This thesis contributes to the historiography of women in medicine by exploring, in-depth, one small specialty, public health, which, from 1974, offered women doctors working within it equality of opportunity with men for career development. At that time, most women doctors working in the English health service were relegated to junior or support roles, their particular needs for family-friendly working environments being largely ignored. This research examines the reasons behind the development of these equal opportunities and the subsequent rapid trajectory of women doctors in public health, comparing it with the much slower progress made by female colleagues in hospital medicine and general practice. In considering the factors helping or hindering women’s advance in medicine from 1974, it proposes that these changes occurred in public health because the specialty was not tied to the pyramidal model of medicine, developed in the 1930s by senior male doctors for male doctors, which dominated other specialties and which stifled progress. An innovative feature of this research, following women’s entry to consultant and training posts in proportions equal to men in public health, is to highlight their subsequent move into major strategic roles within the health service management structure from the late 1980s. Interviews with senior public health men and women doctors help shed light on how this move was achieved and how women in strategic positions were able to combine high profile careers with domestic responsibilities. Also includes five transcipts of interviews : The five interviewees, whose career stories are presented here - Professor Sian Griffiths, Professor Sheila Adam, Professor Mala Rao, Dr Sue Atkinson and Professor Fiona Sim - were selected, with the help of the Faculty of Public Health, for their considerable achievement in strategic leadership roles in public health practice, whether in leading complex organisation, chairing national policy committees, leading international work, promoting education and development.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The rice is the main component of the basic diet of the world-wide population, is therefore, of extreme importance for the food security. In function of this, related aspects its production and comsumption must continuously be monitored and be evaluated, so that its supply is guaranteed. In this study, was development and validated a methodology for determination of residues of 51 pesticides in polish rice grains, using the modified QuEChERS extraction method and Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry with Negative Chemical Ionization and Selected Ion Monitoring (GC-MS NCI-SIM). To that end, previous homogenized rice was spiked with 51 pesticides at 3 different spiking levels (10, 20 and 50 μg kg-1, 6 replicates at each level) and extracted by the modified QuEChERS method. Applying this method, 10 mL of acetonitrile was added to 10.0 g of rice matrix and the tubes were vigorously shaken by hand for 45 s. The tubes were uncapped, 3.0 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 1.7 g of sodium acetate were added, the shaking procedure was repeated and the extract was centrifuged for 8 min. Furthermore, a dispersive clean-up was developed for extract purification. The upper layer (4 mL) of the extracts was transferred to another tube containing 600 mg of anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 500 mg of C18, the shaking procedure was repeated and the extract was centrifuged for 8 min. The extracts were analized by GC-MS NCI-SIM. The method validation was performed of the linear range of the analytical curves (7 concentration levels and 6 injections each), detection limit (LOD), quantification limit (LOQ), matrix effect, as well as precision (as RSD%) and accuracy (as recovery percent). In general, LOD, LOQ and r2 results, obtained from GC, were affected by standards prepared in matrix extract compared to the preparation in solvent. The linear calibration curves was between 1.0 or 2.0 to 100.0 ng mL-1 with r2 values ≥ 0,99. The GC-MS (NCI) allowing the quantification (recovery criteria 70-120% and RSD% values ≤ 20%) of 87% of the target compounds, that showed LOQm of 10 or 20 mg kg-1. Hence, it is possible to conclude, this method proved to be adequate for the multi-residue analysis of pesticides in rice, conciliating sensitivity and acceptable selectivity and all the validation parameters were within the limits suggested for validation of chromatographic methods. / O arroz é o principal componente da dieta básica da população mundial. É, portanto, de extrema importância para a segurança alimentar e, em função disso, aspectos relacionados à sua produção e consumo devem ser continuamentemonitorados e avaliados em profundidade, para que o seu suprimento seja garantido. Neste estudo, foi desenvolvida e validada uma metodologia para a determinação, em grãos de arroz polido, de resíduos de 51 pesticidas, analisados utilizando o método de extração QuEChERS modificado e Cromatografia Gasosa com Detecção por Espectrometria de Massas, operando no modo de Ionização Química Negativa e Monitoramento do Ion Selecionado (GC-MS NCI-SIM). Para isso, realizou-se a fortificação do arroz, previamente homogeinizado, com soluções contendo os 51 pesticidas, em 3 níveis de fortificação (10, 20 e 50 μg kg-1), 6 réplicas para cada nível, e aplicou-se o método QueChERS modificado. A extração por este método consistiu na pesagem de 10,0 g da matriz, adição de 10 mL de acetonitrila e procedeu-se a agitação manual e vigorosa, por cerca de 45 segundos. Acrescentou-se 3,0 g de sulfato de magnésio anidro e 1,7 g de acetato de sódio anidro, repetindo-se agitação. Foram, posteriormente, centrifugados por 8 minutos A purificação dos extratos foi realizada através de clean-up dispersivo, onde 4 mL do extrato foram transferidos para outro tubo já contendo 600 mg de sulfato de magnésio anidro e 500 mg de C18, repetindo-se a agitação e a centrifugação, e em seguida os extratos foram analisados por GC-MS NCI-SIM. Neste trabalho avaliouse os seguintes parâmetros de validação do método: faixa de linearidade das curvas analíticas (7 níveis de concentração e seis injeções cada), limite de detecção (LOD), limite de quantificação (LOQ), efeito matriz, bem como a precisão e a exatidão (em termos de percentual de recuperação). Em geral, os valores de LOD, LOQ e r2, obtidos por GC, foram influenciados pela utilização de extratos da matriz para o preparo das soluções analíticas. A faixa linear de concentração das curvas analíticas situou-se entre 1,0 ou 2,0 a 100,0 ng mL-1 com valores de r2 ≥ 0,99. A técnica GCMS NCI modo SIM promoveu a quantificação (critérios de recuperação entre 70 e 120% e valores de RSD% ≤ 20%) de 87% dos compostos que apresentaram LOQm de 10 ou 20 mg kg-1. Portanto, conclui-se que o método mostrou-se adequado à análise multirresíduo dos pesticidas em arroz, conciliando sensibilidade e seletividade adequadas, e todos os parâmetros de validação encontram-se dentro dos limites sugeridos para validação de métodos cromatográficos.

The key objective of this thesis is the outline of an alternative capital market modeling framework, the Volatility Asset Pricing Model, VAPM, inspired by the innovative dual approach of Mandelbrot and Hudson using the method based on synthesis of two seemingly antagonistic factors -- the volatility of market prices and their serial dependence determining the capital markets' dynamics. The pilot tests of this model in various periods using the market index as well as a portfolio of selected securities delivered generally satisfactory results. Firstly, the work delivers a brief recapitulation regarding the concepts of a consumer/investor choice under general conditions of hypothetical certainty. Secondly, this outline is then followed by a description of the "classical" methodologies in the risky environment of uncertainty, with assessment of their corresponding key models, i.e. the CAPM, SIM, MIM, APTM, etc., notwithstanding results of the related testing approaches. Thirdly, this assessment is based on evaluation of the underlying doctrine of Efficient Market Hypothesis in relation to the so called Random Walk Model. Fourthly, in this context the work also offers a brief exposure to a few selected tests of these contraversial concepts. Fifthly, the main points of conteporary approaches such as the Fractal Dimension and the Hurst Exponent in the dynamic framework of information entropy are subsequently described as the theoretical tools leading to development of the abovementioned model VAPM. The major contribution of this thesis is considered its attempt to apply the abovementioned concepts in practice, with the intention to possibly inspire a further analytical research.

GSM has changed the face of communication and information exchange, much as the Internet did. With the advances made in the mobile technology arena, new opportunities are created. Mobile Commerce (m-Commerce) is one such opportunity. Each new advance in technology brings with it associated risks. This dissertation focuses on the risks involved with m-Commerce for the banking industry. This dissertation provides a detailed overview of basic services that any m-Commerce application should provide to the banking industry. These principles provide the foundation for securing any financial transaction over untrusted networks. Several mechanisms to provide these services are also discussed. Examples of such mechanisms include hash functions, Message Authentication Codes and Digital Signatures. The security of GSM networks has come under attack in the past. This is largely due to the fact that the GSM consortium opted to develop their security technologies in secret, rather than in the public domain. This dissertation aims to evaluate the security offered by GSM and assess potential attacks in order to further understand risks associated with m-Commerce applications over GSM. In recent years there have been significant additions to the GSM enabling technology family. The arrival of the SIM Application Toolkit and the Wireless Application Protocol promised to again change the face of commerce. Although market acceptance of these technologies proved to be initially slow, usage is set to increase exponentially within the next couple of years. A detailed analysis of these enabling technologies is presented in the dissertation. Possible attacks on these technologies are discussed in the latter part or this document. Based on the findings of the research, some changes to either the application architectures or the processing of the data have been suggested in order to enhance the security offered by these services. It is not the intent of this dissertation to redesign these applications, but to rather leverage off the current technologies in order to enable secure m-Commerce over these channels. This dissertation provides a detailed overview of basic services that any m-Commerce application should provide to the banking industry. These principles provide the foundation for securing any financial transaction over untrusted networks. Several mechanisms to provide these services are also discussed. Examples of such mechanisms include hash functions, Message Authentication Codes and Digital Signatures. The security of GSM networks has come under attack in the past. This is largely due to the fact that the GSM consortium opted to develop their security technologies in secret, rather than in the public domain. This dissertation aims to evaluate the security offered by GSM and assess potential attacks in order to further understand risks associated with m Commerce applications over GSM. In recent years there have been significant additions to the GSM enabling technology family. The arrival of the SIM Application Toolkit and the Wireless Application Protocol promised to again change the face of commerce. Although market acceptance of these technologies proved to be initially slow, usage is set to increase exponentially within the next couple of years. A detailed analysis of these enabling technologies is presented in the dissertation. Possible attacks on these technologies are discussed in the latter part or this document. Based on the findings of the research, some changes to either the application architectures or the processing of the data have been suggested in order to enhance the security offered by these services. It is not the intent of this dissertation to redesign these applications, but to rather leverage off the current technologies in order to enable secure m-Commerce over these channels. / Dissertation (M.Sc (Electronics))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

