The aim of this thesis is two-fold. My primary, theoretical aim is to present an alternative way for geographers to approach the study of tourist resort development. For over twenty years, resorts have been understood through the framework of evolutionary models, the most widely-used being Richard Butler's 1981 Tourist Area Life Cycle. I argue that the time is ripe for a more sophisticated approach which i) identifies the multiplicity of actors involved in the destination-making process and elucidates the interactions between them; and ii) situates the resort within a dynamic, capitalist economy, increasingly dominated by large corporations. I suggest that one way we can do this is to take particular moments in a resort's trajectory and examine the responses made by key players in the production of the resort. My starting point for my investigation into Whistler Resort, British Columbia is the merger in 1996 of its two ski mountains, Whistler and Blackcomb, under the ownership of Intrawest Corporation. A recent wave of consolidation in the North American ski industry has seen increasing numbers of once-independent ski areas coming under the control of four large corporations, Intrawest being one. My second aim with this thesis, therefore, is to shed light on the process of ski resort development in light of the recent industry reorganisation. In particular, I use my case-study of Whistler to interrogate the corporatisation thesis of historian Hal Rothrnan. Rothman's account of resort development in the twentieth-century American West leads him to view large corporations as extractive forces which pay scant respect to local communities and cultures, treating them instead as marketable commodities. The experience of Whistler, however, suggests a much greater degree of mterdependence and co-operation between the ski corporation and local stakeholders in the resort - a situation that arises because of its unique administrative, political and economic context.

XXI olimpinės žiemos žaidynės, vykusios 2010 metais Kanados Vankuverio mieste buvo jau šeštos, kuriose startavo Lietuvos sportininkai. XIX olimpinėse žiemos žaidynėse Solt Leik Sityje 2002 metais pirmą kartą į slidinėjimo lenktynių programą buvo įtrauktos sprinto lenktynės, o XX olimpinėse žiemos žaidynėse Turine buvo vykdomos individualios ir komandinės sprinto lenktynės. Vankuverio žiemos olimpinėse žaidynėse Lietuvos slidininkai pirmą kartą startavo komandinio sprinto rungtyje. Šioms sprinto rungtims Lietuvos slidininkai rengėsi specialiai, vykdydami programoje „Vankuveris-2010“ numatytus uždavinius. Vankuverio žiemos olimpinėse žaidynėse tiriamųjų slidininkų sprinterių pasiekti rezultatai sprinto distancijose buvo įvertinti patenkinamai. Tyrimo tikslas ir uždaviniai - ištirti Lietuvos didelio meistriškumo slidininkų sprinterių rengimo ypatumus metiniu priešolimpiniu ciklu, nustatyti Lietuvos slidininkų sprinterių fizinio išsivystymo, fizinių ir funkcinių galių rodiklių kaitą metiniu rengimosi ciklu, apibendrinti Lietuvos slidininkų sprinterių varžybų sezono rezultatus. Slidininkų sprinterių rengimo technologija iš esmės skiriasi nuo slidininkų rengimosi ilgesniems nuotoliams. Visgi tai reikėtų pagrįsti moksliniais tyrimais. Buvo organizuotas dviejų Lietuvos slidininkų sprinterių veiklos tyrimas. Išanalizuotas fizinis krūvis, atliktas metiniu treniruočių ciklu. Atskirų mezociklų veiksmingumui įvertinti buvo atliekami laboratoriniai tyrimai. Buvo matuojami fizinio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / XXI Olympic Winter Games were held in 2010 in Vancouver, Canada. That was already the sixth Games for the Lithuanian athletes. First time individual sprint was included in the cross-country skiing program in XIX Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City in 2002, after four years in XX Olympic Winter Games in Turin the cross-country skiing program had two sprint events: individual and team sprint. Lithuanian cross-country skiers first time took part in the team sprint event in Vancouver Winter Olympics Games. Lithuanian skiers were prepared specifically for the performance of the program "Vancouver-2010" objectives. The results of the Lithuanian skiers in individual and team sprints events in Vancouver Winter Olympics were assessed as satisfactory. The aims and objectives of research - to explore the cross-country skiing training program features of Lithuanian athletes in the last training macrocycle before Olympics, to estimate changes of physical and functional characteristics of Lithuanian cross-country skier’s sprinters physical development on preparations for the macrocycle, and summarize the results of Lithuanian skiers. Training Technology of cross-country skiers sprinters is basically different than cross-country skiers of longer distant. However, it should be based on scientific research. Sports action research of two Lithuanian cross-country skiers’ sprinters was organized. physical activity of training macrocycle were analyzed. Laboratory tests were conducted to... [to full text]

