Chez les bactéries, la ségrégation du chromosome est initiée durant la phase de réplication. Des expériences de time lapse, utilisées pour observer que la dynamique des loci frères durant le cycle cellulaire, montrent que, chez Escherichia coli, les régions sœurs restent colocalisées pour une période significative dans les régions des macrodomaines du chromosome et pour une courte période dans les régions non-structurées. Nous nous sommes posés la question suivante: est ce que l’étape de colocalisation révèle une réelle cohésion entre les chromatides sœurs ? Pour y répondre, nous avons développé un outil génétique, alternatif aux outils de biologie cellulaire, permettant de mesurer la distance entre les chromatides sœurs de manière directe. La fréquence de recombinaison intermoléculaire médiée par la recombinase Cre entre les sites loxP positionnés sur les chromatides sœurs est mesurée pour différentes positions. De cette fréquence, nous avons pu déduire la proximité entre les chromatides sœurs. Nous révélons que les loci frères restent proche l’un de l’autre pour une courte période après la réplication. Nous appelons cette étape la cohésion moléculaire, celle-ci est dépendante du locus considéré. Nous montrons que les facteurs qui favorisent la colocalisation des foci frères n’augmentent pas nécessairement l’habilité des loci frères à recombiner. En effet, la protéine MatP, un acteur de la colocalisation des macrodomaines Ter, n’affecte pas la cohésion entre les deux copies de cette région. La Topoisomérase IV est un facteur essentiel à la ségrégation des chromosomes. En son absence, les chromosomes ne peuvent se ségréger et restent colocalisés dans la cellule. Nous révélons par le test de recombinaison que l’absence de Topoisométase IV dans les cellules provoque une augmentation des interactions entre chromatides sœurs. Au final, nous avons montré que l’étape de cohésion est différente de la colocalisation, que les mécanismes moléculaires diffèrent d’une étape à l’autre et que les liens de précaténation moduleraient la cohésion post-réplicative entre chromatides sœurs. / In bacteria, the segregation of the chromosome is initiated during the replication phase. Time lapse experiments, used to watch the dynamic of loci during cell cycle, showed, in Escherichia coli, that the sister loci remain colocalized for a significant amount of time in the macrodomain regions of the chromosome and for shorter period in the Non Structured regions. We asked the following question: does this colocalization step reveal a real cohesion between the sister chromatids? To answer, we have developed a genetic tool, alternative to cell biology tools, to measure the distance between sister chromatids directly. The frequency of intermolecular recombination mediated by Cre recombinase loxP sites located on sister chromatids was measured for various loci. From this frequency we were able to deduce the proximity of sister chromatids. We revealed that sister loci remained in close proximity for a short period following replication. We called this step molecular cohesion, it is dependent on the considered locus. We showed that factors that promote colocalisation of sister foci do not necessarily increase the ability of sister loci to recombine. Indeed, the MatP protein, an actor of macrodomain Ter colocalisation, does not affect the cohesion between the two copies of this region. The TopoIV is essential for the segregation of chromosomes. In its absence, the chromosomes can not segregate and remain colocalized in the cell. We reveal by recombinaison assy that the absence of Topoisomerase IV revealed an increase of interactions between sister chromatids. To conclude, we have shown that the cohesion step is different from the colocalisation step, the molecular mechanisms differ from one stage to another and précaténation links take part in the post-replicative cohesion between sister chromatids

This study employs African American literary criticism and critical discourse analysis to evaluate Julia Peterkin's Scarlet Sister Mary (1928) and Gloria Naylor's Mama Day (1988). These women write stories of African American life on the Sea Islands through different prisms that evoke cultural memory within and outside the texts. Peterkin, a white Southerner, writes as an "onlooker" and “pioneer” of fictional Gullah culture; Naylor, a black Northerner by birth, writes as an "outsider" to Gullah culture, although a veteran of African American Southern heritage. The authors' hybridity produce different literary voices. A close examination of their discourse conveys a coded language pertinent to understanding the historical, social, and political conditions portrayed through their texts. This study will examine their discourse to prove that Julia Peterkin’s, Scarlet Sister Mary, takes ownership over the Gullah experience rendering stereotypical characterizations promoting hegemony; while Gloria Naylor's, Mama Day, resurrects Peterkin’s view rendering multi-dimensional characterizations that legitimize the authenticity of Gullah culture and aid in its preservation.

“The Weight of Expectations: Deciphering Baggage and Defining Character in ‘Olivia’s Retreat’” charts the conception and development of Stacey Ashworth’s feature length sibling drama while also discussing the subsequent lessons she learned over its seven month evolution. / text

This study refocuses the current critical discussion of determinism and character identity development in Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie, a predominantly "urban" novel, by juxtaposing the ways in which the natural world functions deterministically in Thomas Hardy's The Return of the Native and Theodore Dreiser's The Bulwark. First, a close reading of The Return of the Native suggests that characters' interactions with the natural world determine their identities by forcing shifts in perception and complicating their abilities to assert an identity apart from their environments. Then, a reading of The Bulwark—a novel in which Dreiser deals with the natural world quite directly—allows an exploration of how these same patterns of perception, understanding, and identity formation take shape in a text by Dreiser. The final chapter of this study synthesizes these readings of The Return of the Native and The Bulwark as a means of entry into an analysis of Sister Carrie's deterministic forces. Ultimately, attention to how the natural world influences characters through its timelessness and infinite size, as well as to how the natural world shapes a character's perspective and sense of self, adds to our understanding of the novel's determinism. / Department of English

The purpose of this study was to explore the meanings well siblings attribute to their experiences caring for a brother or sister with schizophrenia. This study retrospectively examined changes in the nature of the relationship between the well and ill siblings before, during, and after the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Ten well sibling caregivers of people with schizophrenia participated in the study. The findings suggest that the sibling relationship was strong in childhood yet weakened in adolescence which influenced the well sibling’s caregiving involvement. During the onset of the illness, well siblings spoke about the changes they noticed in their sibling’s personality, behaviour, and lifestyle choices and sought professional help. The diagnosis of schizophrenia and the illness resulted in marked changes in the relationship between well and ill siblings. Well siblings spoke about struggling with their ill sibling’s dependency and with having to balance their own lives with their caregiving responsibilities. / Graduate

Clinical learning experiences form an integral part of the student nurse's training, for it is in the clinical setting that students acquire the knowledge, skills and values necessary for professional practice. The purpose of this research was to explore student nurses experiences during clinical practice. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual design was utilised, employing the phenomenological method. Unstructured interviews were conducted with student nurses in their final year of the four year nursing programme at a nursing college campus in the Limpopo Province. Tesch's method of data analysis was used. The findings indicate that there are aspects which impact negatively on student nurses' clinical learning experiences, such as lack of teaching and learning support, lack of opportunities for learning, poor theory-practice integration, and poor interpersonal relationships between the students, college tutors and ward staff. Recommendations to enhance the clinical learning experiences of student nurses were made. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

The thesis "Working strategies of nurses on manager posts" deals with issues of the professional role and manager position of a head nurse. With regard to changes in the area of health policy and health care providing, as well as is the relationship with the issue of professional fulfilment of women on the labour market generally, it is important to know views, ambitions, and motivations of nurses, and their working strategies on managing positions. It includes aspects of harmonizing their family and work roles, as these are the moments determining the position of most women in our working conditions to a significant extent. It is to say, managing of the nursing personnel and health care is a typical feminine position in the Czech Republic, adapting to given rules of the work organization and hierarchical structure of health institutions. The purpose of the thesis is to outline such a frame of reference, which would enable to better understand values and attitudes of head nurses. An indispensable part of this outlook is to understand, how their carriers developed, to identify their managing styles and guiding of the nursing team, as well as to map how their personal and professional roles pervade and affect each other. In this process, revealing long-term working strategies of head nurses is an important source of knowledge and at the same time, an attitudinal reflexion of these contexts by nurses themselves. Therefore, the development of the role of a nurse - manager (specifically, the head nurse and the ward sister) was described as the first item in the framework of the professional live of managing nurses; and conclusions of a series of research studies, focused on these issues, were presented. Additionally, the specificity of management in the nursing conditions was analyzed, including changes after 1989, and possibilities of education of nurses - managers. Finally, an empiric probe into the explored points at issue was carried out. Data acquired by means of semi-structured interviews with selected head nurses in faculty hospitals were integrated with the help of one of classical approaches, through so-called Grounded theory method. On basis of the data analysis, a model of professional paradigm was created, demonstrating several phases of the professional career, through which a head nurse passes, which were called for illustration: Seeking of domain, Circle (changing of nursing lines and sites), Virtue of necessity (situation, where a nurse caring of a child chooses a workplace, which enables such care), and Anchoring in the nursing branch. Then, the manager's career of the nurse unwinds form the "Anchoring in the nursing branch" phase. Life stories of head nurses, built on information from qualitative interviews, include predisposing factors for a managing position. Last but not least, it is also about some imprinting aspects from the childhood and adolescence (e.g., number of siblings, reasons for the selected study). After certain time, a nurse becomes a shift leader and a deputy ward sister, and subsequently, a ward sister and a head nurse. According to circumstances, she uses a combination of several managing styles in this position, like authoritative, democratic, and consultative. The theoretical model of professional paradigm of head nurses, construed on basis of empiric data analyses, opens a trail for further investigations, where it may be possible to examine some consequences in more detail, like the course of the professional career of nurses, their managing styles, etc. The acquired and classified evidences contribute to enriching current state of knowledge of certain segments of nursing issues. For instance, the top management of health institutions may use them in planning and implementation of some policies in the area of human resources, or educational institutions may use it for better and more accurate setting of educational concepts of future head nurses.

