernier moment du conte, c’est le showing, qui rapproche d’abord l’auditoire ou le lecteur de l’action et l’action de ceux-ci, et ensuite qui permet au conte de se matérialiser grâce à leur imagination. À ce moment-là, le but du conte est atteint, car le plaisir de l’auditoire ou du lecteur est indéniable. Cette recherche tente de voir le corpus comme un tout malgré les différents moyens mis en œuvre : la mise à l’écrit fait bénéficier le spectacle originel de nouvelles significations et permet, à ceux qui en profitent, de vivre une expérience différente, mais tout aussi réussie. / This dissertation will analyse the oral tale of Il faut prendre le taureau par les contes ! by Fred Pellerin and the written tale adaptation. The study of both versions will be demonstrated using three instances that correspond to significant moments of the tale’s performance according to theoretician Jeanne Demers. The first moment is the formation of the "circle of the tale" which represents a space established beyond reality that allows the audience or the reader to adhere without restraint to the events exposed in the story due to the opening, the closing and the conservation of the circle. The second moment of the tale occurs when the storyteller creates and consolidates a complicit link with his audience which attracts and holds their attention by linking them to the story. To achieve this effect, Pellerin tries to answer his public’s expectations, manipulates the border between fiction and reality and provokes reactions. The third and final moment of the tale is the "showing", which initially helps to bring the audience or the reader closer to the action and the action closer to them, then to allow the tale to materialize with the aid of their imagination. At which point, the tale reaches its ultimate goal, as the pleasure of the audience or the reader is infallible. This research aims to see Pellerin’s work as a whole despite the different means: putting the oral tale in writing benefits the original show as it brings forth, to those who experience it, new meaning and offers a different perspective, which is every bit as successful.

Denna studie är en kandidatuppsats inom området Informationsdesign med fokus på rumslig gestaltning. Arbetet syftar till att undersöka hur man kan underlätta den självständiga navigeringen i vår offentliga miljö för personer med synnedsättning. Hur man kan skapa en tryggare miljö genom informationsdesign i form av taktil wayshowing och färgkodning.  Att självständigt förflytta och röra oss i vår offentliga miljö ser de flesta som en självklarhet. Att sätta sig på tåget, tunnelbanan, eller bussen på väg till jobbet eller skolan, till vänner eller familj, eller bara göra en spontan resa dit du aldrig tidigare åkt inte är något hinder. Denna frihet skapar en gemenskap och tillhörighet i samhället som vi inte reflekterar nämnvärt över. Det finns dock personer som inte känner samma inkludering och trygghet i att göra samma typer av resor som du och jag – bland annat personer med synnedsättning. I dagsläget uppnår denna målgrupp ca 1% av Sveriges befolkning. Här finns dock ett mörkertal, men det är ungefär 100 000 personer som är inskrivna på syncentralen i dagsläget.Urbaniseringen och de växande städerna runt om i världen bidrar till den ekonomiska tillväxten, men även till sociala klyftor. Enligt FN:s hållbarhetsmål nr 11 - Hållbara städer och samhällen, så strävar man efter hållbar stadsutveckling för att skapa en trygg och inkluderande miljö – även för personer med funktionsnedsättningar. I Sverige har vi en arkitekturpolicy, som regeringen tagit fram. Den säger att vår offentliga miljö skall vara anpassad och utformad efter våra behov oavsett funktionsnedsättning och kognitiva förmåga. / This study is a bachelor thesis in the field of Information design with focus on spatial design. The work aims to investigate how to facilitate the independent navigation in our public environment for people with visual impairment. How to create a safer environment through information design in the form of tactile way showing and color coding.Most people take it for granted to move and move independently in our public environment. Getting on the train, subway, or bus on the way to work or school, to friends or family, or just making a spontaneous trip where you have never travel before is no obstacle. This freedom creates a community and belonging in society that we do not reflect significantly on. However, there are people who do not feel the same inclusion and security in making the same types of trips as you and me – people with visual impairment. At present, this target group reaches about 1% of Sweden's population. However, there is a dark figure here, but there are approximately 100,000 people who are currently registered at the vision center. Urbanization and the growing cities around the world contribute to economic growth, but also to social gaps. According to UN Sustainability Goal No. 11 – Sustainable cities and communities, sustainable urban development is strived to create a safe and inclusive environment – even for people with disabilities. In Sweden, we have an architecture policy that the government has developed. It says that our public environment must be adapted and designed according to our needs, regardless of disability and cognitive ability.

The aim of my extended essay is to map out a state of an introduction of quality standards of social services in Social Welfare Institition of Stod. Process of a standard formation and their division into three basic parts are described in the first theoretical part. This is followed by a detailed acquaintance with the content of all the standards which is complemented by some instructions how to distinguish their filling and the most frequent mistakes. We can also find an explanation of a new terminology here which is used in the standards most often. The results of my carried-out qualitative research are presented in the following part. These were obtained by means of evaluating the interviews with some users and providers of social services, by making a content analysis of documentation and an analysis of various situations arising during the formation and introduction of standards in Social Welfare Institution of Stod. In this part, there is also a SWOT analysis of the current state of filling standards in this institution. The valuable point of the whole research is a suggestion of a methodical procedure during the intruduction of quality standards of social services which can be an instruction for other institutions. In the closing part of my extended essay, some measures are suggested which should contribute to a faster implementation of the standards into practice.