Les changements globaux et l'évolution du contexte socio-économique renforcent les attentes vis-à-vis d'une gestion multifonctionnelle des forêts. En France, la communauté forestière s'est accordée sur la définition du double objectif de « produire plus de bois, tout en préservant mieux la biodiversité […]» (Grenelle de l'Environnement, 2007). Cet objectif s'accompagne d'une volonté de maintenir des attributs favorables à la biodiversité d'une part, et de « dynamiser » la sylviculture d'autre part. La comptabilité entre ces mesures est toutefois controversée et il est aujourd'hui nécessaire de mieux comprendre leurs effets sur les services écosystémiques, afin de pouvoir définir les conditions d'une gestion forestière multifonctionnelle et durable.L'objectif de la thèse est d'explorer de manière fine l'effet de la sylviculture sur la structure des peuplements, la production de bois et la préservation de la biodiversité. Le travail s'articule autour de deux hypothèses générales : (1) celle que les indicateurs de ces deux services répondent de manière différente à la gestion; (2) celle qu'une gamme intermédiaire d'intensités de sylviculture est favorable au compromis entre production et biodiversité. Le travail a porté sur le cas des sapinières-pessières irrégulières de montagne, qui présentent une longue tradition de gestion en futaie irrégulière et sont jugées favorables à la fourniture d'un certain nombre de services écosystémiques. Nous avons opté pour une approche par simulation s'appuyant sur le couplage d'un modèle de dynamique forestière, d'algorithmes de sylviculture et de modèles et indicateurs de production et de biodiversité. Le travail de thèse a nécessité la mise en place d'une démarche complète d'expérimentation par simulation impliquant les étapes (i) de formalisation des variables de contrôle et de réponse, (ii) de développement et d'évaluation de modèles, (iii) de définition de plans d'expérience, (iv) d'analyse de sensibilité et (v) d'analyse de la réponse des indicateurs à la gestion. Une analyse complète du modèle Samsara2 nous a permis de vérifier la cohérence des dynamiques forestières simulées et la fiabilité des prédictions. Un algorithme de sylviculture a été développé pour modéliser la gestion en futaie irrégulière de manière fine. Deux modèles de biodiversité ont été implémentés à partir de modèles issus de la littérature : un modèle de stockage et de décomposition du bois mort et un modèle de prédiction de la richesse spécifique de la strate herbacée. Une analyse de sensibilité du système nous a tout d'abord permis d'analyser l'influence des paramètres d'entrée (sylvicoles, démographiques ou état initial) sur un ensemble d'indicateurs de structure, production et biodiversité, puis d'identifier et de fixer les paramètres peu influents. Une approche par régression a ensuite permis d'établir la fonction de réponse (métamodèle) de chaque indicateur aux principaux leviers de gestion, en interaction avec la démographie et l'état initial. Nous avons ainsi observé un effet négatif de l'intensification de la gestion sur la biodiversité, bien que cet effet varie en fonction des indicateurs. Les mesures de conservation de la biodiversité peuvent toutefois servir de leviers de compensation dans certains cas, permettant ainsi de concilier les deux objectifs. Des situations de compromis entre indicateurs de production et/ou biodiversité ont été détectées, mais leur analyse fine nécessite désormais de se tourner vers les méthodes d'analyse multicritère.Ainsi, l'analyse couplée des de la réponse des indicateurs de services écosystémiques à la gestion et des scénarii de gestion situés sur la zone de compromis devrait permettre d'alimenter les échanges avec les gestionnaires forestiers et de discuter des recommandations de gestion à l'échelle de la parcelle ou du massif forestier. / Global change and the evolution of the socio-economic context reinforce the expectations for multifunctional forest management. In France, the forest community agreed on the definition of the double objective of “improving timber production while preserving biodiversity better” (Grenelle 2007). This objective goes along with a will of maintaining the natural attributes favoring biodiversity on one hand, and of increasing management intensity on the other hand. The compatibility between both objectives is however controversial and it seem nowadays necessary to better understand their effects on ecosystem services, so as to enable the definition of multifunctional and sustainable forest management. The objective of this PhD thesis is to explore the effect of silviculture on stand structure, timber production and biodiversity preservation. This works involves two main hypotheses: (1) the fact that ecosystem services indicators present different responses to silvicultural drivers, thus leading to trade-offs situations; (2) the fact that management scenarios of intermediate intensity may enable satisfactory production-biodiversity trade-offs to be reached. This work addressed the case of uneven-aged spruce-fir mountain forests, which present a long tradition of uneven-aged management (selection system) and are judged favorable to the provision of several ecosystem services. We used a simulation approach coupling a forest dynamics simulation model (Samsara2), a silviculture algorithm, and ecosystem services models and indicators (for timber production and biodiversity). This however required a complete simulation experiment approach to be set up, with several steps: (i) formalization of control and response variables, (ii) model development and evaluation, (iii) experiment designs definition, (iv) sensitivity analysis, and (v) study of indicators' response to management. A complete analysis of the Samsara2 model enabled the consistency of simulated forest dynamics and the reliability of predictions to be checked. A silviculture algorithm has been developed to accurately model uneven-aged management. Two biodiversity models have been implemented from the literature: a dead wood decay model and an understory diversity model.A sensitivity analysis of the system first enabled us to assess the influence of input parameters (silviculture, demographic and initial state) on structure, timber production and biodiversity indicators, and then to identify and fix those with low influence. Then, a regression approach enabled the establishment of the response function (metamodels) of each indicator to the main silvicultural factors, in interaction with demography and initial state. This revealed the negative effect of increased management intensity on biodiversity indicators, although its effect depended on the indicator. Biodiversity conservation measures could however be used as compensation drivers in some cases, therefore enabling both objectives to be concealed. Trade-offs situations have also been detected between timber production and/or biodiversity conservation indicators, but their analysis now require specific multi-criteria analysis to be used.The combined analysis of ecosystem services response to silvicultural drivers and of management scenarios located on the trade-offs area would then supply the discussion with forest managers with new elements and enable management recommendations to be discussed at the stand or landscape scale.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:55:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4773.pdf: 2663058 bytes, checksum: bffabf5b19b85ded64c108c783beee0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-17 / The increasing demand for alternative energy sources for replacing fossil fuels has attracted investments for Brazilian sugarcane industry, which has been widely reconized as a model of renewable energy producer. To ensure financial security is necessary that production of sugarcane provide the socioeconomic and agri-enviromental needs, with emphasis on the relationship between the production of electricity from the burning of biomass and ethanol by new ways of obtaining such as cellulose hydrolysis and the maintenance of sugarcane trash under the soil. Process based crop models based, such as APSIM (Agricultural Productions Systems Simulator), are useful tools for planing the production system and to identify the bottlenecks influencing the profitability of the sector. The objective was to model the growth and productivity of green and burnt sugarcane harvesting systems, under several nitrogen fertilizer levels (60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1). The study was based on two experiments located in Piracicaba-SP and Salinas-MG caried on with cultivar SP80-1842. The evaluation of the model showed that the APSIM-Sugarcane is able to drescribe adequately the growth and productivity of cane sugar production in these environments, once the modeling eficiency (E) was greater than 0.9 for stlak dry mass (MS). Simulations also showed that the amount of trash on the soil would affect the crop yield and the remotion of trash for using in the mills would ultimately decrease the sugarcane yield along the time. However, in these simulations, the crop did not respond to nitrogen fertilization. / A demanda crescente por fontes energéticas alternativas, em detrimento dos combustiveis fósseis, tem dado destaque ao Brasil no cenário inernacional como modelo de produção de energia renovável e atraído investimentos massivos ao setor sucroenergético brasileiro nacional. Para garantir a segurança financeira do negócio, é necessário que a produção de cana-de-açúcar supra as necessidades socioeconômicas e agroambientais, com ênfase na relação entre a produção de energia elétrica, a partir da queima dos resíduos vegetais e do etanol por novas vias de obtenção, como a hidrólise de celulose, e a manutenção da palha sob o solo. Modelos de simulação de culturas baseados em processos biofísicos, como o APSIM (Agricultural Productions Systems Simulator), são ferramentas úteis para o planejamento da produção e na determinação dos pontos de estrangulamento que influenciam a lucratividade do setor. O objetivo do trabalho foi modelar o crescimento e a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar em sistemas de colheita mecanizada, avaliando o efeito da remoção da palhada remanescente em combinação com doses de adubação nitrogenada de 60, 120 e 180 kg.ha-1. Os estudos foram realizados com base em dois experimentos localizados em Piracicaba-SP e Salinas-MG, conduzidos com a variedade SP80-1842. A avaliação do modelo revelou que o APSIM-Sugarcane é capaz de descrever adequadamente o crescimento e a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar em diferentes ambientes produtivos com eficiência da modelagem (E) maior que 0,9 para massa seca de colmos (MS). As simulações também mostraram que a quantidade de palha no solo pode afetar a produtividade da cultura, que a remoção da palha, para utilização na indústria, acarretaria em redução da produtividade no longo prazo. Entretanto, nas simulações feitas a cultura não respondeu significativamente à adubação nitrogenada.

