<p>Denna rapport syftar till att undersöka i vilken utsträckning stridsvagnskompanichefer skiljer och/eller liknar ”commanders” (i spelet ”Battlefield 2”) i sitt sätt att skapa och upprätthålla situationsmedvetenhet med avseende på riskbedömning kopplat till fiendens position i slagfältet. Studien grundar sig på en tanke om att utnyttja positiva effekter från datorspelande, i morgondagens ledningssystem genom att bygga ledningssystem grundade på en kommersiell spelplattform. Resultaten pekar bland annat på skillnader mellan de båda aktörernas metoder för att uppnå full situationsmedvetenhet, men även på vissa likheter som till exempel att se på en situation med fiendens ögon för att bedöma hur denna kommer att agera.</p>

Sensors are widely deployed in our environment, and their number is increasing rapidly. In the near future, billions of devices will all be connected to each other, creating an Internet of Things. Furthermore, computational intelligence is needed to make applications involving these devices truly exciting. In IoT, however, the vast amounts of data will not be statically prepared for batch processing, but rather continually produced and streamed live to data consumers and intelligent algorithms. We refer to applications that perform live analysis on live data streams, bringing intelligence to IoT, as the Analysis of Things. However, the Analysis of Things also comes with a new set of challenges. The data sources are not collected in a single, centralized location, but rather distributed widely across the environment. AoT applications need to be able to access (consume, produce, and share with each other) this data in a way that is natural considering its live streaming nature. The data transport mechanism must also allow easy access to sensors, actuators, and analysis results. Furthermore, analysis applications require computational resources on which to run. We claim that system support for AoT can reduce the complexity of developing and executing such applications. To address this, we make the following contributions: - A framework for systems support of Live Streaming Analysis in the Internet of Things, which we refer to as the Analysis of Things (AoT), including a set of requirements for system design - A system implementation that validates the framework by supporting Analysis of Things applications at a local scale, and a design for a federated system that supports AoT on a wide geographical scale - An empirical system evaluation that validates the system design and implementation, including simulation experiments across a wide-area distributed system We present five broad requirements for the Analysis of Things and discuss one set of specific system support features that can satisfy these requirements. We have implemented a system, called \textsubscript{SS}IoTa, that implements these features and supports AoT applications running on local resources. The programming model for the system allows applications to be specified simply as operator graphs, by connecting operator inputs to operator outputs and sensor streams. Operators are code components that run arbitrary continuous analysis algorithms on streaming data. By conforming to a provided interface, operators may be developed that can be composed into operator graphs and executed by the system. The system consists of an Execution Environment, in which a Resource Manager manages the available computational resources and the applications running on them, a Stream Registry, in which available data streams can be registered so that they may be discovered and used by applications, and an Operator Store, which serves as a repository for operator code so that components can be shared and reused. Experimental results for the system implementation validate its performance. Many applications are also widely distributed across a geographic area. To support such applications, \textsubscript{SS}IoTa must be able to run them on infrastructure resources that are also distributed widely. We have designed a system that does so by federating each of the three system components: Operator Store, Stream Registry, and Resource Manager. The Operator Store is distributed using a distributed hast table (DHT), however since temporal locality can be expected and data churn is low, caching may be employed to further improve performance. Since sensors exist at particular locations in physical space, queries on the Stream Registry will be based on location. We also introduce the concept of geographical locality. Therefore, range queries in two dimensions must be supported by the federated Stream Registry, while taking advantage of geographical locality for improved average-case performance. To accomplish these goals, we present a design sketch for SkipCAN, a modification of the SkipNet and Content Addressable Network DHTs. Finally, the fundamental issue in the federated Resource Manager is how to distributed the operators of multiple applications across the geographically distributed sites where computational resources can execute them. To address this, we introduce DistAl, a fully distributed algorithm that assigns operators to sites. DistAl also respects the system resource constraints and application preferences for performance and quality of results (QoR), using application-specific utility functions to allow applications to express their preferences. DistAl is validated by simulation results.

The effects of in-vehicle automation and driving assistant systems on the mental workload and situation awareness of drivers have been the interest of many studies; some of the implications of automation in such man-machine systems have been identified. Due to the introduction of advanced automated systems in agricultural machinery, farmers are currently working with semi-autonomous vehicles. A human factors perspective on the design of these systems will ensure safe and efficient operation of such man-machine systems. In this study, a systematic approach was utilized to address human factors issues associated with operating a semi-autonomous agricultural vehicle, and to provide design recommendations. The study was carried out in three stages. First, a task analysis was used to identify tasks associated with operating an agricultural vehicle and to select appropriate experimental variables. Next, a preliminary experiment was performed to validate the test procedure and measurement techniques. Finally, the main experiment was administered. Experiments were conducted using the Tractor Driving Simulator located in the Agricultural Ergonomics Laboratory at the University of Manitoba. Thirty young experienced tractor drivers participated in this study. The experiment investigated the effects of i) vehicle steering task automation (VSTA) and ii) implement control and monitoring task automation (ICMTA) on mental workload and situation awareness of drivers. It was found that ICMTA significantly affected situation awareness (and its underlying components) of the operator. The situation awareness of drivers increased as the automation support level increased, but the highest level of automation, where the participants were out of the task loop, resulted in low situation awareness, similar to the condition with no automation support. VSTA only reduced the attentional demand of the situation, one of the three components of the situation awareness, which had negative effect on overall situation awareness. Based on the results from a subjective mental workload measure, moderate levels of mental workload were reported when the participants were involved in the implement control and monitoring task loop. The highest level of ICMTA reduced the average mental workload by 18%. Reaction time of drivers and number of errors committed by drivers both decreased as the automation level increased. / October 2015

While the concept of situation awareness have received a lot of attention over the past 15 years and many different measures have been developed and tested, the concepts of team situation awareness and shared situation awareness have not gotten as much attention and less progress has been made in developing a meaningful and validated measure. Thus, the purpose of this study is to operationalize the concept of shared situation awareness and test its consequences and relation to other concepts. In this study a new measure for shared situation awareness was developed and its potential evaluated. The measure was a shared priorities measure where the participants of the study each wrote down and rank ordered five factors they thought were important for good team performance in the situation. The factors were then scrambled and handed over to the other participant who once again ordered them according to priority. The correspondence between the two participants’ ratings was hypothesized to correlate with shared situation awareness. The results show that the shared priorities measure in this study did not relate to shared situation awareness. Several methodological concerns was identified which could have affected the results. The measure did relate to subjective ratings of cooperation which is very interesting and it is suggested that the measure captured aspects of teamwork. The shared priorities measure was easy to employ, required little preparation, has a high face-validity and is a promising addition to team research. / Under de senaste 15 åren har konceptet situationsmedvetande uppmärksammats en hel del, och många mått har utvecklats och blivit testade. Däremot har inte konceptet delat situationsmedvetande kommit lika långt i form av metodutveckling och validering. Syftet med denna rapport är att operationalisera begreppet delat situationsmedvetande och pröva det mot andra koncept. Inom ramen för detta arbete utvecklades ett nytt mått för delat situationsmedvetande som också testades empiriskt. Måttet mäter hur väl ett team har delade prioriteringar. Varje deltagare genererar fem faktorer för vad som är viktigt för god teamprestation i situationen och rangordnar dem i prioritetsordning. Dessa faktorer blandades sen om och delas ut till den andre teammedlemmen som i sin tur rangordnar faktorerna i prioritetsordning. Hur väl faktorernas rangordning korresponderar med varandra antogs vara ett mått på teamets delade situationsmedvetande. Resultatet visar att rangordningsmåttet inte har något samband med subjektivt bedömt delat situationsmedvetande. Flera metodologiska problem identifierades som kan ha påverkat resultatet. Däremot korrelerade rangordningsmåttet med hur väl samarbetet i teamet ansågs fungera, vilket tyder på att måttet fångar aspekter av hur teamet fungerar som team. Rangordningsmåttet var enkelt att använda, krävde lite förberedelse, har hög face-validity och verkar vara en möjlig väg att fortsätta studera team.

This thesis investigates the relationships between performance, workload, and situation awareness at varying levels of automation. The relationships observed in this study are compared to a description put forth to formalize the conventional interpretation of the trade-off between the benefits of automation during routine operation and the costs under conditions of automation failure. The original work stipulated that this “routine-failure trade-off” is likely a simplification affected by contextual factors. This work therefore aimed to i) provide empirical evidence to support or refute the trade-off and ii) to identify possible extenuating factors. The results generally supported the routine-failure trade-off, and considered in light of the functional structure of the task suggested that the relationships between goals and individual functions specific to a given task seem to affect the overall costs and benefits of automation through the mechanism of selective reliance. Further work is required to validate the findings of this study.

This thesis investigates the relationships between performance, workload, and situation awareness at varying levels of automation. The relationships observed in this study are compared to a description put forth to formalize the conventional interpretation of the trade-off between the benefits of automation during routine operation and the costs under conditions of automation failure. The original work stipulated that this “routine-failure trade-off” is likely a simplification affected by contextual factors. This work therefore aimed to i) provide empirical evidence to support or refute the trade-off and ii) to identify possible extenuating factors. The results generally supported the routine-failure trade-off, and considered in light of the functional structure of the task suggested that the relationships between goals and individual functions specific to a given task seem to affect the overall costs and benefits of automation through the mechanism of selective reliance. Further work is required to validate the findings of this study.

Trip planning is a well cited problem for which various solutions have been reported in the literature. This problem has been typically addressed, to a large extent, as a shortest distance path planning problem. In some scenarios, the concept of shortest path is extended to reflect temporal objectives and/or constraints. This work takes an alternative perspective to the trip planning problem in the sense it being situation aware. Thus, allowing multitudes of traveler centric objectives and constraints, as well as aspects of the environment as they pertain to the trip and the traveler. The work in this thesis introduces TSADA (Traveler Situation Awareness and Decision Aid) system. TSADA is designed as a modular system that combines linguistic situation assessment with user-centric decision-making. The trip planning problem is modeled as a graph G. The objective is to find a route with the minimum cost. Both hard and soft objective/attributes are incorporated. Soft objective/attributes such as safety, speed and driving comfortability are described using a linguistic framework and processed using hierarchical fuzzy inference engine. A user centric situation assessment is used to compute feasible routes and map them into route recommendation scheme: recommended, marginally recommended, and not recommended. In this work, we introduce traveler's doctrines concept. This concept is proposed to make the process of situation assessment user centric by being driven by the doctrine that synthesizes the user's specific demands. Hard attributes/objectives, such as the time window and trip monitory allowances, are included in the process of determining the final decision about the trip. We present the underline mathematical formulation for this system and explain the working of the proposed system to achieve optimal performance. Results are introduced to show how the system performs under a wide range of scenarios. The thesis is concluded with a discussion on findings and recommendations for future work.

The international maritime industry is growing fast due to an increasing number of transportations over sea. In pace with this development, the maritime surveillance capacity must be expanded as well, in order to be able to handle the increasing numbers of hazardous cargo transports, attacks, piracy etc. In order to detect such events, anomaly detection methods and techniques can be used. Moreover, since surveillance systems process huge amounts of sensor data, anomaly detection techniques can be used to filter out or highlight interesting objects or situations to an operator. Making decisions upon large amounts of sensor data can be a challenging and demanding activity for the operator, not only due to the quantity of the data, but factors such as time pressure, high stress and uncertain information further aggravate the task. Bayesian networks can be used in order to detect anomalies in data and have, in contrast to many other opaque machine learning techniques, some important advantages. One of these advantages is the fact that it is possible for a user to understand and interpret the model, due to its graphical nature. This thesis aims to investigate how the output from a Bayesian network can be explained to a user by first reviewing and presenting which methods exist and second, by making experiments. The experiments aim to investigate if two explanation methods can be used in order to give an explanation to the inferences made by a Bayesian network in order to support the operator’s situation awareness and decision making process when deployed in an anomaly detection problem in the maritime domain.

Variable speed limits (VSL) are used more commonly around the globe lately. Although on a macroscopic level positive effects of VSLs have been reported, the caveat is that the impact of VSLs is very sensitive to the level of driver compliance. Thus far it is unknown whether all individual drivers are actually able to notice when a speed limit changes into another speed limit; a prerequisite for purposeful speed limit compliance in the first place. To simulate regular driving conditions, twenty-four participants were familiarised with a particular route by driving the same route in a driving simulator nineteen times on five separate days. Part of the route consisted of a motorway where VSL signs were regularly displayed above every driving lane. At drive nineteen, speed limits changed from 80 km/h to 100 km/h on four out of eight consecutive signs. After passing all signs, one expects 6.25% of the participants still to be unaware that the speed limit had increased (based on chance), while the results showed most participants had failed to notice the speed limit change (58.3%). Instead, they saw what they expected to see: a speed limit of 80 km/h. If the speed change had been vice versa, in other words from 100 km/h to 80 km/h, this would immediately result in speed offences, though not deliberately at all.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18689号 / 工博第3967号 / 新制||工||1611(附属図書館) / 31622 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 椹木 哲夫, 教授 西脇 眞二, 教授 松原 厚 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM