Modern mines require systems that quickly deliver backfill to support the rock mass surrounding underground openings. Cemented Paste Backfill (CPB) is one such backfilling method, but concerns have been raised about CPB’s liquefaction susceptibility especially when the material has just been placed, and if it is exposed to earthquakes or large mining induced seismic events. Conventional geotechnical earthquake engineering for surface structures is now relatively advanced and well accepted, and so the objective of this thesis is to consider how that framework might be extended to assess the liquefaction potential of CPB. Seismic records were analyzed for earthquakes and for large mining induced events. Important seismological trends were consistent for rockbursts and earthquakes when the signals were recorded at distances as proximate as one kilometre, suggesting that the conventional earthquake engineering approach might plausibly be adapted for such design situations. For production blasts and for more proximate locations to rockbursts, much higher frequencies dominate and therefore new design methods may be required. Monotonic triaxial tests conducted on normally consolidated uncemented mine tailings demonstrated that the material is initially contractive up to a phase transition point, beyond which dilation occurs. Most importantly the material never exhibits unstable strain softening behaviour in compression, and only temporary or limited liquefaction in extension. The addition of 3% binder results in initial sample void ratios that are even higher than their uncemented counterparts, and yet the material friction is slightly enhanced when tested at 4 hours cure. These results suggest that the flow liquefaction phenomenon commonly associate with undrained loose sand fills will not occur with paste backfill. Cyclic triaxial test results analyzed in terms of number of cycles to failure for a given cyclic stress ratio exhibited a trend consistent with previous tests on similar materials. However, the addition of 3% binder and testing at 4 hours cure resulted in an order of magnitude larger number of cycles to failure – a surprising and dramatic increase, suggesting good resistance of the material to cyclic mobility. Future research is recommended to build on these results and develop more robust methods for liquefaction assessment of CPB.

Modern mines require systems that quickly deliver backfill to support the rock mass surrounding underground openings. Cemented Paste Backfill (CPB) is one such backfilling method, but concerns have been raised about CPB’s liquefaction susceptibility especially when the material has just been placed, and if it is exposed to earthquakes or large mining induced seismic events. Conventional geotechnical earthquake engineering for surface structures is now relatively advanced and well accepted, and so the objective of this thesis is to consider how that framework might be extended to assess the liquefaction potential of CPB. Seismic records were analyzed for earthquakes and for large mining induced events. Important seismological trends were consistent for rockbursts and earthquakes when the signals were recorded at distances as proximate as one kilometre, suggesting that the conventional earthquake engineering approach might plausibly be adapted for such design situations. For production blasts and for more proximate locations to rockbursts, much higher frequencies dominate and therefore new design methods may be required. Monotonic triaxial tests conducted on normally consolidated uncemented mine tailings demonstrated that the material is initially contractive up to a phase transition point, beyond which dilation occurs. Most importantly the material never exhibits unstable strain softening behaviour in compression, and only temporary or limited liquefaction in extension. The addition of 3% binder results in initial sample void ratios that are even higher than their uncemented counterparts, and yet the material friction is slightly enhanced when tested at 4 hours cure. These results suggest that the flow liquefaction phenomenon commonly associate with undrained loose sand fills will not occur with paste backfill. Cyclic triaxial test results analyzed in terms of number of cycles to failure for a given cyclic stress ratio exhibited a trend consistent with previous tests on similar materials. However, the addition of 3% binder and testing at 4 hours cure resulted in an order of magnitude larger number of cycles to failure – a surprising and dramatic increase, suggesting good resistance of the material to cyclic mobility. Future research is recommended to build on these results and develop more robust methods for liquefaction assessment of CPB.

No description available.

Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais pastebimi intensyvūs, biogeninių medžiagų sukeliami, eutrofikacijos procesai ežeruose, kartu skatinantys uždumblėjimo procesus t.y. sapropelio kiekio didėjimas, dumblo sluoksnio storėjimas, pelkėjimas, ko pasekoje matomas ženklus nendrių, švendrių, plūdžių pagausėjimas. Darbe aprašoma atlikti 4 Druskonio, Mergelių akių, Valdakio, Ilgučio ežerų, valytų 1974, 1978, 1979, 1980 metais, susikaupusių nuosėdų sluoksnio storio, kiekio bei spalvos, ir susisluoksniavo būklės tyrimai. Tyrimams atlikti buvo naudota dumblo paėmimo cilindras, GPS bei matavimo juosta. Nustatyta, kad ežeruose vyrauja pagrinde du skirtingi pagal savo atspalvį, tankumą, kiekį ir storį dumblo sluoksniai. Pastebima tendencija, kad per praėjusį ežerų valymo laikotarpį metinis vidutinis viršutinio dumblo sluoksnio kaupimosi intensyvumas buvo apie 3,8 mm, Druskonio ež., 4,4 mm Mergelių akių ež., 0,5 mm Valdakio ež., 3 mm Ilgučio ež. Pagilintose ežerų dalyse, kur pašalintos dugno nuosėdos augalijos nepastebėta. Mergelių akių ežere per 29 metus po ežero išvalymo dumblo kaupimosi intensyvumas didžiausias iš visų tirtų ežerų. Valdakio ež. per 30 metų po ežero išvalymo dumblo kaupimosi intensyvumas mažas, mažiausias iš visų tirtų ežerų. Įvertinus tokį dumblo kaupimąsi, galima teigti, kad dumblėjimas palyginus yra lėtas, nežiūrint į tai, kad ežerai teršiami. / The late decades notice intensive eutrofication processes in the lakes caused by biogenic materials. These processes also stimulates silt up, that mean growing amount of saprophel, thickening of silt layer, swamping, in consecution is visible by marked increase of reeds, cat’s-tails and duckweeds. In work described executed investigations in 4 lakes: Druskonis, Mergelių Akys, Valdakis and Ilgutis lakes, dredged in 1974, 1978, 1979 and 1980. The thickness, amount, color and stratification conditions of accumulated precipitates layer were investigated. Silt taking cylinder, GPS and tape-measure were used to execute the investigations. Ascertained that in lakes basically dominates two different by theirs color, density, amount and thickness silt layers. Noticed tendencies that by last time from the lakes were dredged, annual average upper silt layer accumulation intensity were about 3,8 mm, Druskonis Lake, 4,4 mm Mergelių Akys Lake, 0,5 mm Valdakis Lake, 3 mm Ilgutis Lake. In deepened parts of the lakes, where bottom sediments there eliminated, vegetation was not noticed. In the Mergelių Akys Lake by 29 years from it was dredged silt accumulation intensity is the highest of all investigated lakes. In the Valdakis Lake by 30 years from it was dredged silt accumulation intensity is low, the lowest of all investigated lakes. Evaluated such silt accumulation, it is true to say that the silting is comparatively slow, not to mentioned the fact that the lakes are polluted.

No description available.

Thesis (M.Eng.)--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-100).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:51:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 francajunior_at_me_ilha.pdf: 3807292 bytes, checksum: 07d1813f82693536b087c21646fbc498 (MD5) / No presente trabalho avalia-se uma opção para o aproveitamento energético do biogás gerado numa estação de tratamento de esgoto urbano, com capacidade de tratar os rejeitos provenientes de uma cidade de 1.000.000 de habitantes, através da instalação de um sistema de cogeração de energia, usando tecnologias baseadas em um conjunto turbina a gás e turbina a vapor (Caso 1) ou motor a gás e turbina a vapor (Caso 2), para produção de eletricidade para consumo próprio e de vapor para secagem do lodo. São realizadas análises termodinâmicas e termoeconômicas das duas plantas de cogeração propostas definindo-se índices de desempenho, como eficiências, custos unitários de produção eletricidade, calor e lodo seco, em função dos equipamentos utilizados e custos envolvidos com a implantação, operação e manutenção. Por fim, são realizadas análises econômicas das plantas propostas para verificação da viabilidade da implantação, levando-se em conta as receitas obtidas com a comercialização de créditos de carbono e de lodo como biofertilizante, bem como a diferença de custo entre a eletricidade gerada e a atualmente comprada. Dos indicadores estabelecidos e dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o primeiro caso parece significativamente mais atrativo do que o segundo. / In the present work an option for the deployment of biogas energy generated at a urban sewage treatment plant with capacity to process the effluents from a city of 1,000,000 inhabitants is studied, considering the installation of a cogeneration power system, using technologies based on a gas turbine and steam turbine set (Case 1) or a gas IC engine and steam turbine set (Case 2), for production of electricity for own consumption as well as steam for drying the sewage residual sludge. Thermoeconomic and thermodynamic analysis are performed for both cogeneration plants proposed, setting up performance indicators, such as efficiencies, unitary costs for production of electricity, heat and dry mud, depending on the equipment and costs involved with the deployment, operation and maintenance. Finally, an economic analysis of the plants proposed is developed for verifying the feasibility of implementation, taking into account the proceeds from the sales of carbon credits and mud as biofertilizer as well as the difference between the costs of electricity generated and currently purchased. From the settings established and results obtained, it can be concluded that the first case seems to be significantly more attractive than the second.

Orientador: Nelson Eduardo Duran Caballero / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T10:31:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Assalin_MarciaRegina_D.pdf: 6063801 bytes, checksum: 275c581d4250a4932181e1314febc995 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram estudados diversos aspectos de aplicação dos processos químicos (ozônio) e biológico (lodo ativado), aplicados de maneira isolada e combinada no tratamento do efluente papeleiro Kraft E1. A caracterização do efluente Kraft E1 foi realizada frente a vários parâmetros físico-químicos: fenóis totais, cor, carbono orgânico total (COT), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), além da toxicidade frente a alga Selenastrum capricornutum. A eficiência dos processos estudados foi avaliada frente a redução de valores dos parâmetros de caracterização. As melhores condições de ozonização para o tratamento do efluente Kraft E1 foram pH 10 e 14 mg L de O3, por até 60 minutos de tratamento. Observou-se que a ozonização aplicada em meio fortemente alcalino (pH > 10) resulta num menor consumo de ozônio, o que pode ser relacionado com uma cinética de degradação mais lenta. O tratamento com ozônio mostrou maior eficiência para a remoção de cor, fenóis totais e toxicidade do efluente papeleiro. O processo biológico realizado num tempo de retenção hidraúlica (TRH) igual a 12 h, foi bastante eficiente na degradação da matéria orgânica do efluente. A remoção da cor e fenóis totais por este processo foi bastante afetada pelo TRH aplicado, o que não ocorreu com a remoção de carga orgânica. O processo combinado Iodo ativado (12 h) - ozônio (30 minutos) foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados para o tratamento do efluente papeleiro (DQO 75 %; COT 73 %, COR 80,7 % e fenóis totais 66,9 %). / Abstract: The efficiency of combined chemical (ozone) and biological (activated sludge) process in the treatment of Kraft E1 mill effluent was studied. The reduction of total phenols, color, total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the toxicity (Selenastrum capricornutum) was evaluated. Different doses of ozone and pH of the effluent were studied. Treatment using pH 10 and concentration of 14 mg L of O3 in 60 min were the most efficient in the total phenols and color removal, but the results indicated negligible TOC reduction by application of the ozonation processes. The increase of pH as the reduction of ozone concentration influenced the kinetics properties of the process. The activated sludge process, (hydraulic retention time -HRT 12 h) was the most efficient for the TOC removal. Degradation of total phenolic compounds and decoloration were seriously affected by HRT variation. The combined process activated sludge (12 h) - ozonation (30 minutes) showed good results for the treatment of the Kraft E1 effluent (COD 75 %; TOC 73 %, Decoloration 80,7 % and Total Phenols 66,9 %). / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências

Reverse osmosis operations are facing persistent fouling phenomenon that has challenged the integrity of these processes. Prediction of fouling potential by measuring a fouling index toward feed water is essential to ensure robust operation. Moreover, employing a reliable fouling index with good reproducibility and precision is necessary. Silt density index (SDI) is considered insufficient in terms of reliability and empirical theory, among other limitations. Nevertheless due its simplicity, SDI measurement is utilized extensively in RO desalination systems. The aim of this research is to assess the reliability of SDI. Methods include the investigation of different SDI membranes and study of the nature of the SDI filtration. Results demonstrate the existence of the membrane properties' variation within manufacturers, which then causes a lack of accuracy in fouling risk estimation. The nature of particles during SDI filtration provides information that particle concentration and size play a significant role on SDI quantification with substantial representation given by particles with size close to membrane nominal pore size. Moreover, turbidity assisted SDI measurements along with determination of UF pretreated and clean water fouling potential, establishes the indication of non-fouling related phenomena involved on SDI measurement such as a natural organic matter adsorption and hydrodynamic condition that alters during filtration. Additionally, it was found that the latter affects the sensitivity of SDI by being represented by some portions of SDI value. Keywords: Reverse Osmosis, Fouling index, Particulate Fouling, Silt Density Index (SDI), and Assessment of SDI.

Detta examensarbete behandlar stabiliteten hos den typ av siltiga nipor som före-kommer längs med och i direkt anslutning Ångermanälven. Dessa sluttningar som i många fall antar karaktären av rasbranter har i många fall en alltför hög släntlutning för att kunna betraktas som stabila enligt traditionella beräkningsmetoder, men verkligheten visar att dessa beviserligen har den egenskapen att kunna stå kvar i mer extrema geometrier. Detta tillskrivs ofta egenskapen hos sand och framförallt silt att hysa negativa portryck samt cementeringseffekter till följd av mineralisering. Ägare av vattenkraftsanläggningar längs med Ångermanälven, till vilka e.on tillhör, har uttryckt en viss oro över vissa enstaka större skred som skulle kunna tänkas förekomma vid mer extrema tillfällen, där den stabiliserande förmågan blir reducerad och risken för att dessa generera flodvågor av det större slaget, ökar. Detta kopplat till andra omständigheter vid dessa tidpunkter som höga vattenflöden och minskad av-bördningskapacitet i själva dammen, gör att det finns ett intresse i branschen att kart-lägga stabiliteten hos slänter i anslutning till vattendrag, inte minst då skred generar drivgods, vilket kan leda till igensatta utskov. Studien har behandlat Ångermanälven från kraftverket i Sollefteå C upp till Nämforsens kraftverk i Näsåker och har ur stabilitetssynpunkt fokuserat på två slänter, en i Remsele och den andra i Mo-Norrtannflo, där det för den förstnämnda fanns en del material tillgängligt från tidigare undersökningar, medan det för den andra krävdes undersökningar i fält för att fastställa dess egenskaper. Av de analyser som gjorts framgår att de studerade objekt och området närmast om-kring dem verkar vara stabila mot de djupare skred som befarades. Däremot tycks ytli-gare skred och erosion utgöra ett större problem, och bör analyseras och karteras mer för området som helhet för att fastställa den egentliga förkomsten av dessa, i synnerhet då just ytligare skred som berör större ytor kan bidra med stora mängder drivgods.