This study will explore the similarities and differences between Alcibiades and Nicias’ speeches to the Athenian Assembly in 415 BC and Secretary Hillary Clinton and President Donald J. Trump’s first presidential debate in 2016. The ancient speeches were regarding the Sicilian Expedition, while the modern speeches focused on each candidates’ foreign policy plan regarding Syria and the Islamic State (IS). Despite the near 2,500-year difference between these two democracies, there are striking similarities between the ways their governments are structured as well as the values they uphold. I explore the significance of the fact that the Athenians and the modern-day Americans have two ostensibly functioning democracies yet the candidates whom they elected and the subsequent results were disadvantageous for the long-term sustainability of their countries. I will look at the differences between the expectations of the democratic institutions and what the outcomes of the debates were. Additionally, I compare the differences between the Athenian democracy and the American democracy.

This Master's thesis is focused on study of color compounds formed during processing of alliaceous plants, especially during processing of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Sicilian honey garlic (Nectaroscordum siculum (Ucria) Lindl.). Color compounds formed in alliaceous plants significantly reduce their sensory quality percieved by consumers and represent a relatively significant financial burden for the food industry. While especially blue and yellow compounds are formed during processing of garlic, pink to red compounds are formed during processing of Sicilian honey garlic. The theoretical part of the Master's thesis is focused on two plants of the genus Allium L. - garlic and Sicilian honey garlic, their significance, occurrence and usage. The study also discusses the mechanism of color compounds formation, that involves mainly sulfur compounds. The experimental part of the Master's thesis is focused on isolation and identification of the most significant color compounds formed during processing of alliaceous species and proposal probable mechanism of their formation.

Orientador: Cláudia Valéria Seullner Brandão / Banca: José Joaquim Titton Ranzani / Banca: Alexandre Lima de Andrade / Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar por meio de exames oftalmológicos, histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímica para PCNA, o processo de reparação corneal de úlceras superficiais induzidas em coelhos, frente à utilização de colírios de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon, produto até então não utilizado em oftalmologia. Foram utilizadas 50 fêmeas da espécie leporina, todas submetidas à indução da úlcera superficial, constituindo-se 5 grupos experimentais de 10 animais cada. Em três grupos foram instilados colírios à base de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon, em diferentes concentrações, sendo 1,5% (GL1,5), 3% (GL3) e 5% (GL5). O grupo controle (GC) recebeu substituto da lágrima, e o grupo Tween 80 8% (GT) foi tratado com o diluente utilizado na produção dos colírios de citrus. Todos os protocolos foram realizados quatro vezes ao dia. Os grupos foram divididos, aleatoriamente, em dois subgrupos, de acordo com o período final de avaliação, sendo M1, coelhos avaliados após 24 horas, e M5, após 5 dias. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos utilizados quanto aos sinais clínicos secreção ocular, hiperemia conjuntival, quemose e opacidade corneal. O grupo tratado com colírio de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon na concentração 1,5%, no período final de avaliação, apresentou maior sensibilidade ocular em relação ao GC, além de aumento da celularidade corneal, representada principalmente por células inflamatórias. Nas comparações entre os momentos iniciais e finais, os grupos tratados com substituto da lágrima, Tween 80 8% e colírio à base de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon 5% promoveram aumento na espessura epitelial na periferia da córnea e maior percentual de proliferação celular, na avaliação final. Quanto à úlcera de córnea, houve redução significativa da extensão total para leve... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare through ophthalmic exams, histopathology and immunohistochemistry for PCNA, the repair process in superficial corneal ulcers induced in rabbits using eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil, a product not used in ophthalmology yet. Fifty female rabbits were submitted to induction of the corneal ulcer and then divided into 5 experimental groups of 10 animals each. Were instilled into three groups eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil, in different concentrations, being 1.5% (GL1, 5), 3% (GL3) and 5% (GL5). The control group (CG) received a tear substitute, and the Tween 80 8% group (GT) was treated with the diluent used in the production of eyedrops of citrus. All protocols were performed four times a day. The groups were divided randomly into two subgroups, according to the final period of evaluation, in the M1 rabbits were evaluated after 24 hours, and in the M5 after 5 days. There was no difference between treatments for clinical signs: ocular discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis and corneal opacity. In the final period of evaluation, the group treated with eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil in the concentration 1.5% showed a higher ocular sensitivity compared to the GC, and increased of corneal cellularity, represented mainly by inflammatory cells. In the comparison between the initial and final moments, the groups treated with tear substitute, Tween 80 8% and eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil 5% led to an increase in epithelial thickness at the periphery of the cornea and a higher percentage of cell proliferation, in the final evaluation. In the clinical evaluation of corneal ulcer, there was significant reduction in total length for mild or absent at the time of final evaluation in all groups; the exception was GL 3%, that showed a lower... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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Les phlébovirus présentent sont présents dans toutes les régions du globe. Certains phlébovirus transmis par phlébotomes provoquent une maladie fébrile et des infections du système nerveux central. Depuis, de plus en plus de données montrent que la péninsule des Balkans joue un rôle majeur dans l'émergence de maladies à transmission vectorielle. Au début de ce travail, on comptait un nombre très limité de phlébovirus identifiés et isolés dans cette région. Une étude intégrée et transdisciplinaire en vue d'un inventaire des virus circulant dans pays des Balkans. (i) Un total de 3,850 phlébotomes sont été recueillis dans sept pays des Balkans en 2014 et 2015. Ils ont été testés pour la présence d'ARN viral et inoculé sur des cellules VERO afin d'isoler le virus détecté; (ii) des études de séroprévalence utilisant des tests de neutralisation ont été effectuées sur des échantillons de bovins et de moutons pour évaluer à deux agents pathogènes humains : le virus Toscana (TOSV) et le virus Sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV). Nos résultats se composent de (i) la découverte et le séquençage de 3 nouveaux phlébovirus appartenant à 2 espèces différentes, (ii) la première identification du genotype B de TOSV en Croatie, (iii) la preuve de la co-circulation de deux genotypes (B et C) de TOSV, (iv) des taux d'anticorps neutralisants qui sont beaucoup plus élevés chez les bovins et les moutons pour le SFSV que pour TOSV. En conclusion, les résultats obtenus au cours de ce travail démontrent qu’es les Balkans représentent une zone de très importante activité pour les phlebovirus et donc mérite une surveillance particulière à cause du risque d’émergence et de dissémination. / Phleboviruses have a worldwide distribution. In the areas where sand flies are present, some of the sandfly-borne phleboviruses cause febrile illness and central nervous system infections. Sandfly fever was first reported in the Balkan Peninsula at the end of the 19th century. Since there is accumulating data showing that the Balkan peninsula plays a major role in the emergence of vector-borne diseases. At the outset of this work, a very limited number of phleboviruses had been identified and isolated in this region. To fill this gap, an integrated and transdisciplinary study was designed aiming at an inventory of viruses circulating in Balkans and associated seroprevalence studies using domestic animals: (i) a total of 3,850 sandflies were collected in seven Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Republic of Macedonia and Serbia) in 2014 and 2015. They were tested for the presence of viral RNA and inoculated on VERO cell for virus isolation; (ii) seroprevalence studies using neutralisation tests were performed on cattle and sheep samples to assess the level of exposure to two human pathogens, Toscana virus (TOSV) and Sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV). Our results consist of (i) the discovery and sequencing of 3 novel phleboviruses belonging to 2 different species, (ii) the identification for the first time of TOSV lineage B in Croatia, (iii) evidence of co-circulation of two lineages (Lineage B and C) of TOSV, (iv) rates of neutralising antibodies that are much higher in cattle and sheep for SFSV than for TOSV. Together the findings obtained during this work demonstrate that the Balkan area is a hot spot for phleboviruses.

