Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The non-standard “way of speaking” associated with gang members on the Cape Flats is the focus of the present study. This thesis is not about gangsters and gang culture, neither is it an attempt to analyze their use of language. Rather, it is an investigation of the linguistic markers of the language variety spoken by gang members on the Cape Flats, according to the film Dollars and White Pipes. This film portrays the true story of Bernie Baatjies and is set in Hanover Park, an area on the Cape Flats characterized by a high level of unemployment and low levels of education. During the Apartheid years, people of colour all over Cape Town were displaced: they were forced to move to barren land and start rebuilding their lives all over again. The youth perceived their parents as cowards for not fighting back against the system. Their anger with their parents led to the formation of gangs on the Cape Flats. These gangs resort to violence, using it as a means of dominating others and showing power through claiming territory. Gang members establish in-group distinctiveness through speech divergence. In this thesis, the notion of establishing membership of a specific linguistic community, in this case gang membership, by means of vocabulary use is examined with reference to concepts such as slang, anti-language and social judgments based on linguistic aspects. It is shown that the linguistic repertoire of the Cape Flats gangsters as a speech community can broadly be categorised as non-standard Afrikaans, non-standard English and English-Afrikaans code switching. In order to examine the linguistic markers of the language variety spoken by gang members on the Cape Flats, utterances in the film that were judged non-standard were transcribed orthographically. The standard version of each utterance was also identified. Non-standard words and phrases were then grouped according to language and parts of speech. These non-standard words and phrases were in turn presented to real–life gangsters from the Cape Flats in order to obtain judgements on their authenticity. Research approaches and methods drawn on in the thesis are Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Discourse Analysis (DA), both of which are briefly discussed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die nie-standaard “manier van praat” wat geassosieer word met bendes op die Kaapse Vlakte is die fokus van hierdie studie. Hierdie tesis handel nie oor bendes en die bendekultuur nie en is ook nie ʼn poging om hul gebruik van taal te analiseer nie. Dit is eerder ‘n beskrywing van die linguistiese merkers van die taalvariëteit wat deur bendes op die Kaapse Vlakte gepraat word, volgens die rolprent Dollars and White Pipes. Hierdie rolprent is die ware verhaal van Bernie Baatjies en speel af in Hanover Park, ‘n area van die Kaapse Vlakte gekenmerk deur ‘n hoë vlak van werkloosheid en lae vlakke van opvoeding. As gevolg van Apartheid is mense van kleur regoor Kaapstad verplaas: hulle is forseer om na dor land te verskuif en om hul lewens van oor af op te bou. Die jeug het hul ouers gesien as lafaards omdat hulle nie terug baklei het teen die stelsel nie. Hulle woede teenoor hulle ouers het gelei tot die vorming van bendes op die Kaapse Vlakte. Hierdie bendes het hulle gewend na geweld. Geweld is gebruik in ʼn poging om andere te domineer en om mag ten toon te stel in die aanspraak op gebied. Bendelede bewerkstellig spraak uiteenlopenheid as ʼn metode om in-groep onderskeibaarheid daar te stel. In hierdie tesis word die idee van bewerkstelliging van lidmaatskap van ʼn spesifieke linguistieke gemeenskap, in hierdie geval bendelidmaatskap, by wyse van die woordeskat wat hulle verkies om te gebruik, bekyk met verwysing na konsepte soos groeptaal, anti-taal en sosiale oordeel gebaseer op linguistieke aspekte. Daar word gewys dat die linguistiese repetoire van die bendes van die Kaapse Vlakte as spraakgemeenskap, gekategoriseer kan word as nie-standaard Afrikaans, nie-standaard Engels en Afrikaans-Engels kodewisseling. Om die linguistiese merkers van die taalvariëteit wat deur bendes op die Kaapse Vlakte gepraat word te bekyk, is uitings in die rolprent wat nie-standaard ge-ag is, ortografies getranskribeer. Die standaard weergawe van die uitings is ook geïdentifiseer. Nie-standaard woorde en frases is gegroepeer volgens taal en woordsoorte. Hierdie nie-standaard woorde en frases is aan werklike bendelede van die Kaapse Vlakte voorgelê om betroubaarheidsoordele te verkry. Die navorsingsbenaderinge en metodes waarop gefokus is, is Kritiese Diskoers Analise (KDA) sowel as Diskoers Analise (DA), wat beide kortliks bespreek word.

