Die vorliegende Arbeit legt den histologischen Aufbau der Euterhaut, des Milchdrüsenparenchyms sowie der Zitzen auf licht- und elektronenmikroskopischer Ebene bei den Tierarten Rind, Pferd, Schaf und Ziege umfassend dar.:1. Einleitung (S. 8) 2. Schrifttum (S. 11) 2.1. Haut (S. 11) [...] 2.2. Milchdrüse (S. 28) [...] 3. Eigene Untersuchungen (S. 45) 3.1. Material und Methoden (S. 45) [...] 3.2. Ergebnisse (S. 48) [...] 4. Diskussion (S. 146) 5. Zusammenfassung (S. 185) 6. Summary (S. 188) 7. Literaturverzeichnis (S. 191) 8. Selbstständigkeitserklärung (S. 221) 9. Lebenslauf, Danksagung, Thesen (S. 222)

Exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity and impaired recovery to psychological stress is independently related to cardiovascular disease (CVD), and may play a causal role in its development. I examined autonomic reactivity and recovery in 136 black, white, and Hispanic women who were predisposed to CVD, as indicated by a positive family history (FH+). Pre-ejection period (PEP; sympathetic) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; parasympathetic) were measured during public speaking, mental arithmetic, and cold pressor tasks. Overall, FH+ participants exhibited greater RSA reactivity, while black participants exhibited impaired RSA recovery. These findings suggest that a hereditary predisposition for CVD is related to altered autonomic reactivity before any differences in resting levels are observed. Further, black participants did not exhibit a RSA rebound after the stress tasks, a key component in buffering the damaging effects of exaggerated sympathetic reactivity. These findings demonstrate the importance of examining parasympathetic activity in addition to sympathetic reactivity measures.

An early detection of hearing loss in children is important for the child's speech and language development. For children between 3-6 months, a reliable method to measure hearing and determine hearing thresholds is missing. A hearing test based on the pupillary response to auditory signal detection as measured by eye tracking is based on an automatic physiological response. This hearing test could be used instead of the objective hearing tests used today. The presence of pupillary response has been shown in response to speech, but it is unstudied in response to sinus tones. The objective of this thesis was to study whether there is a consistent pupillary response to different sinus tone frequencies commonly used in hearing tests and if yes, to determine reliably the time window of this response. Four different tests were done. The adult pupillary response in regard to sinus tone stimuli with four frequency levels (500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz), and four loudness levels (silence, 30 dB, 50 dB and 70 dB) was tested (N=20, 15 females, 5 males). Different brightness levels and distractions on the eye tracking screen were investigated in three substudies (N=5, 4 females, 1 male). Differences between silence and loudness levels within frequency levels were tested for statistical significance. A pupillary response in regard to sinus tones occurred consistently between 300 ms and 2000 ms with individual variation, i.e. earlier than for speech sounds. Differences between silence and loudness levels were only statistically significant for 4000 Hz. No statistical difference was shown between different brightness levels or if there were distractions present on the eye tracker screen. The conclusion is that pupillary response to pure sinus tones in adults is a possible measure of hearing threshold for at least 4000 Hz. Larger studies are needed to confirm this, and also to more thoroughly investigate the other frequencies. / En tidig upptäckt av hörselnedsättning hos barn är viktig för barnets tal- och språkutveckling. För barn mellan 3-6 månader saknas det en tillförlitlig metod för att mäta hörsel och bestämma hörtrösklar. Ett hörseltest baserad på pupillreaktion på ljud som mäts med en eye tracker bygger på en automatisk fysiologisk reaktion och skulle kunna användas istället för de objektiva test som används idag. Hitintills har pupillreaktion på tal påvisats, men det saknas studier som studerat eventuella reaktioner på sinustoner. Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka om det finns en enhetlig pupillreaktion på de olika frekvenserna av sinustoner som vanligen används i hörseltest. Vidare var studiens syfte att fastställa ett tillförlitligt tidsfönster för pupillreaktion. Fyra olika typer av tester utfördes. Pupillreaktionen mot sinustoner med fyra olika frekvensnivåer (500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz och 4000 Hz), och fyra olika ljudnivåer (tystnad, 30 dB, 50 dB och 70 dB) undersöktes i ett test på vuxna deltagare (N=20, 15 kvinnor, 5 män). Olika ljusnivåer och distraktioner på eye tracker-skärmen undersöktes i tre test (N=5, 4 kvinnor, 1 man). Skillnaderna mellan ljudnivåer och frekvensnivåer testades med statistiska tester. Resultaten visade att pupillreaktion på sinustoner inträffade konsekvent mellan 300 ms och 2000 ms med individuella variationer. Denna reaktionstid inträffar tidigare än för taljud. En statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan tystnad och olika ljudnivåer kunde endast ses för frekvensnivån 4000 Hz. Ingen statistisk skillnad uppmättes mellan olika ljudnivåer eller om det fanns distraktioner på eye tracker-skärmen. De i studien framkomna resultaten tyder på att pupillreaktioner mot rena sinustoner hos vuxna är en möjlig metod för att identifiera hörseltrösklar för åtminstone 4000 Hz. Större studier behöver göras för att fastställa detta och en noggrannare undersökning behöver genomföras för de andra frekvenserna.