Aim of this master´s project is to analyse localization possibilities in GSM and GPS wireless networks. Choise of proper module and design location device for both GPS and GSM networks. Design and construction of system, which is able to designate it´s positron, using both GPS and GSM networks. The location informations, are send to Internet server, using GPRS system. Localization techniques in both wireless network are described. The system which is able to get position information was designed and constructed. The module´s driving software and the software, which process the localization informations and controls the database storing process, was designed.

No description available.

The story of "El Libertador", Simon Bolivar, greatest figure of South American history, may be pursued through seemingly endless sources of extant written material. The Bibliography of Simon Bolivar compiled by the library of the Pan-American Union is, in itself, an extensive volume; hundreds of his letters and documents have been preserved, and his biographers are numbered by scores. Throughout the nineteenth century he remained one of the most popularized of new world figures, and although he has lost considerable identity in the United States during the twentieth century, he continues to be written about. Man Of Glory by D. J. Clinton (Marrow Co., New York, 1939) is the most recent comprehensive biography. Yet, in so far as can be ascertained at this writing, the work herein contained is the first full length treatment in the dramatic form, in any language, of this amazing personality. Liberator of five countries, and father of the Pan-American idea, Bolivar's influence is an active tradition still shaping destiny for Latin America. With increasing contact between North and South America, and the popularlizing of the Pan-American program, Simon Bolivar will be revived in the interest of the people of the United States to the extent that he should be a "success" in a popular an art medium as the theatre, like Queen Victoria, Jaurez, Zola, Disraeli, Lincoln, Edison any many others who have won glory behind the foodlights as well as in the theatre of world events.

In traffic networks, appropriately determining the traffic signal plan of each intersection is a ünecessary condition for a reasonable level of service. This paper presents the development of a new system for automatically designing optimal actuated traffic signal plans with transit signal priority. It uses an optimization algorithm combined with a mesoscopic traffic simulation model to design and evaluate optimal traffic signal plans for each intersection in the traffic network, therefore reducing the need for human intervention in the design process. The proposed method can simultaneously determine the optimal logical structure, priority strategies, timing parameters, phase composition and sequence, and detector placements. The integrated system was tested by a real-world isolated intersection in Haifa city. The results demonstrated that this approach has the potential to efficiently design signal plans without human intervention, which can minimize time, cost, and design effort. It can also help uncover problems in the design that may otherwise not be detected.

Social Entrepreneurship and Social Enterprises are an emerging trend. An increasing number of individuals are finding ways to address a social issue through their entrepreneurial skills. As well as increasing number of corporations and investing organizations are looking for ventures that address a social issue to fulfil their social responsibility. Thus, it is increasingly becoming important for the social entrepreneurs to measure and report their impacts to society in an accurate way. This research seeks to find out the challenges faced by social entrepreneurs while setting up social impact measurements in their ventures and the solutions adopted by them. Through a series of semi‐structured interviews with successful social entrepreneurs, this research collects qualitative data that increases the knowledge in this area and contributes in a better understanding of the challenges faced by social entrepreneurs. This research found that Theory Of Change is the most commonly used method and is preferred by practitioners as it is easy to implement. The research summarises the efforts it takes to implement the measurements, recommends best practices or advice to make impact measurement easier and useful. Also, a framework is developed that can be used in setting up measurements in a social venture.

No description available.