published_or_final_version / abstract / English Studies / Master / Master of Arts

L’étude des attitudes linguistiques, entreprise par la sociolinguistique et la psychologie sociale, a permis de confirmer que toutes les variétés linguistiques ne reçoivent pas le même traitement. La langue standard, étant en règle générale la langue du groupe de prestige, bénéficie d’une reconnaissance sociale en comparaison avec les variétés non-standards ou minoritaires, qui, au contraire, suscitent généralement des attitudes plus négatives. Dans ce mémoire, nous analysons les attitudes linguistiques des mexicains à l’égard du slang mexicain. La méthodologie du projet comporte deux parties principales. Dans un premier temps, des conversations spontanées et naturelles entre locuteurs de slang sont enregistrées. Des fragments de ces enregistrements sont ensuite écoutés par un groupe de sujets qui, simultanément, remplit un questionnaire évaluant leurs attitudes linguistiques dirigées envers l’usage du slang ainsi qu’envers les individus qui le parle. L’analyse statistique des résultats permet de faire quelques constats : Il y a une différence très significative entre la façon dont les dimensions de solidarité et de prestige sont jugées, les pointages donnés aux aspects tels que l’intelligence et le succès des locuteurs de slang s’avérant beaucoup plus bas que ceux accordés aux aspects reliés à leur personnalité, comme la bonté et la générosité. Aussi, les variables de l’âge et du sexe ont une influence sur les attitudes linguistiques : les femmes ainsi que la génération plus âgée s’avèrent plus sévères dans leur évaluation du slang. Ce mémoire se divise en cinq chapitres. Les deux premiers explorent les concepts théoriques sur lesquels se basent le projet, soit les attitudes linguistiques et le slang comme phénomène linguistique et social. Les trois chapitres suivants se consacrent au projet en soit : la méthodologie, l’analyse des résultats et l’interprétation de ceux-ci. / The study of language attitudes via sociolinguistics and social psychology has confirmed the notion that all varieties of language are treated differently. As a general rule, the standard language is the language of the prestigious group and is held at a high social esteem whereas non-standard or minority language varieties are, in general, judged negatively. This thesis analyzes the language attitudes of Mexicans towards Mexican slang. The project methodology consists in two main phases. Firstly, spontaneous and natural conversations are recorded. Following this, a group of individuals listen to fragments of these conversations while simultaneously filling out a questionnaire that evaluate their language attitudes towards the use of slang as well as towards the slang speakers. The statistical analysis of the results lead to the observation of several patterns: There is a very significant difference in the way solidarity aspects and prestige aspects are judged. The points given to aspects such as intelligence and success for speakers of slang are significantly lower than the points given to personality aspects such as generosity and kindness. Age and gender also have influence on language attitudes: women and the elderly are more severe in their judgment and evaluation of slang. This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first two explore the theoretical concepts upon which the work is based, including language attitudes and slang as a linguistic and social phenomenon. The following three chapters are dedicated to the project itself: the methodology, the analysis of the results and their interpretation.

This thesis is concerned with Discourse analysis of music magazine Spark, which refers to metal music. The main standpoint is the phraseology and the choice of metaphorical expression which are used in the magazíne. They are determined by aesthetic and cultural context, to which the magazíne relates. Specific indexicality at the linguistic level refers, in a specific way, to musical context. The theoretical basis is stylistic analysis of specifically modified publicistic operational style, of its lexical items, phraseology and imaginativeness. Emphasis is layed on tenseness between the automatization in the use of means of expression and some author's style actualization. Both tendencies are relevant to the text contextualization. The first part of the thesis, named Introduction, presents the thematic structure of the magazíne and its specific form of advertising, the second part, named Texts, is focused on stylistic analysis of texts and their interpretation in the light of cultural context. In this second part are presented the persvazive aspects of the magazíne, in consideration of Christian values. The aim of this thesis is to describe one of the contemporary Czech media, in connection with linguistics and ideology. Key words: Discourse analysis Contextualization Order of indexicality Slang...