Este trabalho apresenta e discute uma proposta baseada na teoria dos conjuntos fuzzy para predizer o desempenho da empresa-foco em cadeia de suprimentos modelada de acordo com os relacionamentos causais entre medidas de desempenho propostas pelo SCOR (versão 8.0). O uso de sistemas de medição de desempenho para gerenciar o desempenho de cadeias de suprimentos apresenta algumas limitações tais como a dificuldade de interpretação de resultados de natureza qualitativa, assim como a complexidade de um sistema tradicional de medição de desempenho lidar adequadamente com os relacionamentos de causas e efeito entre métricas de desempenho de diferentes processos de negócios ao longo da cadeia de suprimentos. Por outro lado, a lógica fuzzy, uma técnica apropriada para lidar com situações de incerteza e subjetividade, configura-se como uma alternativa interessante. Utilizando uma abordagem de pesquisa quantitativa descritiva, assumiu-se a hipótese de que um modelo de simulação quantitativo poderia ser construído para explicar o comportamento de processos operacionais. Os resultados da simulação mostraram-se bastante consistentes à metodologia SCORmark, proposta pelo Supply Chain Council. Análises estatísticas dos resultados da simulação, baseados no Método de Superfície de Resposta, também confirmaram a relevância dos relacionamentos causais incorporados no modelo. Em geral, os resultados reforçam que a proposição da adoção de um modelo de simulação baseado em lógica fuzzy e nas métricas do SCOR parece ser uma abordagem possível para auxiliar os gerentes no processo de tomada de decisão do gerenciamento do desempenho em cadeias de suprimentos. / This paper presents and discusses a proposal based on the theory of fuzzy sets to predict performance of focus company in a supply chain modeled according to causal relationships among performance metrics proposed by SCOR (version 8.0). The use of performance measurement systems to manage performance of supply chains presents some limitations such as difficulty of interpretation of results of qualitative nature as well as the complexity of having a conventional performance measuring system that can adequately handle cause-and-effect relationships of metrics of performance of different business processes of a supply chain. On the other hand, fuzzy logic, a technique suitable for dealing with uncertainty and subjectivity, becomes an interesting alternative approach. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, the research was based on the assumption that a quantitative simulation model can be built that explain (at least in part) the behavior of operational processes. Results of simulation were very much in line with those of the SCORmark methodology (SCC). Statistical analysis of the simulation results based on surface response method also confirmed the relevance of the causal relationships embedded in the model. In general, the findings reinforces the proposition that adoption of a simulation model based on fuzzy-logic and on metrics of the SCOR model seems to be a feasible approach to help managers in the decision making process of managing performance of supply chains.