The diploma work is focused on students of first year General Nurse who do not have medical high school education. These students during the preparation have to be familiar with significant amount of specialized curriculum before their first professional practice. The work investigated how this demanding preparation could be improved. The research showed that these students would welcome such optional course focused on practical training of nursing skills. This optional subject could result in a reduction of negative feelings from the first professional practice.

This thesis is titled: Sister in care of a child with congenital dysplasia of the hip joint. The aim of this work is to map the care of a child with congenital dysplasia of the hip joint, including the historical view, and the role of the nurse in this subject. The thesis presents the disease from the very beginning in the mother's body, after its development, diagnosis to the development of the treatment to the present time. The aim of the thesis is to introduce the reader with the history of this defect of the locomotory system and provide a summary of available information. Emphasis is placed on advancing conservative treatment and on nursing care in a hospital for a child with congenital dysplasia. The work is enriched with information from a doctor - ortopedic, nursing nurse and orthopedic nurses. In terms of methodology, methods of explanation, synthesis and induction are used. These methods consist of a summary and a combination of collected primary information and are focused on the logical reconstruction of the explanation and understanding of the topic. The sources are drawn from the Medvik, PuBMed, and Ebsco web sites, which provide me with an overview of sources written in czech, english and german language. It is also drawn from the findings of the Medical Museum in Prague, where I got to the primary source from 1895. This thesis will find use for those interested in this issue, for healthcare professionals in the context of expanding knowledge and for parents born to a child with hip dysplasia.

Des liens de caténation sont progressivement crées lors de la réplication de l’ADN et sont responsables de la cohésion des chromatides sœurs. La topoisomérase IV est une topoisomérase de type II impliquée dans la résolution de ces liens de caténation accumulés derrière la fourche de réplication, et lors de la dernière étape de séparation des chromatides sœurs à la fin de la réplication. Nous avons étudié la liaison de la topoIV à l’ADN ainsi que son activité catalytique à l’aide de méthodes de biologie moléculaire et de génomique. Une expérience de ChIPseq a révélé que l’interaction de la topoIV de chez E.coli avec l’ADN est contrôlée par la réplication. Durant la réplication, la topoIV a accès à des centaines de sites sur l’ADN mais ne se lie qu’à quelques sites où elle exerce son activité catalytique. La conformation locale de la chromatine et l’expression des gènes influencent la sélection de certains sites. De plus, une forte liaison et une activité catalytique renforcée a été trouvée au site de résolution des dimers, dif. Le site dif est situé à l’opposé de l’origine de réplication dans le macrodomaine ter. Nous avons montré qu’il existe une interaction physique et fonctionnelle entre la topoIV et la recombinase XerCD, qui agit au site dif. Cette interaction est médiée par MatP, une protéine essentielle dans l’organisation du macrodomaine ter. L’ensemble de ces résultats montre que la topoIV, XerCD/dif et MatP œuvrent ensemble pour permettre l’étape finale de ségrégation des chromosomes lors du cycle cellulaire. / Catenation links between sister chromatids are formed progressively during DNA replication and are involved in the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion. Topo IV is a bacterial type II topoisomerase involved in the removal of catenation links both behind replication forks and after replication during the final separation of sister chromosomes. We have investigated the global DNA-binding and catalytic activity of Topo IV in E. coli using genomic and molecular biology approaches. ChIP-seq revealed that Topo IV interaction with the E. coli chromosome is controlled by DNA replication. During replication, Topo IV has access to most of the genome but only selects a few hundred specific sites for its activity. Local chromatin and gene expression context influence site selection. Moreover strong DNA-binding and catalytic activities are found at the chromosome dimer resolution site, dif, located opposite the origin of replication. We reveal a physical and functional interaction between Topo IV and the XerCD recombinases acting at the dif site. This interaction is modulated by MatP, a protein involved in the organization of the Ter macrodomain. These results show that Topo IV, XerCD/dif and MatP are part of a network dedicated to the final step of chromosome management during the cell cycle.