<p>I denna uppsats studeras det ungdomliga talspråket i romanrepliker  genom stiljämförelse av dessa i tre ungdomsromaner, utgivna resp. 1911, 1967 och 2008. Syftet är att undersöka vad som är typiskt för ungdomsspråk, se i vilken mån dessa typiska drag finns i de tre romanerna, och hur detta har ändrat sig under loppet av hundra år. Det studerade materialet består av 100 repliker ur var och en av de tre romanerna, och dessa har undersökts med avseende på antal ord per replik, satsstruktur, sägeverb, slang och svordomar, "onödiga" småord, stilmarkerande ord och typografiska markeringar av prosodin. Som jämförelsematerial har använts flera olika tidigare undersökningar av ungdomsspråk, i första hand Klingberg (1970), Labov (1972) och Kotsinas (1994). Resultatet redovisas i form av tabeller över de underökta variblerna. Resultatet visar att författarna till de tre romanerna har strävat efter att efterlikna ungdomligt talspråk, i förstahand med hjälp av svordomar, slang, "onödiga" småord och enkel satsstruktur.</p>

published_or_final_version / Language Studies / Master / Master of Arts

L’étude des attitudes linguistiques, entreprise par la sociolinguistique et la psychologie sociale, a permis de confirmer que toutes les variétés linguistiques ne reçoivent pas le même traitement. La langue standard, étant en règle générale la langue du groupe de prestige, bénéficie d’une reconnaissance sociale en comparaison avec les variétés non-standards ou minoritaires, qui, au contraire, suscitent généralement des attitudes plus négatives. Dans ce mémoire, nous analysons les attitudes linguistiques des mexicains à l’égard du slang mexicain. La méthodologie du projet comporte deux parties principales. Dans un premier temps, des conversations spontanées et naturelles entre locuteurs de slang sont enregistrées. Des fragments de ces enregistrements sont ensuite écoutés par un groupe de sujets qui, simultanément, remplit un questionnaire évaluant leurs attitudes linguistiques dirigées envers l’usage du slang ainsi qu’envers les individus qui le parle. L’analyse statistique des résultats permet de faire quelques constats : Il y a une différence très significative entre la façon dont les dimensions de solidarité et de prestige sont jugées, les pointages donnés aux aspects tels que l’intelligence et le succès des locuteurs de slang s’avérant beaucoup plus bas que ceux accordés aux aspects reliés à leur personnalité, comme la bonté et la générosité. Aussi, les variables de l’âge et du sexe ont une influence sur les attitudes linguistiques : les femmes ainsi que la génération plus âgée s’avèrent plus sévères dans leur évaluation du slang. Ce mémoire se divise en cinq chapitres. Les deux premiers explorent les concepts théoriques sur lesquels se basent le projet, soit les attitudes linguistiques et le slang comme phénomène linguistique et social. Les trois chapitres suivants se consacrent au projet en soit : la méthodologie, l’analyse des résultats et l’interprétation de ceux-ci. / The study of language attitudes via sociolinguistics and social psychology has confirmed the notion that all varieties of language are treated differently. As a general rule, the standard language is the language of the prestigious group and is held at a high social esteem whereas non-standard or minority language varieties are, in general, judged negatively. This thesis analyzes the language attitudes of Mexicans towards Mexican slang. The project methodology consists in two main phases. Firstly, spontaneous and natural conversations are recorded. Following this, a group of individuals listen to fragments of these conversations while simultaneously filling out a questionnaire that evaluate their language attitudes towards the use of slang as well as towards the slang speakers. The statistical analysis of the results lead to the observation of several patterns: There is a very significant difference in the way solidarity aspects and prestige aspects are judged. The points given to aspects such as intelligence and success for speakers of slang are significantly lower than the points given to personality aspects such as generosity and kindness. Age and gender also have influence on language attitudes: women and the elderly are more severe in their judgment and evaluation of slang. This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first two explore the theoretical concepts upon which the work is based, including language attitudes and slang as a linguistic and social phenomenon. The following three chapters are dedicated to the project itself: the methodology, the analysis of the results and their interpretation.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att, utifrån olika exempel på ungdomsspråk, undersöka gymnasieelevers och svensklärares attityder till samt användning av ungdomsspråk i och utanför gymnasieskolans verksamhet med ett fokus på muntlig språkproduktion i svenskämnet. Vidare utreder uppsatsen om det finns likheter och skillnader mellan gymnasieelevers och svensklärares användning av ungdomsspråk samt vad för attityder de har till det. Uppsatsen visar också på om och hur gymnasieelevers prestationer i svenskämnet påverkas av deras användning av ungdomsspråk. Dessutom undersöks gymnasieelevers och svensklärares uppfattning om det ovanstående och om motpartens användning av ungdomsspråk. Två underliggande faktorer, det vill säga kön och ålder, undersöks också i koppling till de ovannämnda målgrupperna. Två enkäter distribuerades till gymnasielever och svensklärare vid en gymnasieskola där de fick besvara kvalitativa och kvantitativa frågor angående attityder till och användning av ungdomsspråk. Resultatet visade att gymnasieelever använder ungdomsspråk mer än svensklärare, både i och utanför gymnasieskolans verksamhet, exempelvis genom slang, svordomar och diskurspartiklar. Båda målgrupperna har olika attityder till ungdomsspråk där svensklärare kan se det som begränsande medan gymnasielever anser att det skapar gemenskap. Svensklärare och gymnasieelever har också varierande åsikter om huruvida elevers användning av ungdomsspråk påverkar deras prestationer i svenskämnet. Dock anser majoriteten av dem att det har en negativ inverkan. Likaså finns det både likheter och skillnader hos båda målgruppernas uppfattning av motpartens användning av ungdomsspråk. Det visas till exempel genom att svensklärarna anser att ungdomsspråk kan vara innovativt medan gymnasielever uttrycker att det är pinsamt om deras lärare försöker använda ungdomsspråk i klassrummet. / The purpose with this essay is to, based on different examples of youth language, examine upper secondary students’ and Swedish teachers’ attitudes to and usage of youth language in and outside upper secondary school with a focus on oral language production in the school subject of Swedish. This essay will also focus on if and how upper secondary students’ accomplishments in the school subject of Swedish are affected by their usage of youth language as well as what kind of view that upper secondary students and Swedish teachers have about this and about the opposite group’s usage of youth language. Two underlying factors, as in gender and age, will also be examined in relation to the previously mentioned target groups. Two surveys were handed out to upper secondary students and Swedish teachers. They got to answer qualitative and quantitative questions about attitudes to and usage of youth language. The result showed that upper secondary students use youth language more than Swedish teachers, both in and outside upper secondary school, for example through slang, curse words and discourse markers. Both of the target groups have different attitudes to youth language where Swedish teachers consider that it is limited while upper secondary students believe that it creates solidarity. Swedish teachers and upper secondary students also have different opinions about the fact that students’ usage of youth language might affect their accomplishments in the school subject of Swedish. However, the majority of both target groups believe that it has a negative influence. There are also similarities and differences between both target groups’ views on the counterpart’s usage of youth language. For example, the Swedish teachers believe that youth language can be innovative while upper secondary students express that it is embarrassing if their teachers try to use youth language in the classroom.

I denna uppsats studeras det ungdomliga talspråket i romanrepliker  genom stiljämförelse av dessa i tre ungdomsromaner, utgivna resp. 1911, 1967 och 2008. Syftet är att undersöka vad som är typiskt för ungdomsspråk, se i vilken mån dessa typiska drag finns i de tre romanerna, och hur detta har ändrat sig under loppet av hundra år. Det studerade materialet består av 100 repliker ur var och en av de tre romanerna, och dessa har undersökts med avseende på antal ord per replik, satsstruktur, sägeverb, slang och svordomar, "onödiga" småord, stilmarkerande ord och typografiska markeringar av prosodin. Som jämförelsematerial har använts flera olika tidigare undersökningar av ungdomsspråk, i första hand Klingberg (1970), Labov (1972) och Kotsinas (1994). Resultatet redovisas i form av tabeller över de underökta variblerna. Resultatet visar att författarna till de tre romanerna har strävat efter att efterlikna ungdomligt talspråk, i förstahand med hjälp av svordomar, slang, "onödiga" småord och enkel satsstruktur.

Diploma thesis Language in athletics is focused on stratification of Czech national language and deals with vocabulary and its layers. The thesis describes slang and different aspects of slang in detail, brings a closer view to a language processes, to the beginning of sports slang and to a sport journalism. Furthermore, thesis describes a history of Czech athletics, the origin of terminology in physical education and the origin of Czech athletic terminology. The thesis uses linguistic research for a description of current athletic terminology and completes it by a new slang expressions. This diploma thesis contains both a vocabulary of athletic terminology and slang extended by some equivalents of English and Russian terminology. Key words: language, athletics, sports slang, athletic slang, terminology in athletics, czech stylistic, analysis, linguistic research, vocabulary, comparison between Czech, English and Russian