To determine whether children with selective mutism (SM) withhold speech to regulate their emotional arousal and decrease automatic distress, the current study examines the behavioral and physiological responses of children with SM in comparison to children with social phobia (SP) and children with no psychiatric disorder (TD) as they participate in two social situations. A single case design strategy is used to compare behavioral and physiological responses both within and across groups. Examining the temporal sequencing of behaviors and physiology provides a direct test of the utility of emotion regulation theory as it pertains to children with social phobia/selective mutism. The results indicate that children with SM show elevated arousal and emotional reactivity across all interaction segments relative to other children. Unique affective, behavioral and physiological responses occur between and within groups in relation to situational demands. The temporal sequencing of behavioral and physiological responses suggests that behavioral deficits may be related to underutilized and/or deficient physiological response systems and that not speaking represents a primitive avoidance strategy by children with SM to regulate extreme physiological arousal.

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory condition of the nose and paranasal sinuses lasting more than 12 weeks. The common treatment is intranasal corticosteroids but if this treatment fails in relieving symptoms endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is considered - a common procedure in the Otolaryngology department in Örebro county. ESS can be assisted by image guided navigation (IGN).In a quality ensuring purpose, this study aimed to investigate the frequency and characteristics of post-operative complications after ESS and examining possible risk factors for complications. Methods Retrospective chart review study. The post-operative complication rate after ESS was calculated. Bivariate analysis was used to find potential factors associated with post-operative complications. The variables of significance were used in multivariate analysis. Result Out of 131 patients; 52 (39.7%) had any post-operative complication. 21 had major – and 35 had minor complications. Local infection was the most common complication. IGN was associated with an increased risk of complications, both minor (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.0-5.6) and overall (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3-5.8). Extensive surgery was associated with an increased risk of complications, both major (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.0-6.9) and overall (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.6). Male sex was associated with increased risk of major complications (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-15.5). Conclusion The complication rate is comparable to other studies with similar definition of complications. IGN assistance, extensive surgery and male sex were associated with an increased risk of complications. Further research should be performed before drawing conclusions determining why they increase the risk.

Gross' emotion regulation model, Porges' polyvagal theory, and other existing research suggest that regulation of emotions, tactics used to handle conflict, and certain physiological processes that occur within the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in response to stress are significantly related, especially in relational contexts. However, despite their pervasiveness and negative impacts, there is a noticeable lack of research on predictors of violent, aggressive, or abusive conflict tactics in couples. In the current study, the predictive role of emotion regulation in relation to conflict tactics was examined, in addition to the role of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre-ejection period (PEP) as mediators for these variables. Thirty-eight participants (19 couples) completed self-report measures of emotion regulation and conflict tactics, and RSA and PEP were measured during a three-minute baseline and 20-minute conflict discussion. Results showed no significant relationships between emotion regulation and conflict tactics, and no significant relationships between these variables and RSA or PEP were found. These findings may suggest that other variables aside from measures of ANS activity better explain the relationship between emotional and behavioral regulation skills, though additional research is necessary to confirm these findings. Clinical implications of this research point to the exploration of other contributors to violence and aggression aside from poor emotion regulation as it was measured in this study. Future research may benefit from investigating the impact of other variables such as sleep and exercise on ANS reactivity in relation to the use of maladaptive conflict tactics in married couples.

No description available.

Darbe įvertintos aštuonių tipų trifazių asinchroninių variklių statoriaus apvijų elektromagnetinės savybės, atlikus jų kuriamų sukamųjų magnetovarų harmonines analizes ir pagal jų rezultatus apskaičiavus elektromagnetinio efektyvumo koeficientus. Gauta, kad geriausius elektromagnetinius parametrus turi didžiausio vidutinio ir sutrumpinto žingsnio sinusinės trifazės apvijos su optimizuota sukamąja magnetovara. Eksperimentiškai išnagrinėtas gamyklinis trifazis asinchroninis 1,5 kW galios variklis su viensluoksne formine ir tas pats pervyniotas variklis su sinusine statoriaus apvija. Gamyklinio asinchroninio variklio su viensluoksne formine apvija ir pervynioto variklio su sinusine trifaze apvija visi energetiniai rodikliai apskaičiuoti atlikus jų tuščiosios veikos ir apkrovos bandymus bei panaudojus atskirų galios nuostolių metodą. Gauta, kad pervynioto asinchroninio variklio su sinusine trifaze apvija prie nurodytosios apkrovos statoriaus apvijos fazinė srovė sumažėjo 8,2 %, imama iš tinklo galia sumažėjo 5,3 %, galios nuostoliai sumažėjo 10,4 %, naudingumo koeficientas padidėjo 1,9 % ir galios koeficientas padidėjo 3,4 %, lyginant su gamyklinio asinchroninio variklio, esant tai pačiai apkrovai, atitinkamais energetiniais rodikliais. Nustatyta, kad asinchroninis variklis, turintis trifazę apviją su didesniu elektromagnetinio efektyvumo koeficientu, turi ir geresnius energetinius rodiklius. / The paper assesses the electromagnetic properties of stator winding of eight types of three-phase asynchronous motors, by performing harmonic analyses of the rotary magnetomotive forces they generate and using these results to calculate the electromagnetic efficiency coefficients. It was established that the best electromagnetic parameters are those of the sinus tri-phase winding with the largest medium and shortened step with optimised rotary magnetomotive force. Experimental analysis of a factory-made three-phase asynchronous 1,5 kW motor with a single layer form winding and the same rewound motor with sinus stator winding was performed. All energetic indicators of the factory-made asynchronous motor with a single layer form winding and the rewound motor with sinus three-phase winding were calculated after performing their no-load and load testing, and using the method of separate power loss. It was established that the phase current of the stator winding of the rewound asynchronous motor with a sinus three-phase winding, deceased by 8,2 percent at the indicated load, the power from the mains decreased by 5,3 percent, the power loss decreased by 10,4 percent, the efficiency coefficient increased by 1,9 percent and the power coefficient increased by 3,4 percent as compared to the respective indicators of the factory-made asynchronous motor at the same load. It was established that the asynchronous motor which has the three-phase winding with the larger electromagnetic... [to full text]

The purpose of this study was to disentangle the psychobiological mechanisms and social-evaluative conditions that mediate the process by which the Autonomic Nervous System reacts in male and female humans. We used the original Trier Social Stress Test, as well as two modifications to this original social stressor: a punishment modification and a reward modification. We obtained measures of autonomic (heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia; HR and SA respectively) reactivity before, during and after the stress test. To distinguish the contribution of the different modifications and any additional difference in reactivity due to gender, the participants were randomly separated into the three modifications, where N=35 (17 male) for the no modification group, N=12 (7 male) for the punishment condition, and N=13 (8 male) for the reward condition. All participants exhibited ANS reactivity to the stressor; females exhibited the most magnified response to all modifications. Overall, the most ANS reactivity was found within the reward condition, with the no modification group exhibiting the least amount of reactivity. This suggests that the reward paradigm was the most salient of all the stressors. Evidence indicated that the ANS stress response system is highly sensitive to potential for gain and reward, especially in females.

Objetivo: Validar a proposta de cálculo do volume de seios maxilares, utilizando-se de imagens trans-axiais geradas por meio de tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico, analisando as mesmas em software para edição de imagens, e comparando os volumes aferidos, com os obtidos por meio de molde dos seios maxilares com silicone de condensação fluido. Métodos: Foram utilizados 05 crânios secos com osteotomia axial, pertencentes ao acervo do Laboratório de Anatomia da Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, de modo que se pudesse observar os seios maxilares em vista superior, totalizando 6 sítios. Os sítios foram moldados com silicone de condensação flúido por meio da injeção do mesmo com uma seringa para elastômero, e modelos dos seios maxilares foram confeccionados por meio da imersão dos moldes de silicone em gesso. Os modelos de gesso foram hidratados e preenchidos com água até que se atingisse a altura de 10mm e esse volume de água foi removido por meio de uma pipeta graduada na qual pôde-se fazer a leitura do volume. A amostra foi então submetida a tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico, para posterior reformatação em cortes trans-axiais, que foram analisados no software Photoshop CS3 Extended® e o cálculo do volume foi feito com auxílio do software Excel®. Resultados: Os dados obtidos pelos dois métodos foram comparados estatisticamente por meio de gráficos de perfis individuais, diagrama de dispersão (Bussab e Morettin), coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (Fleiss) e gráfico de Bland-Altman. Após análise dos métodos estatísticos se observou reprodutibilidade de ambos os métodos e forte correlação entre os mesmos. Conclusão: Os cortes trans-axiais da maxila, obtidos por meio da tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico, podem ser utilizados para cálculo dos volumes de seios maxilares, quando da análise dos mesmos em software Photoshop CS3 Extended®, fornecendo valores de volume próximos e estatisticamente compatíveis aos obtidos por meio do molde dos seios maxilares com silicone de condensação (padrão ouro), de maneira sistematizada e de fácil reprodução. / Purpose: To validate the proposal for measurement of maxillary sinus volume, using cross-sectional images generated by cone beam computed tomography, which were analyzed with an image editor software, and comparing the estimated volumes with those obtained through impression with fluid condensation silicone. Methods: Five dry skulls axially osteotomized, from the São Paulo University City Anatomy Laboratory, were used to allow an upper view of the maxillary sinuses, totaling 6 sites. The sites were molded com fluid condensation silicone injected with an elastomer syringe, and maxillary sinus models were produced by immersing the silicone mold into plaster. The plaster casts were hydrated and fulfilled with water reaching 10 mm height, which was removed with a graduated pipette to determine the water volume. The sample underwent cone beam computed tomography and the images were reformatted to produce cross-sectional views, which were analyzed with Photoshop CS3 Extended®, and the volume was calculated using Excel®. Results: Data obtained by both methods were statistically compared based on individual profile graphic, dispersion diagram (Bussab and Morettin), intraclass correlation coefficient (Fleiss) and Bland-Altman plot. After being analyzed, the two statistical methods showed reproducibility and strong correlation. Conclusion: Cross-sectional views generated by cone beam computed tomography and analyzed with Photoshop CS3 Extended® are useful to calculate the maxillary sinus volume, in order to help in planning the maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery.