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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Impacto econômico da densidade nutricional e da idade de abate de frangos de corte / Economic impact of nutritional diet and age of broiler chickens

Amanda da Lapa Silva 12 September 2018 (has links)
Um estudo foi realizado com os objetivos de (i) avaliar o desempenho produtivo, característica de rendimento de carcaça e impacto econômicos de frangos de corte; (ii) demonstrar a utilização de modelos de superfície de resposta em um programa não-linear de formulação de ração para otimização do lucro; e (iii) desenvolver uma planilha dinâmica e interativa para determinar a idade de abate de frangos de corte que otimiza o retorno econômico. Para atender esses objetivos, um experimento foi conduzido, no período de 1 a 56 dias, utilizando 1080 pintos de um dia, Ross®, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos de seis repetições de 30 aves cada. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial com três densidades nutricionais (baixa, moderada ou alta) por sexos (machos ou fêmeas). Os resultados do desempenho produtivo avaliado, mostraram que a alta densidade nutricional promove melhor desempenho produtivo, entretanto, prejudica os resultados econômicos. Para o fator sexo, as fêmeas apresentam piores resultados de desempenho e econômicos em relação aos machos, no entanto, melhoram o rendimento de peito. No segundo estudo, os modelos de superfície de resposta construídos para as variáveis dependentes consumo de ração e peso corporal para cada sexo e fase de criação foram adequados para estimar o desempenho produtivo e a receita líquida. Além disso, o programa não linear de formulação de ração pode ser útil por otimizar respostas nutricionais e econômicas com precisão. O terceiro estudo fornece uma planilha que usa uma abordagem interativa e dinâmica para determinar a idade de abate que otimiza o lucro da produção baseado no cenário econômico. Os usuários podem calcular a idade ótima de mercado e analisar a decisão de lucro máximo usando diferentes combinações de custos, função de crescimento, equação de consumo de ração e peso de mercado aceitável. Assim, a planilha pode ser aplicada como uma ferramenta de gestão em tempo real para auxiliar na tomada de decisões, otimizar a produtividade animal e maximizar o lucro. / An experiment was conducted with the objective of (i) evaluating the productivity, yield functionality and economic impact of broilers; (ii) demonstrate the use of response surface models in a nonlinear feed formulation program for profit optimization; and (iii) develop a dynamic and iterative programming to determine the optimal slaughter age of broilers that optimizes the profit. For these objectives, an experiment was conducted over a period of 1 to 56 days using 1080 one-day-old Ross® chicks were distributed in a randomized block design with six treatments and six repetitions of 30 birds each. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme with three nutritional densities (low, moderate or high) by two sexes (males or females). The production results were evaluated, that high nutritional density promotes optimal productive performance, although it hinders the economic results. Regarding the sex factor, the females showed poor results regarding performance and profit when compared to the males. Nevertheless, they exhibited improved breast meat yields. In the second study, the response surface models were constructed can be used to estimate the productive performance, and therefore the net revenue. In addition, the nonlinear programming of feed formulation can be useful by optimizing nutritional and economic responses accurately. It was concluded that the response surface models are efficient in predicting the performance of broilers and allow to formulate diets to maximize profits. The third study, a dynamic and iterative programming was development for to determine the age slaughter for maximum profit. The model calculated net revenue, consumption ration and market weight. These results could represent a valuable reference for use in adjusting the strategy for broiler production and management. Thus, the developed programming can be applied as a real-time management tool, to aid in decision-making, optimize the productivity and maximize profit.
62

Endocrine alteration of meat quality and gene expression in rats and deer

Grogan, Shawn Patrick, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Rural Development January 1998 (has links)
Stress activates a number of endocrine pathways that alter an animal's physiology in a manner which can result in undesirable meat quality. Animals frequently exhibit meat quality defects, including ecchymosis, at slaughter due to the stress of slaughter. This thesis explores how stress related hormones interact with adrenergic receptors to alter muscle and vascular physiology. Fallow deer were exposed to either a transciptional regulator (hydrocortisone), a beta adrenergic recptor agonist (clenbuterol) or a beta adrenergic receptor antagonist (propranolol). The administration of hydrocortisone resulted in a negative feed-back type reduction in circulating cortisol. Animals treated with propranolol and clenbuterol displayed less severe eccymosis. These results indicated that the beta 2 adrenergic receptor (B2AR) is important in controlling ecchymosis severity. B2AR was also found to be important in mediating vascular dynamics, growth and energy pathways. To investigate how adrenergic receptors alter skeletal muscle gene expression and meat quality, an in vivo wistar rat model was developed in conjunction with in vitro muscle cell (L6) experiments. Gene expression of B2AR, its associated kinase (BARK) and collagen type III, prolyl- 4-hydroxylase (P4Hy) was measured in rat muscle and L6 cells. Following exposure to clenbuterol and hydrocortisone, growth and meat quality were determined. The L6 experiments revealed that gene expression following exposure to hydrocortisone and B2AR ligands paralleled the in vivo rat changes in B2AR, BARK, collagen type III, and P4Hy gene expression. In both L6 and wistar rat models the B2AR and BARK genes are similarly expressed following clenbuterol exposure. Both rats and deer exposed to clenbuterol had significant increases in growth rate and a reduction of intramuscular fat. The B2AR therefore appears to be a major mediator of many interrelated events including energy distribution, growth and vascular response to stress. Habituating animals to stress stimuli may increase their coping ability and improve welfare and meat quality. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
63

Ocorrência de Listeria monocytogenes em frangos alternativos

Sigarini, Cleise de Oliveira [UNESP] 10 November 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-11-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:04:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sigarini_co_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 424397 bytes, checksum: dc378b5bab7232e9336dc1e3596d48c9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O Brasil é um dos principais países produtores/exportadores e consumidores de carne de frango no mundo. A maioria das aves é criada tradicionalmente, porém uma parte já é produzida pelo método alternativo que preconiza o bem- estar das aves sem o uso de antibióticos, coccidiostásticos, promotores de crescimento e ração de origem animal. No entanto, devido à ausência de inibidores exógenos, bactérias patogênicas podem se disseminar sem restrição na granja, sendo levadas ao abatedouro, contaminando não só o ambiente de abate, mas também o produto destinado ao consumidor final. Uma destas bactérias, Listeria monocytogenes é um microrganismo ubíquo que provoca a listeriose, doença zoonótica grave que leva a aborto/natimortos, neuropatias, gastroenterites, principalmente em crianças e idosos. É portanto, de fundamental importância que conheçamos a prevalência desta bactéria da recepção das aves no abatedouro até o acondicionamento do produto final, para que possamos orientar com precisão os principais focos de contaminação. Assim, foram colhidas 230 amostras sendo estas, obtidas em ambientes, equipamentos, utensílios e em carcaças de frango em diferentes etapas de abate e processamento de frangos alternativos. As amostras foram analisadas pela técnica convencional de isolamento de L. monocytogenes e posterior confirmação por técnica molecular. De um total de 230 amostras analisadas, 12 foram confirmadas como L. monocytogenes, representando 5,21% do total de amostras colhidas em diferentes pontos do fluxograma de abate. Assim, do total de amostras positivas (12), apenas duas (3,33%) destas foram identificadas no produto final (cortes embalados). / Brazil is one of the major producers/exporters and consumers of chicken meat in the world. Chicken production has been mainly based on confinement systems, although many animals have been raised in alternative systems, which focuses animal welfare, antibiotic-free animal production, with no coccidiostatic drugs or growth promoters or food of animal origin. However the absence of exogenous inhibitors could potentially spread pathogenic bacteria to the farm and then to the slaughterhouse, contaminating not only the environment of slaughter, but also the final product. One of these bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes, is an ubiquitous pathogen which causes listeriosis, a severe zoonotic disease that leads to abortion/ stillbirth, neuropathy, gastroenteritis, mainly in children and elderly people.Therefore, the identification of sources of this bacterium in poultry slaughterhouses and in the final product is very important. A total of 230 samples were collected from the slaughterhouse environment, equipment, utensils and carcasses in different stages of slaughtering and chicken processing. Samples were analyzed using the conventional technique for isolation of L. monocytogenes. Confirmation was achieved using molecular technique. Only 12 out of 230 samples were positive for L. monocytogenes which represent 5.21% of the samples from this slaughterhouse. Only two samples (3.33%) from the final product were positive for this pathogen.
64

Perceptions on ante-mortem welfare, quantitation of pain and pregnancy biomarkers, muscular fibre architecture and quality of Dohne Merino offal

Fayemi, Peter Olutope January 2013 (has links)
Sheep farming is practiced extensively in South Africa for its significant contributions to the livestock, wool and meat industries. The sheep farming sector in the country has approximately 13,800 farmers with commercial and communal sheep farmers making up 58 percent and 42 percent of the entire work force (Directorate of Agricultural Information Services, 2008). An estimate of 28.8 million sheep and flock size ranging between ≤ 50 and ≥ 1800 exist in various South African provinces. Although the national herd size is unevenly distributed provincially most of the herds are found in the Eastern Cape (30 percent) followed by the Northern Cape (25 percent), Free State (20 percent) and the Western Cape (11 percent) respectively (Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2011). Over twenty indigenous and locally developed sheep breeds are managed where about 69 percent of the land area is available for their grazing nation-wide (Campher et al., 1998; Palmer and Ainslie, 2006). Common among the indigenous breeds are the Afrikaner, Blackhead Persian, Blackhead Speckled Persian, Blinkhaar Ronderib, Damara, Karakul, Namaqua Afrikaner, Pedi, Redhead Persian, Redhead Speckled, Swazi and Zulu. The locally developed breeds include Dorper, Van Rooy and Merinos. The local breeds developed from Merinos consist of the Afrino, Dormer, Dohne Merino and South African mutton Merino (Hammond, 2000; Pranisha, 2004; Hinton, 2006; Sorma et al., 2012). All these sheep breeds are best suited for providing by-products such as wool, meat, hide, milk or a combination of products (Dave and Meadowcroft, 1996; Jensen, 2009). The indigenous and locally developed sheep were bred to meet the growing demand for its by-products (Peters et al., 2010). Expectedly, sheep farmers therefore, make use of the products from these sheep as a means of livelihood and sustenance of a viable local society (Cloete and Olivier, 2010).
65

Microbiological analyses of beef slaughtering process and meat safety knowledge of handlers at selected high and low thoughput abattoirs

Nyamakwere, Faith January 2015 (has links)
The objective of the study was to evaluate meat hygiene practices among meat handlers and microbiological analysis of beef carcasses, slaughtermen hands, equipment and water from low throughput (LTA) and high throughput (HTA) abattoirs in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. In stage one of the study, the level of knowledge, practices and attitudes towards meat safety and personal hygiene of slaughtermen were assessed. Forty workers directly involve in beef cattle slaughtering process were surveyed. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, it contained questions on some of the most important meat safety cues such as knowledge, attitudes, personal hygiene and handling practices. Cross tabulation and Chi-square Test of Association were performed to examine the relationships between the demographic information and the knowledge regarding meat safety using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Overall, a significant adherence to basic hygiene practices and a satisfactory level of knowledge were observed. Workers from a HTA yielded comparatively better statistically significant scores. Moreover, knowledge and practices of respondents were significantly associated (P<0.05) due to educational level and professional training. The second stage of the study involved evaluating the level to which cattle carcass, equipment, slaughtermen hands and water were contaminated with Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella, Escherichia coli and aerobic colony counts (ACC) at different stages during the slaughter process (skinning, evisceration, carcass slitting, inspection, washing and packing). Cattle carcasses were sampled at four sites (rump, neck, flank and brisket) from a LTA (n= 240) and HTA (n= 384) abattoirs. Using conventional biochemical tests, HTA yielded significantly (P<0.05) higher ACC (5.2 log CFU/cm2), E. coli (2.6 log CFU/cm2) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.9 log CFU/cm2) carcass mean scores than LTA after skinning and evisceration. Specific abattoir hygiene differences were noted from washed and chilled carcasses. Salmonella was not detected across all sampled slaughter process stages. In addition, the equipment had bacterial load ranging from 10 to 4 CFU/cm2 for LTA, whereas in HTA this was found to be 7 to 3 CFU/cm2. The bacterial counts for slaughtermen hands were estimated to be 15 to 8 CFU/cm2 in HTA and 10 to 5 CFU/cm2 in LTA. Overall, slaughtermen hands and equipment in the dirty area (skinning and evisceration) yielded more bacterial counts compared to those in the clean area (slitting, inspection, washing and packing) from both abattoirs. For all the sampled carcasses, equipment and slaughtermen hands, HTA yielded comparatively higher (P<0.05) bacterial counts than the LTA. Although the results showed a significant adherence to basic hygiene practices, some aspects such as routine medical examination, health certificates and professional training of slaughtermen still need to be improved. Therefore, these findings show that slaughtermen, equipment and water can be sources of contamination during the slaughter process.
66

Listeria monocytogenes em suínos abatidos: subsídio ao Sistema de Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle - APPCC / Listeria monocytogenes in swines slaughtered: aid to the Hazards Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP)

Santos, Loreane de Ana Guimarães dos 19 December 2003 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:47:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 232957 bytes, checksum: b5394236581294b7ec888a9f272da8f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-12-19 / It was objective of this work the analysis of the Listeria monocytogenes as microbiologic hazard in some points of slaughtering process in inspected swines, seeking to determine your importance for the system APPCC. It was also evaluated not establishments inspected, where the objective was the identification of a better place for sample obtaining (carcass or tonsil) and the comparison of exam conventional microbiologic with the technique of PCR, with regard to larger efficiency and smaller cost with reagents and culture means; in those establishments the moment of collection of carcass and tonsil samples limited to the final stage of slaughtering process. The carcass samples, in the inspected establishment, they were obtained of swabs in four points of the fluxogram of the inspected slaughtering process: after the depilation (A), before (B) and after the evisceration sawing (C) and after the refrigeration (D), the swabs were analyzed by conventional technique of isolation and identification. There was not significant difference, with level of significância of 5%, for the occurrence of L. monocytogenes among the points of the fluxogram (p = 0,288), nor for Listeria sp (p = 0,565), but the microorganism was isolated in the points C and D, deserving monitoring during these points. In the establishment not inspected the comparison between swabs samples and tonsil it didn't present significant difference for L. monocytogenes (p = 0,47), nor for Listeria sp, when it took place conventional research, with confirmation of this result using PCR (p = 0,196) for L. monocytogenes. PCR was shown a more efficient technique for research of the microorganism in the swabs (p = 0,00001) and in the tonsil (p = 0,00005). L. monocytogenes is a danger that demands a monitoring in the evisceration stages and sawing of the carcasses and in the refrigeration in the establishment inspected investigated, the determination of your presence can be accomplished starting from swab of the carcass as well as of tonsil fragments. PCR is a technique fast, efficient, and of smaller cost with regents and culture means in the research of L. monocytogenes. In the slaughtering establishments investigated the bacteria it can be a hazard and your control lack in these places it offers risk to the consumer's health. / Foi objetivo deste trabalho a análise da Listeria monocytogenes como perigo microbiológico em alguns pontos do processo de abate de suínos, visando determinar sua importância para o sistema APPCC. Também avaliou-se estabelecimentos não inspecionados, onde o objetivo foi a identificação de um melhor local para obtenção de amostra (carcaça ou tonsila) e a comparação de exame microbiológico convencional com a técnica de PCR, com respeito a maior eficiência e menor custo com reagentes e meios de cultura; nesses estabelecimentos o momento de coleta de amostra de carcaça e tonsila restringiu-se à etapa final de abate. As amostras de carcaça, no estabelecimento inspecionado, foram obtidas de esfregaços superficiais ( swabs ) em quatro pontos do fluxograma do abate inspecionado: após a depilação (A), antes (B) e após a evisceração-serragem (C) e após o resfriamento (D), os swabs foram analisados por técnica convencional de isolamento e identificação. Não houve diferença significativa, com nível de significância de 5%, para a ocorrência de L. monocytogenes entre os pontos do fluxograma (p = 0,288), nem para Listeria sp (p = 0,565), mas o microrganismo foi isolado nos pontos C e D, merecendo monitoramento durante estas fases. No estabelecimento não inspecionado a comparação entre amostras de swabs e tonsila não apresentou diferença significativa para L. monocytogenes (p = 0,47), nem para Listeria sp, quando se realizou pesquisa convencional, com confirmação deste resultado usando-se pesquisa por PCR (p = 0,196) para L. monocytogenes. A PCR mostrou-se uma técnica mais eficiente para pesquisa do microrganismo no swabs (p = 0,00001) e na tonsila (p = 0,00005). L. monocytogenes é um perigo que demanda um monitoramento nas etapas de evisceração e serragem das carcaças e na refrigeração no estabelecimento inspecionado investigado, a determinação de sua presença pode ser realizada a partir de esfregaço da carcaça assim como de fragmentos de tonsila. A técnica de PCR é rápida, eficiente, e de menor custo com regentes e meios de cultura na pesquisa de L. monocytogenes. Nos estabelecimentos de abate investigados a bactéria pode ser um perigo e sua falta de controle nestes locais oferece risco à saúde do consumidor.
67

Bioflocculant dissolved air flotation system for the reduction of suspended solids-lipids-Proteinaceous matter from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater

Dlangamandla, Cynthia January 2016 (has links)
Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) contains organic matter that can be degraded by microorganisms. Such matter can further be used by the microbial community as a nutrient source for growth. Moreover, this type of wastewater also contains a high quantity of particulate matter, lipids and proteins, including antimicrobial compounds such as triclosan (TCS) and trichlorocarbanilide (TCC) used during cleaning and sanitising of processing facilities. Lipids and particulate matter lead to clogging of pipes and fouling of diffusers in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To overcome this problem, a pre-treatment system such as a dissolved air flotation system (DAFs) in which synthetic flocculants are used, is commonly used prior to the biological treatment of the wastewater. Synthetic flocculants add to the environmental burden associated with the use of synthetic compounds, particularly when these compounds are used in WWTPs. This study focused on the reduction of suspended solids, lipids and proteinaceous matter using a bioflocculant- supported DAF for the treatment of PSW.
68

Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment using a static granular bed reactor (Sgbr) coupled with a hybrid sidestream membrane bioreactor

Rinquest, Zainab January 2017 (has links)
Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / An increase in the demand for poultry products coupled with the potable water shortages currently experienced in South Africa (SA), attributed to climate change among other factors, makes it crucial for SA to develop water conservation strategies to minimize potable water consumption by water-intensive industries, such as the poultry industry. The development of innovative wastewater treatment processes is therefore paramount in attempting to counteract the large quantity of wastewater generated as well as to manage the environmental health concerns arising from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) discharge into the environment. Moreover, increasing wastewater treatment costs and the implementation of increasingly stringent government legislation to mitigate environmental pollution whilst minimizing fresh water source contamination, requires that wastewater such as PSW, be adequately treated prior to discharge. This study, investigated the feasibility of treating PSW from a poultry slaughterhouse to: 1) a water quality standard compliant with industrial wastewater discharge standards and 2) for possible re-use purposes. The performance of a lab-scale PSW treatment system consisting of an anaerobic static granular bed reactor (SGBR) followed by single stage nitrificationdenitrification (SSND) bioreactor and sidestream ultrafiltration membrane module (ufMM) post-treatment systems, were evaluated, with the objective being to: assess the treatment efficiency of the individual treatment systems namely; the SGBR, SSND bioreactor, and ufMM, under varying operational conditions, as well as to determine the performance of the overall designed PSW treatment system. The down-flow SGBR (2 L) was used to reduce the organic matter (COD, BOD5, and FOG) and total suspended solids (TSS) in the PSW. Anaerobic granules from a full-scale mesophilic anaerobic reactor treating brewery wastewater were used to inoculate the SGBR, and the PSW used as feed was obtained from a local poultry slaughterhouse (Western Cape, South Africa). The SGBR was operated continuously at mesophilic temperature (35-37 °C) without pH modification and under varying HRTs (24, 36, 48, 55, and 96 h) and OLRs (0.73 to 12.49 g COD/Lday), for a period of 138 days. The optimization of the SGBR, with regard to a suitable HRT and OLR, was determined using response surface methodology (RSM) and Design Expert® 10.0.3 statistical software. Periodic backwashing of the SGBR system was performed using stored effluent, i.e. treated PSW.
69

Influência das etapas do processo de abate de suínos na prevalência de patógenos e níveis de microrganismos indicadores de qualidade e higiene / Influence of pig slaughter process in the pathogens prevalence and levels of quality and hygiene indicator microorganisms

Cê, Elton Rodrigo 31 March 2016 (has links)
O processo de abate de suínos envolve diversas operações que podem influenciar a qualidade microbiológica das carcaças. Sendo assim, a compreensão do processo de abate sobre os aspectos microbiológicos é necessário para a implementação e avaliação de pontos críticos de controle. O controle microbiológico do processo de abate deve envolver a determinação da prevalência de patógenos e dos níveis de microrganismos indicadores de qualidade e higiene. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a influência das etapas de abate sobre os níveis microbiológicos das carcaças. Adicionalmente, avaliar se existe correlação entre a presença de patógenos (Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes) e microrganismos indicadores (aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e Enterobacteriaceae). Uma alta soroprevalência de Salmonella foi encontrada nos suínos ao início do abate (57,49 %). Enquanto a prevalência de Salmonella nas carcaças na etapa inicial do abate foi de 26,67 % e na etapa final de 1,11 %. L. monocytogenes somente foi detectada após as etapas de lavagem final e resfriamento, com uma prevalência de 21,11 e 8,89 %, respectivamente. Os níveis de aeróbios mesófilos, Enterobacteriaceae, coliformes totais e Escherichia coli no início do processo de abate foram de 4,25 ± 0,37; 1,25 ± 0,38; 1,10 ± 0,35 e 0,86 ± 0,36 log UFC/cm2, respectivamente. Já no final do processo os níveis foram menores variando entre 0,16 a 2,70 log UFC/cm2. A etapa que resultou na maior redução microbiana foi a escaldagem. A depiladeira é uma etapa crítica, onde os níveis de contaminação aumentaram significativamente em relação ao início do processo (p < 0,05). A evisceração não se mostrou uma etapa crítica sobre o aumento dos níveis microbianos. Contrariamente, a etapa de lavagem final, apresentou um aumento significativo (p < 0,05) sobre os níveis de aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais, E. coli e enterobactérias (0,30; 0,36; 0,27 e 0,42 log UFC/cm2, respectivamente), Salmonella spp. e L. monocytogenes. O resfriamento das carcaças contribui significativamente para a redução dos níveis microbiológicos, trazendo-os para níveis inferiores a todas as etapas do processo, exceto para a etapa de escaldagem. Dos quatro grupos de indicadores avaliados, nenhum apresentou correlação com a presença de Salmonella spp. e L. monocytogenes (p <0,05). Os resultados obtidos indicam a existência de etapas da cadeia de produção que se apresentam como críticas do ponto de vista sanitário, o que implica na necessidade de implementação de ações no processo para reduzir os níveis microbiológicos. / The pig slaughter process involve different steps that can influence the microbiological quality of carcasses. At this, the understanding of the slaughter process on the microbiological aspects is necessary for the implementation and evaluation of critical control points. The microbiological control of the slaughter process should involve the evaluation of pathogens prevalence and levels of quality and hygiene indicator microorganisms. This study aimed at investigating the influence of steps slaughter process on the microbiological levels of pig carcasses, and evaluate if there is correlation between pathogens (Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes) and indicators (aerobic mesophilic counts, total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae) microorganisms. A high Salmonella soroprevalence in pigs were founded before the slaughter (57.49 %). While the Salmonella prevalence in carcasses at the initial stage of the slaughter was 26.67 % and in the final stage 1.11 %, L. monocytogenes was detected only in the final washing and cooling steps, with a prevalence of 21.11 and 8.89 %, respectively. The aerobic mesophilic counts, Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms and E. coli levels in initial steps of slaughter process were 4.25 ± 0.37; 1.25 ± 0.38; 1.10 ± 0.35 and 0.86 ± 0.36, respectively. At the end of slaughter process the results were lower (ranging from 0.16 at 2.70 log CFU/cm2). The step that most reduced microbiological levels was the scalding. The dehairing was a critical step that led to a significant increase of microorganisms levels in the process (p < 0.05). The evisceration not proved to be a critical step on the increase of microbial levels, differently of the final washing, which showed significant increases (p < 0.05) over the levels of aerobic counts, total coliforms, E. coli and enterobacterias (0.30; 0.36; 0.27 and 0.42 log respectively) and Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes. The chilling contributes significantly to the reduction of microbiological levels of carcasses, bringing them to levels below the all process stages, with the exception of scalding. No correlation between the hygiene indicator microorganisms used and presence of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were obtained (p < 0.05). The results show that steps in the process are critical to the sanitary profile, which implies the need to implement actions in the process to reducing the microbiological levels.
70

Identificação e avaliação de projetos de investimentos para redução dos índices de condenações de frangos de corte / Identification and evaluation of investment projects to reduce the rates of condemnation of broilers

Dvojatzki, Pricila 18 September 2017 (has links)
CAPES / O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e avaliar Projetos de Investimentos (PI) prioritários sobre as causas de condenações de frangos de corte e, para isto, a pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases. Na primeira, uma revisão sistemática da literatura atual (2010 a 2016) sobre o ponto de vista do bem-estar animal e seus impactos na produtividade. Na segunda fase, foram propostas matrizes de perdas produtivas e econômico-financeiras e matrizes de causas e ações corretivas para as condenações da Portaria 210. A etapa de revisão mostrou que o bem-estar animal ainda faz parte de agenda obrigatória na pesquisa acadêmica e que, embora existam meios para a prevenção e minimização das condenações, as empresas carecem de ferramentas para a gestão destas perdas, bem como a necessidade de adequações, seja nos aspectos legais quanto na execução das atividades de rotina dos produtores e nos abatedouros, uma vez que alguns consumidores mostram-se dispostos a pagar a mais pela carne de animais provenientes de estabelecimentos que prezam pelo bem-estar animal. A pesquisa aplicada, ocorreu perfazendo-se de dados disponíveis em trabalhos já publicados, porém, com finalidades distintas à proposta original. Nesta etapa propôs-se a análise de viabilidade econômico-financeira com uso da Metodologia Multi-índice Ampliada (MMIA) como forma de avaliar um projeto voltado a capacitação de colaboradores envolvidos na criação, apanha, transporte e abate de frangos, um exemplo explicativo de uso das matrizes propostas e redução de perdas. Os principais resultados encontrados foram em relação às dimensões retorno, riscos e limites de elasticidade, no qual todas apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, estimando-se um retorno líquido de R$ 221.875,46 com índice Lucro-Benefício de R$ 13,04. Na dimensão risco estima-se o retorno do investimento no 4° mês (payback), com retorno de 6,67% em cada período (payback/N). Além das dimensões retorno e risco, o projeto apresentou folgas de elasticidade, comprovando que o PI não é sensível, o que possibilita variações em seus indicadores. Com isso, conclui-se que os impactos do não atendimento do bem-estar animal na cadeia avícola ainda é um importante tópico a ser estudado e analisado, fornecendo bases para pesquisas acadêmicas, empresas e legislações e a MMIA se mostrou como uma ferramenta fundamental na avaliação de projetos de investimento, uma vez que seus indicadores abrangem todos os aspectos econômico-financeiros. / The aim of this work was to identify and evaluate priority investment projects on the causes of condemnation of broiler chickens and, for that, the research was divided into two phases. In the first, a systematic review of current literature (2010-2016) from the point of view of animal welfare and its impact on productivity. In the second phase, matrices for production and economic-financial losses were proposed, as well as matrices of causes and corrective actions to condemnations of Decree 210. The review stage has shown that animal welfare is still part of mandatory schedule in academic research and that while there are means for the prevention and minimization of condemnations, companies lack the tools to manage these losses, as well as the need of adequacy to legal aspects referring to the execution of routine activities of producers and slaughterhouses, as consumers are willing to pay more for meat from establishments that are concerned about animal welfare. The applied research was based on data available in works already published, but with different goals from the original proposal. In this stage the economic-financial feasibility analysis was proposed using the Multi-Indexed Expanded Methodology as a way to evaluate a project aimed at training employees involved in the management of live birds, an explanatory example of the use of the proposed matrices and the reduction of losses. The main results were in relation to the return, risk and elasticity limits, in which all presented satisfactory results, estimating a net return of R$ 221,875.46 with an Index Benefit-Cost of R$ 13.04. In the risk dimension, it is estimated the return of investment on the 4th month (payback), with a return of 6.67% in each period (payback/N). In addition to the return and risk dimensions, the project presented high elasticity gaps, proving that the IP is not sensitive, which allows variations on its indicators. Therefore, it is concluded that the impacts of non-attendance on animal welfare in the poultry chain is still an important topic to be studied and analyzed, providing basis for academic research, business and legislation, and MMIA has proved to be a fundamental tool on the evaluation of investment projects, since their indicators cover all economic and financial aspects.

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