Fusion Motion Capture (FMC), a wearable motion capture system was developed, and applied to the optimisation of athlete performance in alpine ski racing. In what may be a world first, the three-dimensional movements of a skilled athlete (with less than 20 FIS1 points) skiing through a complete training giant slalom racecourse were analysed. FMC consists of multiple light weight sensors attached to the athlete including inertial measurement units (IMUs), pressure sensitive insoles and a global position system (GPS) receiver. The IMUs contain accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers. Limb orientation and location are obtained by mathematically combining the most reliable data from each sensor using fusion algorithms developed by the author. FMC fuses the signals from the IMUs and GPS without the need for the post filtering, usually applied to motion capture data, and therefore, maintains maximum bandwidth. The FMC results were stable and relatively independent of motion type and duration unlike other inertial systems available in 2005, when the research was initiated. Analysis of data collected from an athlete skiing giant slalom contradict the traditional „going straight turning short? race strategy. The shortest path may not always be the fastest. Instead each gate has a different optimum approach arc. Optimum turn radius increases with both increasing speed and increasing terrain slope. The results also contradict laboratory measurements of ski/snow sliding friction and suggest that snow resistance in giant slalom is of similar importance to wind drag. In addition to gravity, the athlete increased speed using the techniques of „lateral projection? and „pumping?. Race performance was determined from the analysis of the athlete skiing through the entire course. FMC proved, therefore, to be more suitable than traditional optical systems that are practically limited to capturing small sections of a race course. The athlete experienced high and rapidly fluctuating torques about all three axes of the lower joints. This information could be useful in designing training programmes racecourses and equipment to reduce knee injuries. Data driven animations and colour coded force vector diagrams were developed to enhance athlete feedback. Inline skating data was also analysed.

This is a master thesis report for MSc in Industrial Design Engineering at Luleå University of Technology. It is a development project where a wax-bench for cross-country skiing has been developed. The wax-bench have been developed to facilitate the clean-up for the user and to gather all wax-accessories at one place. In this report the entire project can be followed from start to finish, how the requirements were found, who is the user, what should the product handle and how was the ideas ge- nerated. The final result is a wax- box that is vacuum formed and folded in the middle. In the box there are adjustable profiles to place the ski on and an adjustable attachment part in the center that attaches to the skis binding. The box acts as a collector of the waste that is produced when waxing skis, and as storage of waxing accessories when not in use. How to install the accessory in the box is not yet determined, but the idea is to develop a specific bag that fits perfectly in the wax-box and includes all the usual accessories. This bag should then be taken out when you wax and put back in the box after complete the waxing. / I den här rapporten kan man följa ett examensarbete för civilingenjörsprogrammet Tek- nisk Design på Luleå Tekniska Universitet. Projektet består av ett utvecklingsarbete där en vallabänk för längdskidåkning har utvecklas. Vallabänken har utvecklats för att underlätta städningen för användaren och för att samla alla vallatillbehör på en och samma plats. I den här rapporten kan man följa hela projektet från start till mål, hur kraven hittades, vem är användaren, vad ska produkten klara av och hur genererades ideer. Det slutgiltiga resultatet är en valla-låda som är vakuumformad och viks ihop på mitten. I lådan finns det justerbara profiler att placera skidan på samt ett justerbart fäste i mitten som fäster i skidans bindning. Lådan fungerar som uppsamlare av skräpet som bildas när man vallar skidor och som förvaring av vallatillbehör när den inte används. Hur valla-tillbehöret ska placeras är ännu inte fastställt men tanken är att det ska utvecklas en specifik väska som passar in perfekt i valla-boxen och som har plats för alla de vanliga tillbehören. Denna väska ska sedan gå att plocka ur när man vallar och placera tillbaka i boxen efter utförd vallning.

In the theoretical part, the diploma thesis summarizes the findings of developmental dyspraxia or rather developmental coordination disorder and deals with the issue of physical activities in this disorder. One section of the theoretical part are the characteristics of the activities, that probands from the practical part of this thesis regularly do, and their possible use in intervention. The practical part deals with an evaluation of motor skills in young cross-country skiers and in children from movement versatility section of Sokol union. We used the Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2 for evaluation. The next aim is to determine whether the level of motor skills correlates with the level of attention, that we tested using Test od attention d2. The last aim is to determine whether the level of motor skills is different for boys and girls engaged in the same sport. No difference in level of motor skills between cross-country skiers and children from Sokol union was found. However, statistically significant difference between performance in the single components of the test MABC-2 was revealed, this difference was found in the component of balance. The correlation between the level of motor skills and attention was not proved. Neither the difference between the level of motor skills of...

The aim of this thesis is two-fold. My primary, theoretical aim is to present an alternative way for geographers to approach the study of tourist resort development. For over twenty years, resorts have been understood through the framework of evolutionary models, the most widely-used being Richard Butler's 1981 Tourist Area Life Cycle. I argue that the time is ripe for a more sophisticated approach which i) identifies the multiplicity of actors involved in the destination-making process and elucidates the interactions between them; and ii) situates the resort within a dynamic, capitalist economy, increasingly dominated by large corporations. I suggest that one way we can do this is to take particular moments in a resort's trajectory and examine the responses made by key players in the production of the resort. My starting point for my investigation into Whistler Resort, British Columbia is the merger in 1996 of its two ski mountains, Whistler and Blackcomb, under the ownership of Intrawest Corporation. A recent wave of consolidation in the North American ski industry has seen increasing numbers of once-independent ski areas coming under the control of four large corporations, Intrawest being one. My second aim with this thesis, therefore, is to shed light on the process of ski resort development in light of the recent industry reorganisation. In particular, I use my case-study of Whistler to interrogate the corporatisation thesis of historian Hal Rothrnan. Rothman's account of resort development in the twentieth-century American West leads him to view large corporations as extractive forces which pay scant respect to local communities and cultures, treating them instead as marketable commodities. The experience of Whistler, however, suggests a much greater degree of mterdependence and co-operation between the ski corporation and local stakeholders in the resort - a situation that arises because of its unique administrative, political and economic context. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

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Tränare och idrottsledare har en viktig fostrande roll i dagens samhälle. Det omfattande ansvaret berör även formandet av fysisk självkänsla bland unga idrottare och ett positivt förhållande till den egna kroppen ska främjas. Denna studie är ett samarbetsprojekt med förbundet Finlands Svenska Idrotts projekt "På samma linje" med ett syfte att skapa en fördjupad förståelse för hur tränare konstruerar kroppsideal i relationen till längdskidåkare i tonåren.  Data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer i två fokusgrupper. Totalt åtta tränare för längdskidåkande tonåringar deltog i intervjuerna. Resultatet visade att kroppsideal från många olika samhällsinstitutioner upplevs påverka idrottarna genom exempelvis sociala medier. Tränarna arbetar framför allt med idrottarnas fysiska egenskaper och förespråkar individualisering av träningsupplägg utgående från den kropp som finns till förfogande. En stor utmaning är att skapa ett öppet kommunikationsklimat där längdskidåkarna själva vågar ta ansvar i relationen till tränarna. Genom att jämna ut maktstrukturerna mellan tränare och idrottare kan en långsiktig och hållbar idrottssatsning eftersträvas.  Studiens resultat analyserades utgående från Merleau-Pontys tankar om kroppens psykofysiska helhet samt Jowetts relationsteori mellan tränare och idrottare. / Coaches have an important role as caretakers in today's society. This responsibility includes the shaping of adolescents' physical self-esteem and a positive relation to the body should be emphasised. This study is a cooperation with the federation Finlands Svenska Idrotts' project "På samma linje". The purpose of the study is to deepen the understanding of coaches' perception of body-image amongst teenage cross-country skiers.  Two focus groups were conducted with a total of eight coaches. According to the results young athletes are strongly affected by body-images from different institutions in the society, mainly through social media. Coaches primarily work with the athletes' physical qualities and advocate individualisation of training programs due to different body types. A great challange in working with body-image amongst adolescent cross-country skiers, is to develop a climate with open communication where athletes take responsibility in the relationship with their coaches. By equalizing the power-structures between the coach and the athlete, a sustainable sports career can be maintained.  The results of this study was analyzed through Merleau-Ponty's thoughts about the body as a psychological and physical whole along with Jowett's coach-adept relationship theory.

Title of the thesis: Current concepts of double poling by classic technique in cross-country skiing Object of the thesis: The spatial-temporal analysis of node points and kinetic phases of the kick double poling and double poling of selected competitors at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Liberec 2009. Method: A case study in which we used the kinematographic method for the analysis of the kick double poling and double poling of selected competitors. We analyzed the video of the 15-km classic in the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Liberec 2009. For the analysis we used the software APAS. Results: We performed spatial-temporal description of node points and kinetic phases of the kick double poling and double poling of selected competitors. We characterized current concepts of kick double poling technique, because selected competitors were relatively homogeneous set. By double poling we found out flexion-extension pattern in elbow, hip joints of slipping lower limb and partly in knee and ankle joints of slipping lower limb which results in generation of great propulsive force. Double poling becomes more significant driving element than push-off. Keywords: cross-country skiing, kick double poling, double poling, kinematic analysis, top competitors

59 Civil Responsibility on Skiing Slopes Abstract This diploma thesis deals with civil liability on skiing slopes. Besides gathering valid standards in the Czech Republic, it also provides insight into foreign legal systems with the greatest emphasis on the French regulation and legal system. A part of the thesis is devoted to the rules of the International Ski Federation, which are widely respected important source of rules in skiing. Examples of their application are illustrated with the case law that inferred their validity, while in other countries the rules were reflected directly in legislation. In the first chapter there is a general anchoring of responsibility in Czech civil law, followed by a brief excursion into the sports law of individual sports, in the third chapter we find a summary of legal and non-legal regulations that apply to activities on domestic skiing slopes, including a bill that in the end did not pass in the Chamber of Deputies. The FIS rules of conduct are introduced by the story of their genesis and international cooperation on their final wording, followed by an official commentary issued by the International Ski Federation for the reason of clarification and interpretation. In the fourth chapter follows the analysis of the application of FIS rules by judicial authorities using...