As food scares have hastened the growth of safety and quality standards around the world, certification schemes to assure various attributes of foods have proliferated in the global marketplace. High-value food commodities produced in the global south for export have been the subject of such schemes through third-party environmental certifications, providing regulatory and verification mechanisms welcomed by global buyers. As certification becomes more common, re-localization in the current global context can also mean the projection of place onto a food commodity to highlight its origin or attributes secured by transparent verification mechanisms. However, environmental food certification is often criticized for its inapplicability in the context of the global south, due to the extensive documentation requirements and high costs. The key question here is the process for small-scale producers in the global south to navigate increasing international regulation of food safety and quality. This dissertation examines (1) how the environmental standards (as defined by the global north) were translated in the rural global south through international certification schemes, and (2) what the implications are at the local level, especially where producers had not yet integrated into conventional global markets before the introduction of certification. The dissertation also analyzes the influence of such certification in determining the development trajectories of rural society in the global south. A case study is used to examine newly-introduced certified organic shrimp production in Ca Mau Province in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta. The selected shrimp production site is the first pilot organic shrimp project in Vietnam working with an international third-party certification scheme. It is located in rural Vietnam where, as in other parts of Southeast Asia, an accelerated process of agrarian transition is underway. Whereas elsewhere the trend with intensified regulation has been the consolidation of large-scale farms and the exclusion of small-scale farms from international agrofood markets, this case study demonstrates comparative advantages of small-scale farms over large-scale farms in producing sensitive high-value crops. This dissertation employs two main analytical approaches. The first approach is to examine the network of actors and the flow of information, payment and shrimp at the production level using environmental regulatory network (ERN). In contrast to chain analyses, which can be useful in identifying linear structure of supply chains for global commodities, ERN can capture the interrelatedeness of actors in the network built around environmental certification for agrofood products. The second analytical lens is that of agrarian transition. Countries experiencing agrarian transition at present are doing so in a very different international context from countries that accomplished their transitions in the past. Results of this research indicate that technical and financial constraints at the time of initial certification are not the primary obstacles to farmers getting certified, since the extensive farming method employed at the study site is organic by default. In spite of this, many farmers unofficially withdrew from the organic shrimp project by simply shifting their marketing channel back to a conventional one. Inefficient flows of information and payments, and a restrictive marketing channel within the environmental regulatory network that does not take into account local geographical conditions and farming practices, all contributed to limiting the farmers’ capacity and lowering their incentives to get involved in the network. The analysis also indicates that, by influencing those agrarian transition processes, food standards and certification based on values developed in the global north may modify, reshape and/or hold back agrarian transition processes in agricultural sectors of developing countries. The potential benefits of environmental certification are enhanced rural development, by generating opportunities for small-scale farmers to connect to global niche markets. The findings of this dissertation highlighted that such certification schemes or their environmental regulatory networks need to ensure information sharing and compensation for farmers. As an empirical finding, this dissertation also captures where ecological credibility and market logic meet: the success of this kind of certification depends on finding a balanced point where standards are ecologically (or ethically) credible to the level that does not attract too much criticism for being green washing, but not too unrealistic to become a disincentive for farmers to participate.

Yellow head virus (YHV) is highly pathogenic and was identified as the cause of mass mortalities associated with yellow head disease (YHD) that first appeared in Penaeus monodon farmed in Thailand in 1990. By 1992-1993, YHD was widespread throughout the Thai shrimp farming industry, causing losses estimated at ~US$70 million per annum. By the mid 1990s, gross signs consistent with YHD were also being reported in P. monodon farmed in many regions of the Indo-Pacific. Due to its high pathogenicity and economic impact, YHV has been listed as a notifiable pathogen by the OIE and the control of YHD remains a significant concern. At the outset of this study, two genotypic variants of YHV (genotype 1) had been detected in P. monodon in Australia (gill-associated virus, GAV, genotype 2) and Vietnam (genotype 3), suggesting that more variants might exist in other regions. The aim of this study was, therefore, to test the hypothesis that genotypic variants existed in P. monodon from other locations, and if so, to determine their genetic relationships to the three known genotypes. The study also aimed to improve existing PCR diagnostic protocols to accommodate the detection of all genotypes in the YHV complex. Fifty-seven field isolates of YH-complex viruses were detected by RT-PCR in tissues of P. monodon sampled from nine Indo-Pacific countries. Phylogenetic relationships determined for these isolates using a 671 nucleotide (nt) C-terminal region of the ORF1b gene identified 46 isolates that clustered with the three know genotypes and 11 isolates that clustered in at least three distinct new genotypes. All isolates other than genotype 1 (YHV) were detected in tissues of healthy shrimp. Genotype 4 isolates were detected only in shrimp from India and were slightly less distantly related at the nucleotide level to genotype 5 (85.2% identify) than the other genotypes (80.3%-82.3%). Genotype 6 isolates were only detected in shrimp from Mozambique and were least divergent (3.5%) from genotype 2. One each of three genotype 5 isolates was detected in shrimp from Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines. The genotype 5 isolate from the Philippines was, however, 6.7% and 7% divergent from the other two isolates, respectively. This level of divergence was greater than found between genotypes 2 and 6 and was similar to that found between isolates of genotype 2 and genotype 3 (~6.7%). This suggests that the Philippine genotype 5 isolate might ultimately be considered as the founding member of a seventh genotype. Genotype 5 isolates were slightly more closely related to genotype 4 (~85.2% identity) than the other genotypes (83.4%-84.8% identity). Genotype 1 (YHV) isolates were only detected in Thai shrimp affected by YHD. Genotype 2 isolates were detected in Australian shrimp as well as shrimp from Vietnam and Thailand. Genotype 3 had the broadest geographic range, being detected in four countries in Southeast Asia. The finding of single genotypes in Australia (genotype 2), India (genotype 4) and Mozambique (genotype 6) supports the hypothesis that they have evolved independently in geographically-isolated populations of P. monodon. The detection of multiple genotypes in Vietnam (genotypes 2 and 3), Malaysia (genotypes 2, 3 and 5) and Thailand (genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 5) suggests that these genotypes have been disseminated by movements of infected P. monodon and the trade in live broodstock used for aquaculture. A ~1.3 kb amplicon at the 5’-terminal region of the ORF3 gene was sequenced for 28 field isolates to examine phylogenetic relationships to assess whether there is evidence of recombination between genotypes. The region, corresponding to N-terminus of gp116 envelope glycoprotein, displayed more sequence variation than the ORF1b amplicon. All isolates of the virulent genotype 1 (YHV) possessed a unique sequence (TILAGIPEKE/D) at the N terminus of gp116 adjacent to the site of endo-proteolysis that cleaves gp116 from the ORF3 polyprotein. In some genotype 1 isolates this unique sequence was followed by a 54 aa deletion that was also not present in other genotypes. The potential role of this unique sequence as a virulence determinant for YHV requires further investigation. Phylogenetic relationships deduced using the ORF3 amplicon sequences were similar to those deduced using the ORF1b amplicon sequence except that genotype 4 was more closely related to genotype 2 than was genotype 3. However, only 18 of the 28 isolates included in the analysis of both ORF1b and ORF3 amplicons clustered in consistent lineages and were assigned as the same genotypes. Inconsistent phylogenies were observed for ten isolates of which six clustered as genotype 3 in ORF1b and as genotype 2 in ORF3, two isolates clustered as genotype 3 in ORF1b and as genotype 5 in ORF3, one isolate clustered as genotype 5 in ORF1b and as genotype 2 in ORF3, and one isolate clustered as genotype 5 in ORF1b and as genotype 3 in ORF3. Discrepancies in genotype assignments were only observed to involve permutations of genotypes 2, 3 and 5 and involved isolates from healthy shrimp originating from Southeast Asia. Sequence analysis of the ~3.2 kb region spanned by the ORF1b and ORF3 amplicons of three putative recombinant viruses VNM-02-H258 (genotype 3/5), IDN-04-H10 (genotype 3/2) and PHL-03-H8 (genotype 5/3) indicated that recombination had occurred at a position just upstream of the ORF1b gene 3’-terminus. These data provide the first evidence of genetic recombination for any shrimp virus. The high prevalence of recombinants amongst isolates from Southeast Asia has significant implications for diversification, disease emergence and assignment of genotypes for YH-complex viruses. The region of the genome from the poly[A] tail to the 3’-end of the ORF1b gene (containing all structural protein genes) was sequenced for representative isolates of genotypes 3 and 4. The analysis was conducted to determine whether the evolutionary divergence in the structural protein genes differed significantly from the replicase (ORF1b) gene and to identify conserved motifs likely to be important for protein function and the regulation of RNA transcription and replication. The sequence of the near 3’-terminal genome region of a genotype 5 isolate was also determined to examine whether it possessed an ORF4 gene like genotype 2 or whether it was truncated as in genotypes 1, 3 and 4. Comparisons of the intergenic regions (IGR) upstream of ORF2 and ORF3 identified a conserved sequence 5’-GUCAAUUACACxxAxxUU-3’ surrounding the central adenosine residue corresponding to the 5’-terminus of the sub-genomic (sg)mRNAs that is likely to represent the consensus motif used as a transcription regulatory sequence (TRS). A sequence upstream of ORF4 possessed limited homology to the predicted consensus TRS but A>G/U substitutions (genotypes 2, 3, 4 and 5) or a point deletion (genotype 1) occurred at the central critical adenosine residue. It is possible that these mutations explain why a sgmRNA is not transcribed in abundance to allow translation of an ORF4 protein, and why the apparently redundant ORF4 gene has accumulated nucleotide deletions or insertions interrupting its reading in all genotypes except genotype 2. The 3’-terminal genome sequence of genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 downstream of the putative ORF4 gene region was extremely highly conserved and was predicted to form a stable hairpin-loop RNA secondary structure with four bulges. Where nucleotide variations occurred in a genotype, other compensatory changes maintained base-pairing and stability of the structure, suggesting that this region is likely to be important for polymerase recognition of the (+) genomic RNA for transcription of (-) genomic RNA. Conventional and real-time PCR tests for the detection of all genotypes in the YH complex were developed by identifying highly conserved sequences amongst the 57 virus isolates at which primers could be targeted. In the consensus RT-nested PCR, PCR (358 bp) and nested PCR (147 bp) amplicon lengths were kept short to accommodate degraded RNA and pools of two primers were used rather than a single degenerate primer to accommodate all genotypes whist minimizing levels of degeneracy. The consensus real-time PCR used SYBR-Green chemistry and amplified a 147 bp product using single degenerate primers targeted to the same sites as the nested PCR primer pools. Each PCR method detected the RNA of representatives of all six genotypes. The RT-nested PCR was extremely sensitive, detecting down to a single copy of a GAV synthetic RNA. Phylogenetic analysis using the 95 nt sequence bounded by the nested PCR primers generated genotype associations similar to those generated using the 671 nt sequence, allowing the assignment of genotypes from the amplified products. The consensus RT-nested PCR test has been included in the 5th Edition of the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (2006). The consensus real-time PCR was slightly less sensitive than the RT-nested PCR, detecting down to ~125 copies of the GAV synthetic RNA. However, the test generated products with the expected Tm (77.5ºC) with isolates of the six genotypes and showed a linear relationship between input RNA and Ct value up to 109 RNA copies. Thus, due to its ability to accurately quantify and compare viral RNA loads in clinical samples, the test could be used to define the infection status of shrimp in relation to threshold levels associated with disease.

Yellow head virus (YHV) is highly pathogenic and was identified as the cause of mass mortalities associated with yellow head disease (YHD) that first appeared in Penaeus monodon farmed in Thailand in 1990. By 1992-1993, YHD was widespread throughout the Thai shrimp farming industry, causing losses estimated at ~US$70 million per annum. By the mid 1990s, gross signs consistent with YHD were also being reported in P. monodon farmed in many regions of the Indo-Pacific. Due to its high pathogenicity and economic impact, YHV has been listed as a notifiable pathogen by the OIE and the control of YHD remains a significant concern. At the outset of this study, two genotypic variants of YHV (genotype 1) had been detected in P. monodon in Australia (gill-associated virus, GAV, genotype 2) and Vietnam (genotype 3), suggesting that more variants might exist in other regions. The aim of this study was, therefore, to test the hypothesis that genotypic variants existed in P. monodon from other locations, and if so, to determine their genetic relationships to the three known genotypes. The study also aimed to improve existing PCR diagnostic protocols to accommodate the detection of all genotypes in the YHV complex. Fifty-seven field isolates of YH-complex viruses were detected by RT-PCR in tissues of P. monodon sampled from nine Indo-Pacific countries. Phylogenetic relationships determined for these isolates using a 671 nucleotide (nt) C-terminal region of the ORF1b gene identified 46 isolates that clustered with the three know genotypes and 11 isolates that clustered in at least three distinct new genotypes. All isolates other than genotype 1 (YHV) were detected in tissues of healthy shrimp. Genotype 4 isolates were detected only in shrimp from India and were slightly less distantly related at the nucleotide level to genotype 5 (85.2% identify) than the other genotypes (80.3%-82.3%). Genotype 6 isolates were only detected in shrimp from Mozambique and were least divergent (3.5%) from genotype 2. One each of three genotype 5 isolates was detected in shrimp from Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines. The genotype 5 isolate from the Philippines was, however, 6.7% and 7% divergent from the other two isolates, respectively. This level of divergence was greater than found between genotypes 2 and 6 and was similar to that found between isolates of genotype 2 and genotype 3 (~6.7%). This suggests that the Philippine genotype 5 isolate might ultimately be considered as the founding member of a seventh genotype. Genotype 5 isolates were slightly more closely related to genotype 4 (~85.2% identity) than the other genotypes (83.4%-84.8% identity). Genotype 1 (YHV) isolates were only detected in Thai shrimp affected by YHD. Genotype 2 isolates were detected in Australian shrimp as well as shrimp from Vietnam and Thailand. Genotype 3 had the broadest geographic range, being detected in four countries in Southeast Asia. The finding of single genotypes in Australia (genotype 2), India (genotype 4) and Mozambique (genotype 6) supports the hypothesis that they have evolved independently in geographically-isolated populations of P. monodon. The detection of multiple genotypes in Vietnam (genotypes 2 and 3), Malaysia (genotypes 2, 3 and 5) and Thailand (genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 5) suggests that these genotypes have been disseminated by movements of infected P. monodon and the trade in live broodstock used for aquaculture. A ~1.3 kb amplicon at the 5’-terminal region of the ORF3 gene was sequenced for 28 field isolates to examine phylogenetic relationships to assess whether there is evidence of recombination between genotypes. The region, corresponding to N-terminus of gp116 envelope glycoprotein, displayed more sequence variation than the ORF1b amplicon. All isolates of the virulent genotype 1 (YHV) possessed a unique sequence (TILAGIPEKE/D) at the N terminus of gp116 adjacent to the site of endo-proteolysis that cleaves gp116 from the ORF3 polyprotein. In some genotype 1 isolates this unique sequence was followed by a 54 aa deletion that was also not present in other genotypes. The potential role of this unique sequence as a virulence determinant for YHV requires further investigation. Phylogenetic relationships deduced using the ORF3 amplicon sequences were similar to those deduced using the ORF1b amplicon sequence except that genotype 4 was more closely related to genotype 2 than was genotype 3. However, only 18 of the 28 isolates included in the analysis of both ORF1b and ORF3 amplicons clustered in consistent lineages and were assigned as the same genotypes. Inconsistent phylogenies were observed for ten isolates of which six clustered as genotype 3 in ORF1b and as genotype 2 in ORF3, two isolates clustered as genotype 3 in ORF1b and as genotype 5 in ORF3, one isolate clustered as genotype 5 in ORF1b and as genotype 2 in ORF3, and one isolate clustered as genotype 5 in ORF1b and as genotype 3 in ORF3. Discrepancies in genotype assignments were only observed to involve permutations of genotypes 2, 3 and 5 and involved isolates from healthy shrimp originating from Southeast Asia. Sequence analysis of the ~3.2 kb region spanned by the ORF1b and ORF3 amplicons of three putative recombinant viruses VNM-02-H258 (genotype 3/5), IDN-04-H10 (genotype 3/2) and PHL-03-H8 (genotype 5/3) indicated that recombination had occurred at a position just upstream of the ORF1b gene 3’-terminus. These data provide the first evidence of genetic recombination for any shrimp virus. The high prevalence of recombinants amongst isolates from Southeast Asia has significant implications for diversification, disease emergence and assignment of genotypes for YH-complex viruses. The region of the genome from the poly[A] tail to the 3’-end of the ORF1b gene (containing all structural protein genes) was sequenced for representative isolates of genotypes 3 and 4. The analysis was conducted to determine whether the evolutionary divergence in the structural protein genes differed significantly from the replicase (ORF1b) gene and to identify conserved motifs likely to be important for protein function and the regulation of RNA transcription and replication. The sequence of the near 3’-terminal genome region of a genotype 5 isolate was also determined to examine whether it possessed an ORF4 gene like genotype 2 or whether it was truncated as in genotypes 1, 3 and 4. Comparisons of the intergenic regions (IGR) upstream of ORF2 and ORF3 identified a conserved sequence 5’-GUCAAUUACACxxAxxUU-3’ surrounding the central adenosine residue corresponding to the 5’-terminus of the sub-genomic (sg)mRNAs that is likely to represent the consensus motif used as a transcription regulatory sequence (TRS). A sequence upstream of ORF4 possessed limited homology to the predicted consensus TRS but A>G/U substitutions (genotypes 2, 3, 4 and 5) or a point deletion (genotype 1) occurred at the central critical adenosine residue. It is possible that these mutations explain why a sgmRNA is not transcribed in abundance to allow translation of an ORF4 protein, and why the apparently redundant ORF4 gene has accumulated nucleotide deletions or insertions interrupting its reading in all genotypes except genotype 2. The 3’-terminal genome sequence of genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 downstream of the putative ORF4 gene region was extremely highly conserved and was predicted to form a stable hairpin-loop RNA secondary structure with four bulges. Where nucleotide variations occurred in a genotype, other compensatory changes maintained base-pairing and stability of the structure, suggesting that this region is likely to be important for polymerase recognition of the (+) genomic RNA for transcription of (-) genomic RNA. Conventional and real-time PCR tests for the detection of all genotypes in the YH complex were developed by identifying highly conserved sequences amongst the 57 virus isolates at which primers could be targeted. In the consensus RT-nested PCR, PCR (358 bp) and nested PCR (147 bp) amplicon lengths were kept short to accommodate degraded RNA and pools of two primers were used rather than a single degenerate primer to accommodate all genotypes whist minimizing levels of degeneracy. The consensus real-time PCR used SYBR-Green chemistry and amplified a 147 bp product using single degenerate primers targeted to the same sites as the nested PCR primer pools. Each PCR method detected the RNA of representatives of all six genotypes. The RT-nested PCR was extremely sensitive, detecting down to a single copy of a GAV synthetic RNA. Phylogenetic analysis using the 95 nt sequence bounded by the nested PCR primers generated genotype associations similar to those generated using the 671 nt sequence, allowing the assignment of genotypes from the amplified products. The consensus RT-nested PCR test has been included in the 5th Edition of the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (2006). The consensus real-time PCR was slightly less sensitive than the RT-nested PCR, detecting down to ~125 copies of the GAV synthetic RNA. However, the test generated products with the expected Tm (77.5ºC) with isolates of the six genotypes and showed a linear relationship between input RNA and Ct value up to 109 RNA copies. Thus, due to its ability to accurately quantify and compare viral RNA loads in clinical samples, the test could be used to define the infection status of shrimp in relation to threshold levels associated with disease.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-03-09T12:39:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1651590 bytes, checksum: fcf66b8bdf6abf12b15b77c951cc2f8d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-09T12:39:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1651590 bytes, checksum: fcf66b8bdf6abf12b15b77c951cc2f8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / The traditional shrimp farming has been associated with many negative environmental impacts on mangrove ecosystems, apicuns and areas of slopes, including the release of effluent, usually with high organic matter content, from the offered feed and droppings of shrimps. In this sense, it is essential that the food offered are appropriate with effective and environmentally sustainable costs, as the inappropriate use of feed can compromise both animal development and the environment. In order to meet the demand for seafood products, with quality and adequate nutritional value, employment of shrimp farming techniques in tanks associated with the production of organic food can be a viable alternative to obtain a product of good quality, environmentally responsible and with added commercial value. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the organic cultivation of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) along the lines of family production, fed organic feed, produced from food waste and industrial feed. In tanks with organic feed, animals still were attended to perifítons as additional power. In order to evaluate the two types of crops, were determined some physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the water and shrimps, the bromatologia the feed, the farmed shrimp, plus the biometrics of animals. The results were compared with each other and with existing environmental and health laws, to evaluate the proposed treatment and quality of farmed animals. The data indicated that there was no significant difference between the crops, as regards the nutritional and microbial composition of the animal, as well as the quality of the water tanks. Therefore, one can understand that organic food associated with regular supply of perifítons, is an acceptable alternative to replacement of industrial feed the family shrimp farming due to low cost of production, absence of additives and preservatives, waste recovery generated by community and the possibility of improving the quality of life of fishermen whose activity is increasingly threatened by commercial fishing development. / A carcinicultura tradicional tem sido associada a diversos impactos ambientais negativos em ecossistemas de mangues, apicuns e áreas de encostas, incluindo o lançamento de efluente, geralmente com alta carga de matéria orgânica, proveniente das rações ofertadas e dos excrementos dos camarões. Neste sentido, é imprescindível que os alimentos ofertados sejam apropriados com custos efetivos e ambientalmente sustentáveis, visto que o emprego inadequado das rações pode comprometer tanto o desenvolvimento animal como o meio ambiente. Com vistas a atender