“Judging the Rational and the Dead: Ann Radcliffe and Feminist Theology” argues Radcliffe’s first three novels, The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne (1789), A Sicilian Romance (1790), and The Romance of the Forest (1791), show a progression of feminist theology informed by the late eighteenth-century British religious movement of Rational Dissent. The thesis attempts to complicate and extend Radcliffe scholarship by moving away from fractured critical discourses and into more cohesive readings of Radcliffe that include feminist and theological interpretations of her work. Of particular interest to the project are Radcliffe’s views on the circumscribed nature of women’s existence within British notions of church and state. The thesis does more than attempt to note Radcliffe’s objections to the circumscribed nature of women in British society; it also seeks to explore the potential solutions offered by a feminist theology that rejects establishment religious hierarchies in favor of a more Unitarian system.

Le mouvement académique en Sicile se développe aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles, âge d’or des académies dans la péninsule italienne. La domination des Habsbourg de Madrid dans la majeure partie des territoires italiens de 1559 à 1701 est empreinte d’une certaine effervescence sur les plans politique, social et religieux. Comme les musées et les bibliothèques, les académies favorisent une plus grande diffusion des savoirs. Les fonds siciliens et madrilènes constituent dès lors le témoignage inédit de ce phénomène qui marque la vie littéraire de toute une époque : les académies siciliennes, partout dans l'île, incarnent ainsi une culture méridionale singulière dont le rayonnement dépasse leur siège insulaire. / The academic movement in Sicily develops in the XVIth and XVIIth centuries, golden age ofacademies in the Italian peninsula. The Hapsburg Spain regime, who dominated the majorpart of the Italian territories from 1559 till 1701, is marked by the social, religious andpolitical crisis. As museums and libraries, academies facilitate the dissemination ofknowledge. Sicilian and Spanish (from Madrid) collections constitute therefore a new testimony of this phenomenon which illustrates the literary life of a whole time: the Sicilian academies, everywhere on the island, embody consequently a singular Southern culture the influence of which passes their island border.

In 1918, Archbishop Shaw invited the Texas Catholic religious order, Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, to New Orleans to manage the St. Louis Cathedral and its filial parish for Southern Italians, St. Mary’s Church. This thesis will look at the personalities and preferentialism that affected this early 20th century transfer of religious power from secular priests to a religious order. Comparing the language used by Archbishop Shaw in correspondence with Oblate Fathers with the language he used with his secular priests will determine that Shaw displayed favoritism in his decision to invite the Oblates. This decision was affected by four primary factors: Shaw’s prior relationship with the Oblates as Bishop of San Antonio, his concerns with archdiocesan finances, his perceived threat of encroaching Protestantism, and politics of discontent amongst his secular clergy. Shaw’s distinct idealistic pragmatism shows the dynamic nature of the institution of the Catholic Church in Louisiana.

Tucídides, ateniense, pensador político do quinto século antes de Cristo, narrou, em sua única obra, grande parte da história da Guerra do Peloponeso. Convicto de que ela seria grande e mais importante que todas as anteriores (TUCÍDIDES, I.1), o historiador antigo, seguindo o critério da própria razão, reuniu relatos, dados e informações gerais sobre a contenda e as nações envolvidas, selecionou personagens, acontecimentos e discursos para compor sua obra de criação (ROMILLY, 1998). O resultado disso é a impressão, por parte dos leitores, de que acompanharam a guerra, compreenderam suas motivações e entenderam o impacto das ações de seus personagens no desenrolar da contenda. Tal papel foi criteriosamente analisado por Tucídides, que buscou indicar ao longo de sua narrativa histórica a força da physis anthropon na condução da polis. Explorar a natureza humana como causadora da crise e da derrota de Atenas é a resposta de Tucídides para compreender o fim do Império Ateniense e marca o rompimento com a justificativa fantasiosa ou divina que constava, até então, nos registros do passado. Para mostrar isso, fizemos uso do personagem Alcibíades no contexto do debate siciliano (TUCÍDIDES, VI.9-23). Ambientado na assembleia que buscava definir os passos seguintes da Expedição à Sicília, esse debate se originou da negativa de Nícias, um dos comandantes da expedição, de os atenienses partirem em auxílio aos aliados, empregando as forças atenienses contra a Sicília; e se consumou com a resposta de Alcibíades, que ao subir à tribuna, fez a sua grande defesa diante da ekklesia. Deste debate depreende-se a figura de Alcibíades: a do orador que reúne as habilidades para conquistar a confiança de seus ouvintes e para convencê-los sobre o que é benéfico ou não à polis, incitando o medo e inflamando os ânimos dentro de uma lógica argumentativa que atravessou os impulsos e os desejos dos atenienses. As palavras que Tucídides selecionou para o discurso de Alcibíades formam a imagem de um homem intemperante, dominado pela hybris, que se propôs a governar os outros sem antes ter governado a si mesmo. Aliado a esta reflexão, tornou-se possível alargar o quadro proporcionado pelo historiador antigo, tendo em vista as conexões observadas ao longo da pesquisa entre a narrativa histórica tucidideana e as leis de Sólon e a formação do cidadão, proposta pelo Sócrates platônico. A preocupação de Sócrates é a mesma que Sólon explorou em seus versos e na elaboração das leis e é a mesma que Tucídides retratou em sua obra. Enquanto Sólon versou sobre as leis da comunidade social e política (JAEGER, 2010), Sócrates empreendeu uma missão de formar o verdadeiro cidadão para evitar que a mais justa forma de governo se degenerasse. / Thucydides, an Athenian, political thinker of the fifth century before Christ, narrated, in his only work, much of The Peloponnesian War history. Convinced that it would be great and more important than all the previous ones (THUCYDIDES, I. 1), the ancient historian, according to the criteria of his own reason, collected reports, data and general information about the strife and the nations involved, selected characters, events and speeches to compose his work of creation (ROMILLY, 1998). The result of this is the impression on the part of the readers, who accompanied the war, understood its motivations and perceived the impact of the actions of his characters in the unfolding of the strife. This role has been carefully analyzed by Thucydides, who sought to demonstrate over the course of its historical narrative the strength of the physis anthropon leading the polis. Exploring the human nature as the cause of the crisis and Athenss defeat is the response from Thucydides to understand the end of the Athenian Empire, and marks a break with the unrealistic or divine justification that was, until then, in records of the past. To demonstrate this, we have made use of the character Alcibíades in the context of the Sicilian debate (THUCYDIDES, VI.9 -23). Set up in the assembly that sought setting the following steps to the Sicilian Expedition, this debate is originated from the negative of Nícias, a commander of the expedition, from the Athenians breaking in aid to allies, undertaking the Athenian forces against the Sicily; and was consummated with Alcibíadess answer, who climbing up the tribune, made his great defense before the ekklesia. This debate makes it clear that the figure of Alcibíades: the speaker that brings together the skills to win the trust and confidence of his listeners and to convince them of what is beneficial or not to the polis, inciting fear and by exaggerating within a logical argument that crossed the impulses and the desires of the Athenians. The words that Thucydides selected for the Alcibíadess speech constituted the image of an intemperate man, dominated by hybris, who proposed governing others without having governed himself first. Allied to this reflection, it has become possible to extend the framework provided by the ancient historian, having in mind the connections observed along the research between the Thucydidess historical narrative and the Solons laws and the formation of the citizen, proposed by the platonic Socrates. Socratess concern is the same that Solon explored in his lyrics and in the drafting of laws and it is the same as Thucydides portrayed in his work. While Solon focused on the community\'s laws and social policy (JAEGER, 2010), Socrates embarked on a mission to form the true citizen to prevent the most fair form of government of degenerating.