This research analyses some of the slang expressions with the meaning ‘to die’ found in Dictionary of Modern Slang with regard to metaphor and metonymy and whether they have been active when creating the identified slang expressions. It further examines the frequency of these expressions in a large language corpus, and identifies the processes involved in the most frequent expressions. The main findings show that the domain ‘departure’ is the most frequent domain for metaphorical conceptualizations of dying, which suggests that death, like life, can be viewed as a journey. One can speculate that this metaphorical mapping could go back to religious origin, where death is not seen as the end. Several of the expressions are still used within the English language, and the most frequent expressions in the corpus were metonymic in nature and have developed into idiomatic phrases, which are frozen in form.

The diploma thesis deals with specific features of spoken communication in videos of so-called YouTubers that are available on the website YouTube. The aim of the presented diploma thesis is to show the state of the Czech YouTube production from the point of view of language. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with differentiation of national language and especially with slang. The empirical part consists of a short dictionary that shows the main principles of YouTube videos. In the following text different kinds of these videos are introduced and then three categories are analyzed in details: spoken form, slang terms, and language means. The diploma thesis is supported with a wide range of examples.

VIANA, Elisângela Oliveira. Estratégias de construção do ethos gay masculino no blog Katylene.com: um estudo da multimodalidade e das gírias gay. 2012. 99f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2012. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-04T16:56:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_eoviana.pdf: 2295631 bytes, checksum: 6b6ff2ba2339d5fa9b705e9956691b8a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-04T16:57:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_eoviana.pdf: 2295631 bytes, checksum: 6b6ff2ba2339d5fa9b705e9956691b8a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T16:57:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_eoviana.pdf: 2295631 bytes, checksum: 6b6ff2ba2339d5fa9b705e9956691b8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / In this research, we analyze the construction of the male gay ethos in the blog katylene.com, considering the multimodal resources used by the blog user and the manifestations of gay slangs, which show elements of orality from male gays. To achieve our objective, we develop a discussion based on the concept of Discursive Ethos, grounded on studies as Maingueneau (1993; 1998; 2005; 2008) and Amossy (2005). In the sequence, we discuss Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) multimodal theory about the concept of slang, used by Castro (1938), Guérios (1979), Preti (1982; 1983; 1984; 2000; 2001) and Araújo (2008). Concerning the corpus collection, we selected 22 posts collected in the eleven post categories from the blog homepage katylene.com. In the data analysis, we make use of the triptych model of visual space dimensions, proposed by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006). Based on this model, it was possible to verify that data extracted from the blog show an salience interchange of the multimodal elements that characterize each one of the ethé that compose the male gay ethos. Besides that, due to the compositional characteristics of the blog, the data pointed out that the triptych model proposed by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) should be redesigned. When we proceed to the analysis of gay slangs composition presented in the blog, we verified that the strategies of phonetic writing are not an evidence of an opposition between the ethé / Nesta pesquisa, analisamos a construção do ethos gay masculino no blog katylene.com, considerando os recursos multimodais mobilizados pelos usuários do blog e a manifestação de gírias gays que revelam traços orais da fala dos gays masculinos. Para alcançar nosso objetivo, desenvolvemos uma discussão alicerçada no conceito de Ethos Discursivo, tomando-se como base os estudos de Maingueneau (1993; 1998; 2005; 2008) e Amossy (2005). Em seguida, discutimos sobre a teoria multimodal desenvolvida por Kress e Van Leeuwen (2006) e sobre o conceito de gíria, realizado por Castro (1938), Guérios (1979), Preti (1982; 1983; 1984; 2000; 2001) e Araújo (2008). Quanto à elaboração do corpus, partimos para a seleção de 22 posts coletados nas onze categorias de postagens presentes na primeira página do blog katylene.com. Na análise dos dados, utilizamos o modelo tríptico de dimensões do espaço visual, proposto por Kress e van Leeuwen (2006). Com base nesse modelo, foi possível verificar que os dados extraídos do blog revelam uma alternância de saliência dos elementos multimodais que caracterizam cada um dos ethé formadores do ethos gay masculino. Além disso, devido às características composicionais do blog, os dados apontaram para a necessidade da reconfiguração do modelo tríptico proposto por Kress e van Leuween (2006). Por sua vez, ao direcionarmos nossa lupa para composição das gírias gays apresentadas no blog, verificamos que as estratégias de escrita fonética não evidenciam uma oposição entre os ethé formadores do ethos gay masculino, visto que figuram em cada um dos ethé, conspirando a favor da construção desse ethos.

Este estudo tem como objetivo pesquisar o emprego da gíria entre estudantes do ensino médio numa escola privada na cidade do Recife. Parte-se do pressuposto do aspecto criptológico do uso da gíria, como uma variação linguística representativa de uma identidade de grupo social por faixa etária, em oposição ao grupo de adultos. A identidade do adolescente se configura igualmente através da sua linguagem. Foram realizadas 12 entrevistas semidiretivas, com estudantes de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de 16 a 18 anos de idade, gravadas por meio eletrônico, em um colégio da rede particular de ensino. Através de uma análise de conteúdo, foi realizado um levantamento das gírias empregadas pelos estudantes, por sexo, uma investigação do significado dos respectivos usos entre os sujeitos no cotidiano escolar e extraescolar, como também identificado o contexto de uso da gíria no ambiente sociocultural do aluno, envolvendo situações como intervalo de aula, estar na sala de aula sem o professor, estar no shopping, nas praias, entre outros. Com esta pesquisa, espera-se suscitar contribuições para a reflexão e a percepção quanto ao uso das gírias e o seu contexto de ocorrência entre adolescentes / This study aims to find the use of slang among high school students in a private school in the city of Recife. It has been assumed criptologic aspect of the use of this, as a representative of a variation linguistic identity of social group by age, as opposed to the group of adults. The identity of the teenager was also set by its language. As method will be conducted 12 interviews semidirectives, with students of both sexes, aged from 16 to 18 years old and recorded by electronic way, a college network of private schools. Through an analysis of content, there will be a lifting of slang used according the students by sex, an investigation of the significance of their use among the subjects in the daily school and extra-school, and also identified the context of use in the socio-cultural environment of the student. It will involve situations as a break from class, be in the classroom without a teacher, be in a shopping center, the beaches, among others. This research raises contributions to the thinking and perception about the use of idioms and their context of occurrence among teenagers

O objetivo deste trabalho é resgatar a metalinguagem de Monteiro Lobato apresentada em um corpus único e cronológico e demonstrar que ele registra marcas de oralidade, criando um discurso que o próprio autor denomina de “conversa em mangas de camisa”. Elegemos como corpus A Barca de Gleyre por julgarmos ser uma obra especial, em que o próprio Lobato relata suas considerações lingüísticas ao longo de quarenta anos em correspondência mantida com o amigo e também escritor Godofredo Rangel. Uma visão diferenciada da vida do autor é retratada, enfocando concomitantemente a essa biografia as considerações de Monteiro Lobato sobre a língua numa perspectiva sincrônica. Faz-se a seguir um apanhado descritivo das modalidades falada e escrita da língua, que auxilia nas reflexões e posicionamentos lobatianos, uma vez que o autor já reconhecia a existência dessas duas modalidades. Em seguida, ampliamos os pressupostos teóricos relativos aos aspectos selecionados para a pesquisa. Procede-se à análise das ocorrências no discurso do autor, no que tange a sua própria metalinguagem, a presença das repetições , termos gíricos e construções fixas, que contribuem para tornar o texto epistolográfico “uma conversa com um amigo, um duo”. Na conclusão, destaca-se a valiosa contribuição de Lobato, que, por meio da obra A Barca de Gleyre, traçou um panorama da língua e da literatura durante quatro décadas e que demonstra pela sua própria postura lingüística que é possível elaborar um discurso crítico com a presença de repetições , gírias e construções fixas que corroboram para a expressividade, interação e coesão textual. Vale dizer que A Barca foi um dos instrumentos que possibilitou Lobato a ser Lobato, pelo exercício lingüístico e disposição que os dois correspondentes mantiveram por tantos anos. / The aim of this work is to ransom Monteiro Lobato’s metalanguage presented in a unique and chronological corpus and to demonstrate that it contains orality marks, creating a speech the author himself denominates “conversation in shirt sleeves”. We elected the corpus, A Barca de Gleyre, judging this is a special opus, in wich Lobato himself relates his linguistic considerations along forty years in held correspondence with the friend and also writer Godofredo Rangel. A distinguishing vision of the author’s life is represented, are focusing altogether this biography and Monteiro Lobato’s considerations about the language in a synchronal perspective. We show it as it follows, a descriptive summary of the spoken and written modalities of the language, wich helps in Lobato’s reflexions and posture, once the author has already recognized the existence of this two modalities. After that, we increase the theoretical presupposition related to the select aspects for the research are presented. It preceeds to the happening analysis in the author’s speech, in wich concerns his own metalanguage, presence of repetitions, slang and fixed constructions, wich contributes to make the epistolary text in a conversation with a friend, a duo. In the conclusion, it is detached the valuable Lobato’s contribution, that through the opus A Barca de Gleyre, traced a prospect of language and literature during four decades and that demonstrates it through his own linguistic position that is possible to create a critical speech with the presence of repetitions , slang and fixed constructions that corroborates the expressiveness, text interaction and cohesion. It’s worthwhile saying that A Barca was one of the tools that made Lobato to be Lobato for the linguistic practice and disposition that both correspondents kept for so many years.

I min studie har jag undersökt hur några pedagoger beskriver slangbrukets uppträdande bland elever i lågstadiet, parallellt med pedagogernas förhållningssätt till slangartade uttryck.  Min frågeställning var: Hur beskriver pedagogerna slangbruket bland yngre elever? Vilket förhållningsätt har pedagogerna till slangartade uttryck? För att få reda på detta valde jag att intervjua två pedagoger som metodiskt arbetar med slang och talspråk i sin undervisning. Undersökningen tar även upp om pedagogerna tror att elevernas språkutveckling gynnas genom acceptans av slang, från lärare. I resultatet framgår det att slangbruket har fått en stor spridning bland våra yngsta grundskoleelever.  De medverkande pedagogerna ser slangen och talspråket som en viktig del av det pedagogiska arbetet, de anser att diskussioner och förändringar i språket skall bemötas med förståelse och kunskap.

I det här arbetet tar jag upp vad det finns för slang i Norrköping. Jag jämför slangord mellan fyra generationer i en undersökning som består av en enkätdel, där informanterna har fått svara skriftligt och en muntlig intervjudel som utgår ifrån svaren på enkäten. Jag har här intervjuat grupper där män är för sig och kvinnor för sig, fyra stycken ifrån varje kön och generation. Totalt är det 32 stycken informanter. De är födda i Norrköping eller inflyttade några få år efter födseln. Alla har arbetarföräldrar. Jag knyter samman undersökningen med en teoretisk del i början av arbetet där jag tar upp tidigare forskning i ämnet. Tillsammans med resultatet av undersökningen följer kommentarsdelar som mer ingående tar upp den historiska bakgrunden för orden. I diskussionen följer jag sedan upp resultaten och presenterar skillnader mellan sätten att intervjua som visade sig och framför allt skillnaden mellan de fyra generationernas slang. Vad jag har velat få fram med arbetet är hur slangen skiljer sig mellan generationerna och kanske också könen och varför. Resultatet är entydigt, även om jag inte kan påstå att undersökningen är allmänt gällande då den är i så liten skala. För varje generation finns det nya företeelser i slangen. Varför det gör det är därför att den huvudsakliga delen av slang skapas av ungdomsgenerationerna i det samhälle som de lever och formas av just vid det tillfället. Samhället förändras på många sätt, så också slang. Den huvudsakliga skillnaden mellan män och kvinnor är vilka ord vi producerar slangord för. Män har en förkärlek till substantiv medan kvinnor är mer bundna till adjektiv och adverb.

Uppsatsen beskriver talspråk hos 15 ungdomar i årskurs 9 i Halmstad vintern 2012. Materialet består av inspelningar gjorda på tre högstadieskolor i områden med olika socioekonomiska förutsättningar. Huvudsyftet med undersökningen var att kartlägga förekomsten av några typiska inslag i talat ungdomsspråk, nämligen samtalspartiklarna asså, ba, typ, liksom och såhär samt slang, svordomar, fula ord och ljudord. Andra syften var att se om det förekom skillnader i ungdomarnas talspråk i de olika stadsdelarna och om inspelningssituationen påverkade informanterna. Undersökningen är synkron och har främst en kvalitativ ansats med kvantitativa inslag. Resultatet visar att det invandrartäta och socioekonomiskt minst gynnade Öster var asså-land, medan unga i de socialt mer gynnade områdena på Väster och Norr talade typ-språket. Bruket av slang, svordomar och fula ord varierade och var vanligast på Väster och överraskande lågt på Öster. Inspelningssituationen påverkade informantgrupperna olika. Störst grad av formalitet fanns hos de unga på Österskolan.

Karlová, Alena: Students and Teachers in Czech Films Situated in School Setting. Their Speech and Mutual Communication. Prague, 2015. The Thesis. Charles University in Prague. Faculty of Arts. Thesis supervisor prof. PhDr. Petr Mareš, CSc. The thesis deals with the topic of speech and communication among students and teachers in Czech films from the secondary school environment. Due to the interdisciplinary character of the research, the theoretical part is based on the scientific literature reviewing the history of Czech film industry, communication at school, the language of youth, stylistics of artistic expression and language in the film. The main part describes the form of communication among students and the teaching team and their communication based on an analysis of nine films (Před maturitou, Kantor Ideál, Škola základ života, Cesta do hlubin študákovy duše, Marečku, podejte mi pero, Jak svět přichází o básníky, Sněženky a Machři, Vrať se do hrobu, Gympl). Particular attention is paid to the following aspects: The adequacy of used language means and the year of origination (formality vs. informality, elements of the slang), language expression sessions among participants of communication (degree of expressivity), communication in the class session and associated problems, presentation of...

M.A. / With the possible exception of the much-lauded Karolina Ferreira, most of Lettie Viljoen's novels are (unfairly) regarded as very complex and even incomprehensible. The main reasons being the lack of a satisfactory evaluation framework that can be used to address the interpretation problems in her texts successfully and a resulting tendency to approach her novels with conventional reading strategies and expectations. By situating Viljoen's literary work in a postcolonial context, however, basic premises of postcolonial theory and criticism can be used to develop an instrument that will be able to address these problems satisfactorily and improve readers' comprehension of her novels. Because most recent critical work on postcolonialism focuses mainly on literature produced in former British colonies, these premises should be revised and adapted to suit the South African situation in general and the Afrikaans literature specifically.