a demanda por alimentos de origem marinha, com qualidade e valor nutricional adequado, o emprego de técnicas de cultivo de camarões em tanques associadas à produção de ração orgânica pode ser uma alternativa viável para obtenção de um produto de boa qualidade, ambientalmente responsável e com valor comercial agregado. A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar o cultivo orgânico de camarão Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) nos moldes da produção familiar, alimentados com ração orgânica, produzida a partir de resíduos de alimentos e ração industrial. Nos tanques com ração orgânica, os animais contaram ainda com a presença de perifítons como alimentação adicional. Com o objetivo de avaliar os dois tipos de cultivos, foram determinados alguns parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos da água e dos camarões, a bromatologia das rações, dos camarões cultivados, além da biometria dos animais. Os resultados foram confrontados entre si e com as legislações ambiental e sanitária vigentes, para avaliação do tratamento proposto e qualidade dos animais cultivados. Os dados indicaram que não houve diferença significativa entre os cultivos, no que se refere à composição nutricional e microbiológica dos animais, bem como da qualidade da água dos tanques. Portanto, pode-se entender que a ração orgânica associada à oferta regular de perifítons, é uma alternativa aceitável para substituição da ração industrial no cultivo familiar de camarões, devido ao baixo custo na produção, ausência de aditivos e conservantes, aproveitamento de resíduos gerados pela comunidade, além da possibilidade de melhoria da qualidade de vida dos pescadores, cuja atividade está cada vez mais ameaçada pelo desenvolvimento da pesca comercial.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LianaFA.pdf: 575157 bytes, checksum: 8650946fd949f8eb8297ea9541d69e42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-01-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The shrimp farming is a process of creation of shrimp that has been growing rapidly in the country, occupying a meaningful space in the Brazilian exporting. In 2003, this activity presented a volume of 60 millions of tons and 220 millions of dollars, being the main generator of employment and income of the primary sector of the northeast economy. However, it is a new activity with c.a. five years in the Rio Grande do Norte State and therefore needs investment in the technological area. Among the wastewaters of this activity, the sulphite solution is being usually applied in the process of fishing, i.e. retrieval of the shrimps from the farming. The aim of this work is to present the oxidation experimental results of the sulphite that may be and to determine what it s the most efficient method, trough laboratory experiments. The measurements were carried out in a mixing reactor inserting air and with hydrogen peroxide addition with and without UV light. The solutions were prepared synthetically with concentrations found in the wastewater of fishing and also collected in locu. The oxidation process using air was monitorated by iodometric analysis for the sulphite and the oxidation using hydrogen peroxide was evaluated with turbidimetric analysis for sulphate, by spectrophotometer. The sulphite was totally oxidized in both processes. The experimental results permit to conclude that the oxidation by hydrogen peroxide is more efficient and allowed to determine the optimum operational conditions in terms of concentration and time of treatment / A carcinicultura, processo de cria??o de camar?o em cativeiro, vem crescendo rapidamente no pa?s, ocupando um espa?o significativo na exporta??o brasileira. Em 2003, essa atividade apresentou um volume de 60 milh?es de ton e um faturamento de 220 milh?es de d?lares sendo tamb?m, o principal gerador de emprego e renda do setor prim?rio da economia nordestina. Por?m, por ser uma atividade nova, com pouco mais de 5 anos no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, faz-se necess?rio investimento na ?rea tecnol?gica. Entre os efluentes dessa atividade tem-se a solu??o aquosa de sulfito, normalmente utilizada no processo de despesca retirada dos camar?es do viveiro. O objetivo desse trabalho ? apresentar os resultados da oxida??o do sulfito e concluir qual o m?todo mais eficiente entre os testados em laborat?rio. Os experimentos foram realizados em um reator injetando-se ar difuso e outro com adi??o de per?xido de hidrog?nio, na aus?ncia e presen?a de luz UV. As solu??es utilizadas foram: sint?ticas, com concentra??es semelhantes ao efluente da despesca e, coletadas in locu. A oxida??o com ar foi monitorada por an?lise iodom?trica do sulfito e com per?xido por an?lise turbidim?trica do sulfato, com espectrofot?metro. O sulfito foi totalmente oxidado em ambos os processos. Os resultados experimentais possibilitaram concluir que a oxida??o do sulfito com per?xido foi a mais eficiente e permitiram encontrar as condi??es ?timas de concentra??o do per?xido, de acordo com o tempo de tratamento

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1477878 bytes, checksum: 5fa71eb561081f86ef41670601f03720 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Shrimp farming is now considered an economic activity of major importance in the world and Brazil is among the major producers, with an great potential for cultivation of marine shrimp in the coastal zone, especially in the Northeast. The positive aspects of shrimp farming are undeniable, from the economic and social point of view, but it has caused concern to environmental control agencies of Brazil (IBAMA) due to possible impact on the mangrove ecosystem. However, there is still little information available about the impact of shrimp farming in aquatic ecosystems in our region. This work provides technical and scientific data to support the environmental control agencies and contribute to the development of cultivated areas and their surroundings and to preserve the ecosystem. So a study about the environmental changes in water quality due to the effluent from shrimp farming in a stretch of the Rio da Ribeira, located in Livramento, Santa Rita-PB was done. They were analyzed 288 samples collected at 3 points (Upstream, Downstream and Pond) and 13 parameters were measured in the period of September 2004 to May 2009. For interpretation of the data were applied the chemometric techniques HCA, PCA, Discriminant Analysis (DA) and SIMCA. The results showed no significant differences between the points Upstream (M) and Downstream (J). Therefore, it was showed that shrimp farming has caused no changes in water quality of the environment studied. / A carcinicultura é considerada hoje uma atividade econômica de grande importância mundial e o Brasil está entre os principais produtores, apresentando um potencial extraordinário para o cultivo do camarão marinho na zona litorânea, especialmente na região Nordeste. É inegável o aspecto positivo da carcinicultura, do ponto de vista econômico e social, mas ela tem causado preocupação aos órgãos de proteção e controle ambiental do Brasil (IBAMA) devido ao possível impacto sobre o ecossistema manguezal. Entretanto, ainda são escassas as informações disponíveis sobre o impacto da carcinicultura nos ecossistemas aquáticos da nossa região. O presente trabalho vem fornecer dados técnicos e científicos para subsidiar os órgãos de controle ambiental e contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável das áreas de cultivo e de seu entorno e para a preservação do ecossistema. Neste sentido, foi feito um estudo das alterações ambientais na qualidade da água devido ao lançamento de efluente de carcinicultura em um trecho do Rio da Ribeira, localizado em Livramento, município de Santa Rita-PB. Foram analisadas 288 amostras, coletadas em 3 pontos (Montante, Jusante e Viveiro) e 13 parâmetros foram medidos no período de Setembro de 2004 a Maio de 2009. Para interpretação dos dados foram aplicados os métodos quimiométricos HCA, PCA, análise discriminante (DA) e SIMCA. Os resultados obtidos não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os pontos Montante (M) e Jusante (J). Portanto, concluiu-se que a carcinicultura não tem causado alteração na qualidade da água do ambiente estudado.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1456312 bytes, checksum: c6954ead7243be587422f671b49bc92e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Shrimp farming has been considered a promising economic activity in the Northeast of Brazil. However, its practice in the medium and long term, can harm the environment, as in several farms shrimp ponds were built in mangrove areas and the waste generated by the activity, may compromise the water quality and/or sediment of the receiver of their effluent. In order to provide technical and scientific information on the effects of carciniculture, this paper's main aim was to evaluate the influence of shrimp farming in the levels of Ca and Zn on the sediment of a stretch of the Ribeira River, Santa Rita/PB. Were analyzed 90 samples collected between November 2007 and February 2009 and were analysed for pH, organic matter, conductivity and also for metal contents Ca and Zn. The data treatment was done by applying chemometric analysis univariate and multivariate (HCA and PCA). From the results taking into account the variables measured and the stretch of river studied, it was found that there is no evidence that the effluent from shrimp farming, to date, is affecting the characteristics of the sediment of Ribeira River. / A carcinicultura tem sido considerada uma atividade econômica promissora na Região Nordeste do Brasil. Todavia, sua prática a médio e longo prazo, pode trazer prejuízos ao meio ambiente, pois em várias fazendas de cultivo de camarão os tanques foram construídos em áreas de manguezais e os resíduos gerados pela atividade, podem comprometer a qualidade da água e/ou do sedimento de corpos d´água receptores de seus efluentes. Visando contribuir com informações técnicas e científicas sobre os efeitos da carcinicultura, este trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar a influência da carcinicultura nos teores de Ca e Zn sobre o sedimento de um trecho do Rio da Ribeira, Santa Rita/PB. Foram analisadas 90 amostras coletadas no período de novembro de 2007 a fevereiro de 2009 e foram avaliados os parâmetros pH, matéria orgânica, condutividade e os teores dos metais Ca e Zn. O tratamento dos dados foi feito aplicando-se métodos quimiométricos univariados e multivariados (HCA e PCA). A partir dos resultados e levando-se em conta as variáveis medidas e o trecho do rio estudado, verificou-se que não há evidência de que o efluente de carcinicultura até o presente, esteja afetando as características do sedimento do rio da Ribeira.

O rio Jaguaribe foi fundamental para o desenvolvimento da cidade do Aracati. Nas Ãltimas dÃcadas verifica-se a degradaÃÃo do ecossistema fluviomarinho ocasionado por vÃrios impactos ambientais. Analisar os impactos socioambientais no estuÃrio do rio Jaguaribe, destacando o processo de expansÃo urbana da cidade entre os anos de 1980 a 2008, relacionados com o desenvolvimento do turismo, da indÃstria e o agronegÃcio da carcinicultura e sugerir medidas que reduzam os impactos ambientais à o principal objetivo deste trabalho. A teoria geossistÃmica contribuiu como mÃtodo para a anÃlise das relaÃÃes entre o processo de urbanizaÃÃo, as formas de uso e ocupaÃÃo das unidades geoambientais e os impactos socioambientais no estuÃrio do rio Jaguaribe. Utilizou-se o roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada e o enfoque fenomenolÃgico como procedimento qualitativo para compreender e interpretar a visÃo da sociedade em relaÃÃo à importÃncia e a degradaÃÃo ambiental no rio Jaguaribe. AtravÃs do trabalho de campo foi possÃvel observar o modo de vida da sociedade e entrevistar agentes polÃticos e lideranÃas comunitÃrias locais. Constatouse que a urbanizaÃÃo acelerada da cidade, nas Ãltimas dÃcadas, foi responsÃvel pelos seguintes impactos socioambientais: ocupaÃÃo irregular das margens fluviais, contaminaÃÃo do solo atravÃs do lanÃamento de esgoto oriundo de fossas sÃpticas, que correspondem a 80% do destino final dos efluentes domÃsticos da cidade e o tratamento ineficiente dos resÃduos sÃlidos no lixÃo inserido no bairro Pedregal. O agronegÃcio da carcinicultura desenvolvido no estuÃrio do rio Jaguaribe promoveu o desmatamento do manguezal, o lanÃamento de efluentes no rio contendo substÃncias quÃmicas utilizadas nos criatÃrios de camarÃo; instalaÃÃo de empreendimentos sem as licenÃas dos ÃrgÃos ambientais, promovendo o assoreamento, a reduÃÃo de 60% das espÃcies marÃtimas e estuarinas, o comprometimento da fauna silvestre causado pelo desmatamento do mangue, promovendo prejuÃzos econÃmicos para os pescadores. A conclusÃo obtida à que sÃo necessÃrias iniciativas de conservaÃÃo e recuperaÃÃo das Ãreas degradadas, dentre elas: uma rigorosa fiscalizaÃÃo, por parte dos agentes pÃblicos e dos ÃrgÃos ambientais das esferas municipal, estadual e federal; o cumprimento da legislaÃÃo ambiental que proÃbe a ocupaÃÃo de APPâs; maior participaÃÃo das comunidades tradicionais nas decisÃes sobre a instalaÃÃo de empreendimentos econÃmicos; a implementaÃÃo de projetos de educaÃÃo ambiental em parceria com a sociedade aracatiense, a fim de que esta atue como agente de fiscalizaÃÃo e conservaÃÃo do patrimÃnio natural da cidade. / The Jaguaribe River was fundamental to the development of the city of Aracati. However, during recent decades a degradation of the fluvial and marine ecosystems caused by several environmental impacts has been perceived. Analyzing the social and environmental impacts at the estuary of the Jaguaribe River, highlighting the process of urban expansion from 1980 to 2008, related to the tourism, industry and the shrimp farming agribusiness developments and suggesting measures that reduce the environmental impacts are the main objectives of this work. The Geo-systemic Theory contributed as the method used to analyze the connexion among the urbanization process, the means of use and occupancy of the geo-environmental units and the social and environmental impacts at the estuary of the Jaguaribe River. The semi-structured interview guide and the phenomenology focus were used as the qualitative procedure applied to understand and interpret the societyâs perspective towards the importance as well as the environmental degradation of the Jaguaribe River. Through the fieldwork was possible to observe the societyâs lifestyle and interview political agents and local community leaders. It was found that the accelerated urbanization of the city during recent decades was responsible for the following social and environmental impacts: irregular occupation of the banks, soil contamination due to the release of sewage originated in septic cesspool, which represent 80% of the final disposal of the cityâs domestic effluents, and the ineffective treatment of the solid waste at the landfill located in the Pedregal neighborhood. The shrimp farming agribusiness developed in the estuary of the Jaguaribe River promoted the deforestation of the mangroves, the release of sewage containing chemical substances used in the shrimp farms into the river; settlement of new enterprises without permits from environmental agencies, promoting the sedimentation, the reduction of 60% of the marine and estuarine species, the endangerment of the wildlife caused by the deforestation of the mangrove, promoting economic losses for fishermen. The conclusion we got is that some conservation and restoration initiatives in the degraded areas are necessaries, including: strict inspection by the state officials and municipal, state and federal environmental agencies, the enforcement of the environmental legislation which prohibits the occupation of the areas of permanent protection, the greater participation of traditional communities in decisions about the settlement of economic enterprises, the implementation of environmental education projects in partnership with the civil aracatiense society, so that it acts as agent for inspection and conservation of the natural heritage of the city.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / No interior do Estado do CearÃ, as Ãguas subterrÃneas sÃo consideradas fontes preciosas de abastecimento hÃdrico e, as principais fontes de exploraÃÃo hÃdrica sÃo as Ãreas sedimentares e aluvionares. A pesquisa foi realizada no municÃpio de ItaiÃaba, inserido na Bacia HidrogrÃfica do Baixo Jaguaribe, onde a populaÃÃo, embora, provida de recursos da CAGECE, utiliza da captaÃÃo de Ãgua subterrÃnea para seu abastecimento hÃdrico, principalmente, na subsistÃncia da agricultura e pecuÃria. A regiÃo apresenta extensas Ãreas de carcinicultura, o que pode acarretar problemas ao meio ambiente, como a eutrofizaÃÃo, alteraÃÃo estrutural de comunidades biolÃgicas e contaminaÃÃo por metais pesados. Os objetivos principais desta pesquisa foram obter anÃlises: bacteriolÃgica, dos elementos maiores e menores, os primeiros dados sobre metais traÃos (Al, Ba, Cr, Ni, Mn e Pb) do municÃpio, isÃtopos de O18, balanÃo hÃdrico e vulnerabilidade. A metodologia consistiu na coletada de 21 amostras em trÃs campanhas, abrangendo perÃodos de estiagem e chuva, entre os anos de 2012 e 2013. As tÃcnicas empregadas corresponderam a mÃtodos potenciomÃtricos, espectrofotomÃtricos, titulomÃtricos, espectrometria de absorÃÃo atÃmica e de contagem em placa, basicamente, referenciadas pelo Standard Methods e, classificadas segundo os padrÃes da ResoluÃÃo no357/05 do CONAMA e da Portaria no 2914/11, do MinistÃrio da SaÃde. Segundo interpretaÃÃo analÃtica, detectaram-se bactÃrias coliformes na segunda e terceira campanhas; O pH das amostras estiveram entre 6,1 â 8,5, exceto para o poÃo 9 (pH=3,9), cuja acidez contribuiu para altos Ãndices do alumÃnio neste ponto; a condutividade variou entre 307 e 5940 ÂS/cm; as Ãguas se classificaram como Cloretadas SÃdicas; estÃo acima do padrÃo de potabilidade os seguintes teores: cloreto, em 33% das amostras; STD, < 62%; turbidez, 70%; nitrato, mÃdia de 33%; e, o ferro, em 19%. Encontrou-se a presenÃa de alumÃnio, bÃrio, chumbo, manganÃs e nÃquel, nas amostras. Segundo O18, no rio hà influÃncia marcante da evaporaÃÃo, inclusive de tanques de carcinicultura e, que alguns poÃos captam Ãgua de aquÃfero profundo e, outros da mistura entre aquÃfero, rio e chuvas, nÃo acompanhando a variaÃÃo sazonal. O balanÃo hÃdrico mostrou-se positivo para meses de alta pluviometria, mantendo-se o dÃficit hÃdrico para os outros meses do ano; Classificou-se o aquÃfero como de mÃdia a alta vulnerabilidade à contaminaÃÃo, pela metodologia GOD; Concluiu-se que a maioria dos poÃos continua apresentando resquÃcios de intervenÃÃo antrÃpica, inclusive da carcinicultura, sendo imprÃpria a sua potabilidade pelo risco de trazer prejuÃzos ao organismo. / In upstate of CearÃ, groundwater is considered precious sources of water supply, and the main sources of water exploration in sedimentary and alluvial areas. The research was conducted in the village of ItaiÃaba, inserted in the Baixo Jaguaribe Hydrographic Basin, where the population, though, resourced CAGECE uses the abstraction of groundwater for its water supply, mainly in subsistence agriculture and livestock. The region has extensive areas of shrimp farming, which can cause problems to the environment, such as eutrophication, structural changes in biological communities and heavy metal contamination. The main objectives of this research were to provide analyzes: bacteriological, major and minor elements, the first data on trace metals (Al, Ba, Cr, Ni, Mn and Pb) in the municipality, the O18 isotopes, fluid balance and vulnerability. The methodology consisted of 21 samples collected in three campaigns, including periods of drought and rain, between the years 2012 and 2013. The techniques used correspond to potentiometric methods, spectrophotometric, titrimetric, atomic absorption spectrometry and plate count basically referenced by Standard Methods and classified according to the standards n 357/05 CONAMA Resolution and Ordinance n 2914/11, the Ministry of Health. According to analytical interpretation, coliform bacteria were detected in the second and third sampling; The pH of the samples were between 6.1 to 8.5, except for P9 (pH = 3.9), whose acidity contributed to high levels of aluminum at this point; conductivity ranged between 307 and 5940 ÂS/cm; the waters are classified as Sodic Chlorinated; are above the standard of potability the following contents: chloride in 33% of samples; STD, <62%; turbidity, 70%; nitrate, an average of 33%; and iron, 19%. It was found the presence of aluminum, barium, lead, manganese and nickel in samples. According to O18 in the river there is a marked influence of evaporation, including the shrimp farming tanks and some wells capture water of deep aquifer, and others mix between aquifer, river and rain did not follow the seasonal variation. The water balance was positive for months of high rainfall, keeping the water deficit for the other months of the year; Aquifer was classified as medium to high vulnerability to contamination, by the methodology GOD; It was concluded that most of the wells continues to showing traces of human intervention, including the shrimp farming, being inappropriate for its potability risk of harm the organism.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-26T12:44:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Versão Biblioteca - ImprimirOK.pdf: 2780004 bytes, checksum: 26f8b7cae86c9fabc567061fe899162f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-26T12:44:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Versão Biblioteca - ImprimirOK.pdf: 2780004 bytes, checksum: 26f8b7cae86c9fabc567061fe899162f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-18 / CAPEs / A pesquisa foi realizada no estuário do rio Goiana - PE (7º20’S/34º50’W) e objetivou compreender a influência dos processos naturais e antrópicos na sedimentação atual e biogeoquímica na área. Foram coletadas 23 amostras de sedimentos superficiais em Fevereiro/2012 (região do baixo e médio estuário) e realizadas análises granulométricas, de matéria orgânica total (MOT), carbono orgânico total (COT), nitrogênio total (NT), Carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3), razão C/N e razões isotópicas de δ¹³C e δ¹⁵N. Como análises complementares foram realizadas as análises da fração arenosa e o índice BPN (Bio Production Number) para a determinação do estado trófico do ambiente. Foram executadas também análises de correlação (Spearman), componentes principais e agrupamento (Cluster). Os sedimentos foram classificados como heterogêneos com predomínio de areias-sílticas siliciclásticas, pobremente selecionadas com baixos a médios teores orgânicos e de origem mista. As análises de correlação indicaram significância entre os teores de CaCO3 e MOT (rs=0,67; p<0,05), ao contrário dos dados de MOT e COT (rs=0,06; p>0,05). A distribuição destes parâmetros não estabeleceu variações diretas com a granulometria. Concomitantemente a isso, o cálculo BPN evidenciou a condição predominante de hipertrofia, com os maiores índices nas estações de coleta adjacentes às áreas de carcinocultura, indicando que a presente distribuição sedimentar apresenta anomalias diretamente relacionadas ao aporte externo de contaminantes, evidenciando assim, a ocorrência de influências resultantes de atividades agrícolas, agropecuárias e/ou atividades cimenteiras exercidas na região, comportamento já reportado na literatura em outras regiões. / The study site is the Goiana River estuary–PE (7º20’S/34º50’W) and this research aims to understand the influence of natural and anthropogenic processes on modern sedimentation and biogeochemistry in the area. Twenty-three sediment samples were collected in Feb/2012 (in middle and lower estuary) and analyses of grain size, total organic matter (TOM), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, CaCO3 and δ¹³C-δ¹⁵N isotopic ratios. Were performed the coarse fraction analisys and the BPN index to determine the environmental trophic state. The collection data were treated by mean of the correlation analysis (Spearman), main components and groups (Cluster). The sediments were classified as heterogeneous, with mainly siliciclastic siltic-sand, poorly sorted varying from low to medium organic contents and presenting mixed origin. There was significant correlation between levels of CaCO3 and TOM (rs=0.67; p<0.05), unlike the data TOM and TOC (rs=0.06; p> 0.05). The distribution of these parameters does not establish direct variations with the grain size. Concurrently, the BPN index showed the predominant hypertrophy condition, with higher values located in sampling stations adjacent to shrimp farming areas. This indicates that this sediment distribution presents anomalies directly related to the allochthonous input of contaminants, thus evidencing the influences from agricultural activities, aquaculture and/or cement activities in the surrounding area. This behavior were already reported in the literature in other regions.