Orientador: Secundino Soares Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T14:25:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marques_ThyagoCarvalho_D.pdf: 9101920 bytes, checksum: 5cf6202ab737e2bcab996c2704ede5ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma política para a operação energética do Sistema Nacional (SIN), baseada na representação individualizada das usinas hidrelétricas e termelétricas, na representação detalhada das características de operação dessas usinas, e na representação indireta da estocasticidade das vazões através demodelo de previsão. Essas características diferem a política operativa proposta daquela em vigor no setor elétrico brasileiro, que se baseia na modelagem equivalente de sistemas hidrotérmicos interligados. Diversos estudos de caso são apresentados com o intuito de avaliar o desempenho dessa polÂ'ıtica, desde o caso de sistemas hidrotérmicos simples com uma única usina até o caso completo do SIN sob condições reais. Para esse último caso, um procedimento de ajuste da operação foi implementado para assegurar o atendimento do mercado com as restrições de intercâmbio entre os subsistemas. Análises de sensibilidade foram realizadas em relação a restrições de intercâmbio, inflexibilidade das usinas termelétricas, a importância de algumas usinas hidrelétricas e mercado / Abstract: This work presents an operational policy for the mid term hydrothermal scheduling of the Brazilian Interconnected Power System (BIPS) based on the individual representation of the hydro and thermo power plants, the detailed representation of the plantsâ?¿ features and the indirect representation of the inflow stochasticity through a forecasting model. These characteristics differs the operational policy which is in use nowadays in BIPS, which is based on four interconnected subsystems represented by composite reservoirs. Several case studies are presented to evaluate the performance of the operational policy, from the simple case with a single hydro plant system to the complete case of the whole BIPS under real conditions. For this last case an operational adjustment procedure was implemented to assure the market attendance considering interchange constraints between the subsystems. Sensitivity analyses have been done with respected to interchange, minimum thermal generation, market, importance of hydro plants and system dimension / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

As metodologias normalmente utilizadas para otimizar as dimensões de uma usina hidroelétrica, incluindo os métodos empregados pelo Setor Elétrico Brasileiro, baseiam-se em análises do tipo custo/benefício. Os custos provêm de gastos diretos com a construção da usina e os benefícios correspondem a receitas proporcionadas pela venda de energia. Para avaliar os benefícios, são realizadas simulações da operação da usina e a energia produzida é valorizada economicamente. Esta necessidade das simulações da operação faz com que o problema de dimensionamento não possua uma função analítica explícita para determinar os benefícios energéticos, o que dificulta a implementação de métodos tradicionais de otimização. O objetivo deste trabalho é justamente desenvolver e implementar uma metodologia de dimensionamento que permita que o processo de busca pelas dimensões ótimas seja automático. Para tanto, acoplam-se um modelo de otimização evolutiva e um modelo de simulação da operação de sistemas hidroelétricos. Adicionalmente, o modelo proposto também deve ser flexível, permitindo que as regras de operação do sistema hidroelétrico, o conjunto de vazões afluentes, a forma de valorização da energia gerada e uma série de outros fatores sejam tratados como parâmetros do modelo. Os resultados encontrados indicam que, sob o ponto de vista computacional, o modelo proposto é automático, flexível e eficiente. Além disso, as várias análises de sensibilidade realizadas atestam a consistência da metodologia proposta e permitem avaliar a forma como os diferentes parâmetros do modelo influenciam as próprias dimensões da usina sob dimensionamento. A partir destas análises, sugerem-se algumas medidas de regulamentação e planejamento para que as dimensões de novas usinas não sejam determinadas a partir de sinalizações imprecisas de parâmetros que influenciam de forma decisiva suas dimensões ótimas. / The methods normally applied to optimally size a hydropower plant, including the ones used by the Brazilian Power Industry, are based on cost/benefit analysis. The costs are due to direct expenses with the hydropower plant construction and the benefits correspond to incomes from selling energy. The benefits are evaluated throughout computing simulations of the hydropower plant operation, followed by the assignment of an economical value to the energy produced by it. The need for computing simulations turns out a non-analytical objective function for the sizing problem, what makes the use of traditional optimization tools very hard. The objective of this work is just to develop and implement a sizing method that automatically performs the search for the optimal sizes of a hydropower plant. The proposed method combines an evolutionary optimization technique and a simulation model for the operation of hydropower systems. Additionally, the proposed model is also flexible in the sense that the operation rules for the hydroelectric system simulation, the set of water inflows, the way the energy is valued and some other factors that may influence the results are treated as parameters. The results show that, from the computing point of view, the proposed method is automatic, flexible and efficient. Furthermore, the sensitivity analyses performed validate the method consistency and establish relationships among the different parameters and the way they affect the optimal features of the new hydropower plant. Based on the results of such analyses, some regulation and planning measures are suggested in order to avoid sizing hydropower plants with mistaken parameters that can substantially change its optimal features.

Neste trabalho é proposto um modelo para estimar a geração e a distribuição de viagens intraurbanas baseado em agentes, denominado Modelo GDA. Neste modelo foram aplicadas simulações em Sistemas Multiagentes (SMA), nas quais foram usadas, como dados de entrada, informações relativas ao morador e ao uso do solo. Na estimativa da geração de viagens, a simulação SMA foi usada para estimar uma população sintética baseada nas informações sociodemográficas dos moradores e para obter um plano de atividades associado a cada morador. Na estimativa da distribuição de viagens, a simulação SMA foi usada para obter uma matriz Origem-Destino (OD) com base no plano de atividades dos moradores e nos atributos do uso do solo. Para definir os critérios da distribuição de viagens, foram testadas teorias alternativas à força gravitacional, como a teoria das redes livres de escala e o conceito de path dependence. Foi feita uma aplicação do Modelo GDA na cidade de São Carlos (SP), cujos resultados estimados foram comparados aos resultados observados, provenientes da pesquisa Origem-Destino (OD), e aos resultados estimados obtidos pela aplicação de modelos gravitacionais nesta cidade. Os resultados mostraram que os resultados estimados obtidos pelo Modelo GDA são tão acurados quanto aos do modelo gravitacional. Conclui-se que o Modelo GDA, comparativamente ao modelo gravitacional, possui vantagens quanto à sua aplicabilidade, pois em vez de serem utilizados pelo modelo dados provenientes de pesquisas de tráfego, geralmente onerosos e de difícil aquisição; são empregados dados acerca do morador e do uso do solo, de fácil coleta e atualização periódica. / In this work, an agent-based model in order to estimate trip generation and trip distribution in an intra-urban context (GDA model) is proposed. Simulations using Multiagent Systems (MAS), with input data concerning dwellers and land use were applied in this model. To estimate the trip generation, the MAS simulation was used to elaborate a synthetic population based on sociodemographic information of the dwellers and to obtain an activity plan of each dweller. To estimate the trip distribution, the MAS simulation was used to obtain an Origin-Destiny (OD) matrix based on the dwellers activity plans and the land use characteristics. To define the trip distribution rules, alternative theories to gravitational force like free scale networks and path dependence theories were tested. The GDA model was applied in the urban area of São Carlos (Brazil), whose estimates was compared to the observed data from the OD survey and the estimate data from the Gravity model applied in this same area. The results showed that the estimates from the GDA Model are as accurate as from the Gravity Model. It was observed that the GDA Model presents advantages in relation to the Gravity Model because instead of using traffic survey data, which often is expensive and difficult to get, it uses dwellers and land use information, which is periodically collected from government researches, making it easy for government agencies to obtain this information.

Des simulations numériques rapides et précises du contact élastohydrodynamique (EHD) sont recherchées pour aider au développement de produits. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un modèle compact pour le problème du contact EHD en appliquant des méthodes de réduction de modèle. Dans ce but l'équation de Reynolds (non-linéaire), l'équation d'élasticité (linéaire) et l'équilibre de la charge, sont résolus dans un système d'équations unique par la méthode de Newton. La réduction s'effectue par projection sur un sous espace de faible dimension, qui repose sur des solutions du système complet. De plus, une approximation du système est effectuée, dans laquelle les matrices du système réduit sont approximées. Pour le problème du contact EHD stationnaire, un algorithme de génération automatique des modèles compacts est présenté. L'algorithme fournit des modèles réduits stables et rapides sur une région de paramètres définies. La méthode de Newton réduite est également étendue aux fluides non-newtoniens. Les résultats du modèle réduit sont en très bon accord avec ceux du système complet, malgré un temps de calcul clairement plus petit. Par ailleurs, une nouvelle formulation pour le problème de contact EHD transitoire est introduite, dans laquelle la région de calcul est adaptée à la taille du contact. Ceci permet d'obtenir des modèles réduits efficaces, en particulier pour des excitations à grandes amplitudes. Alternativement, la méthode "Trajectory-Piecewise-Linear" (TPWL) est appliquée au problème du contact EHD transitoire. Cette méthode permet une accélération du calcul conséquente. / In today's product development process, fast and exact simulational models of complex physical problems gain in significance. The same holds for the elastohydrodynamic (EHD) contact problem. Thus, the objective of this work is to generate a compact model for the EHD contact problem by the application of model order reduction. Thereto, the EHD contact problem, consisting of the nonlinear Reynolds equation, the linear elasticity equation and the load balance, is solved as a monolithic system of equations using Newton's method. The reduction takes place by projection onto a low-dimensional subspace, which is based on solutions of the full system. Moreover, a so-called system approximation is executed at which the reduced system matrices are substituted by less complex surrogates. For the stationary EHD contact problem, an algorithm for the automated generation of the compact model is presented. This algorithm provides fast and numerically stable reduced systems on a given parameter range. Additionally, the reduced Newton method is extended to the consideration of Non-Newtonian fluids whereat highly accurate results are obtained requiring a very low computational time. Furthermore, a new formulation for the transient EHD contact problem is introduced, at which the computational area is adapted to the current contact size. This kind of morphing enables efficient reduced models in particular for excitations of large amplitude. Beside of the reduced Newton-method with system approximation, the method Trajectory Piecewise Linear (TPWL) is applied to the transient EHD contact problem. Here, further speed-up potential arises. Despite a distinctly lower computational time, the reduced model is in very good accordance with the full system.

[ES] Para proporcionar un entorno de tráfico vial más seguro y eficiente, los sistemas ITS o Sistemas Inteligentes de Transporte representan como una solución dotada de avances tecnológicos de vanguardia. La integración de elementos de transporte como automóviles junto con elementos de infraestructura como RoadSide Units (RSUs) ubicados a lo largo de la vía de comunicación permiten ofrecer un entorno de red conectado con múltiples servicios, incluida conectividad a Internet. Esta integración se conoce con el término C-ITS o Sistemas Inteligentes de Transporte Cooperativos. La conexión de automóviles con dispositivos de infraestructura permite crear redes vehiculares conectadas (V2X) vehículo a dispositivos, que ofrecen la posibilidad de nuevos despliegues en aplicaciones C-ITS como las relacionadas con la seguridad. Hoy en día, con el uso masivo de teléfonos inteligentes y debido a su flexibilidad y movilidad, existen varios esfuerzos para integrarlos con los automóviles. De hecho, con el soporte adecuado de unidad a bordo (OBU), los teléfonos inteligentes se pueden integrar perfectamente con las redes vehiculares, permitiendo a los conductores usar sus teléfonos inteligentes como dispositivos de bordo a que participan en los servicios C-ITS, con el objeto de mejorar la seguridad al volante entre otros. Tópico este, que hoy día representa un tema relevante de investigación. Un problema a solucionar surge cuando las comunicaciones vehiculares sufren inferencias y bloqueos de la señal debidos al escenario. De hecho, el impacto de la vegetación y los edificios, ya sea en áreas urbanas y rurales, puede afectar a la calidad de la señal. Algunas estrategias para mejorar la comunicación vehicular en este tipo de entorno consiste en desplegar UAVs o vehículo aéreo no tripulado (drones), los cuales actúan como enlaces de comunicación entre vehículos. De hecho, UAV ofrece importantes ventajas de implementación, ya que tienen una gran flexibilidad en términos de movilidad, además de un rango de comunicaciones mejorado. Para evaluar la calidad de las comunicaciones, debe realizarse un conjunto de mediciones. Sin embargo, debido al costo de las implementaciones reales de UAV y automóviles, los experimentos reales podrían no ser factibles para actividades de investigación con recursos limitados. Por lo tanto, los experimentos de simulación se convierten en la opción preferida para evaluar las comunicaciones entre UAV y vehículos terrestres. Lograr modelos de propagación de señal correctos y representativos que puedan importarse a los entornos de simulación se vuelve crucial para obtener un mayor grado de realismo, especialmente para simulaciones que involucran el movimiento de UAVs en cualquier lugar del espacio 3D. En particular, la información de elevación del terreno debe tenerse en cuenta al intentar caracterizar los efectos de propagación de la señal. En esta tesis doctoral, proponemos nuevos enfoques tanto teóricos como empíricos para estudiar la integración de redes vehiculares que combinan automóviles y UAVs, así mismo el impacto del entorno en la calidad de las comunicaciones. Esta tesis presenta una aplicación, una metodología de medición en escenarios reales y un nuevo modelo de simulación, los cuales contribuyen a modelar, desarrollar e implementar servicios C-ITS. Más específicamente, proponemos un modelo de simulación que tiene en cuenta las características del terreno en 3D, para lograr resultados confiables de comunicación entre UAV y vehículos terrestres. / [CAT] Per a proporcionar un entorn de trànsit viari més segur i eficient, els sistemes ITS o Sistemes Intel·ligents de Transport representen una solució dotada d'avanços tecnològics d'avantguarda. La integració d'elements de transport com auto móvils juntament amb elements d'infraestructura com Road Side Units (RSUs) situats al llarg de lav via de comunicació permeten oferir un entorn de xarxa connectat amb multiples serveis, inclusa connectivitat a Internet. Aquesta integració es connex amb el terme C-ITS o Sistemes Intel·ligents de Transport Cooperatius , com ara els automòbils, amb elements d'infraestructura, com ara les road side units (RSU) o pals situats al llarg de la carretera, per a aconseguir un entorn de xarxa que oferisca nous serveis a més de connectivitat a Internet. Aquesta integració s'expressa amb el terme C-ITS, o sistemes intel·ligents de transport cooperatius. La connexió d'automòbils amb dispositius d'infraestructura permet crear xarxes vehiculars connectades (V2X) vehicle a dispositiu, que ofreixen la possibilitat de nous desplegaments en aplicacions C-ITS, com ara les relacionades amb la seguretat. Avui dia, amb l'ús massiu dels telèfons intel·ligents, i a causa de la flexibilitat i mobilitat que presenten, es fan esforços per integrar-los amb els automòbils. De fet, amb el suport adequat d'unitat a bord (OBU), els telèfons intel·ligents es poden integrar perfectament amb les xarxes vehiculars, permetent als conductors usar els seus telèfons intel·ligents com a dispositius per a participar en els serveis de C-ITS, a fi de millorar la seguretat al volant entre altres. Tòpic est, que hui dia representa un tema rellevant d'investigació. Un problema a solucionar sorgeix quan les comunicacions vehiculars ateixen inferències i bloquejos del senyal deguts a l'escenari. De fet, l'impacte de la vegetació i els edificis, tant en àrees urbanes com rurals, pot afectar la qualitat del senyal. Algunes estratègies de millorar la comunicació vehicular en aquest tipus d'entorn consisteix a desplegar UAVs o vehicles aeris no tripulats (drones), els quals actuen com a enllaços de comunicació entre vehicles. De fet, l'ús d'UAVs ofereix importants avantatges d'implementació, ja que tenen una gran flexibilitat en termes de mobilitat, a més d'un rang de comunicacions millorat. Per a avaluar la qualitat de les comunicacions, s'han de realitzar mesures en escenaris reals. No obstant això, a causa del cost de les implementacions i desplegaments reals d'UAV i el seu ús combinat amb vehicles, aquests experiments reals podrien no ser factibles per a activitats d'investigació amb recursos limitats. Per tant, la metodologia basada en simulació es converteixen en l'opció preferida entre els investigadors per a avaluar les comunicacions entre UAV i vehicles terrestres. Aconseguir models de propagació de senyal correctes i representatius que puguen importar-se als entorns de simulació resulta crucial per a obtenir un major grau de realisme, especialment per a simulacions que involucren el moviment d'UAV en qualsevol lloc de l'espai 3D. En particular, cal tenir en compte la informació d'elevació del terreny per a intentar caracteritzar els efectes de propagació del senyal. En aquesta tesi doctoral proposem enfocaments tant teòrics com empírics per a estudiar la integració de xarxes vehiculars que combinen automòbils i UAV, així com l'impacte de l'entorn en la qualitat de les comunicacions. Aquesta tesi presenta una aplicació, una metodología de mesurament en escenaris reals i un nou model de simulació, els quals contribueixen a modelar, desenvolupar i implementar serveis C-ITS. Més específicament, proposem un model de simulació que té en compte les característiques del terreny en 3D, per a aconseguir resultats fiables de comunicació entre UAV i vehicles terrestres. / [EN] To provide a safer road traffic environment and make it more convenient, Intelligent Transport Systems (ITSs) are proposed as a solution endowed with cutting-edge technological advances. The integration of transportation elements like cars together with infrastructure elements like Road Side Units to achieve a networking environment offers new services in addition to Internet connectivity. This integration comes under the term Cooperative Intelligent Transport System (C-ITS). Connecting cars with surrounding devices forming vehicular networks in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) open new deployments in C-ITS applications like safety-related ones. With the massive use of smartphones nowadays, and due to their flexibility and mobility, several efforts exist to integrate them with cars. In fact, with the right support from the vehicle's On-Board Unit (OBU), smartphones can be seamlessly integrated with vehicular networks. Hence, drivers can use their smartphones as a device to participate in C-ITS services for safety purposes, among others, which is a quite interesting research topic. A significant problem arises when vehicular communications face signal obstructions caused by the environment. In fact, the impact of vegetation and buildings, whether in urban and rural areas, can result in a lower signal quality. One way to enhance vehicular communication networks is to deploy Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to act as relays for communication between cars, or ground vehicles. In fact, UAVs offer important deployment advantages, as they offer great flexibility in terms of mobility, in addition to an enhanced communications range. To assess the quality of the communications, a set of measurements must take place. However, due to the cost of real deployments of UAVs and cars, real experiments might not be feasible for research activities with limited resources. Hence, simulation experiments become the preferred option to assess UAV-to- car communications. Achieving correct and representative signal propagation models that can be imported to the simulation environments becomes crucial to obtain a higher degree of realism, especially for simulations involving UAVs moving anywhere throughout the 3D space. In particular, terrain elevation information must be taken into account when attempting to characterize signal propagation effects. In this research work, we propose both theoretical and empirical approaches to study the integration of vehicular networks combining cars and UAVs, and we study the impact of the surrounding environment on the communications quality. An application, a measurement framework, and a simulation model are presented in this thesis in an effort to model, develop, and deploy C-ITS services. More specifically, we propose a simulation model that takes into account 3D terrain features to achieve reliable UAV-to-car communication results. / I want to thank the Spanish government through the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and the European Union Commission through the European Social Fund (ESF) for co-financing and granting me the fellowship to fund my studies in Spain and my research stay in Russia. In addition, I would to thank the National Institute of Informatics for granting me the internship fund and the Japanese government through the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) for supporting my research work in Japan. / Hadiwardoyo, SA. (2019). Modelling and Real Deployment of C-ITS by Integrating Ground Vehicles and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/118796 / TESIS

The diploma thesis describes Climate Change and impacts of Climate Change on the development of the water management analyis of reservoir strorage capacity. The development of climate chang influence on reserviors storage capacity is presented until 2100. It also gives a detailed online downscaling description.

This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the IEEE 802.11ah wireless communication system. For such a purpose, an appropriate simulation model in program environment MATLAB is created. The first part of thesis focuses on the IEEE 802.11 standard. Basic blocks of the transmitter and receiver are described. Attention is also devoted on the brief description of considered transmission channels. The second part contains the description of the proposed and realized simulation model in MATLAB. Individual blocks of the simulation model are described in details. Finally, the obtained simulation results are evaluated and discussed.