This volume discusses 332 articles referring to 'Africans' published between 1770 and 1800 in German periodicals. It analyses them with particular reference to skin colour ('race'), ethnography and the Atlantic slave trade, demonstrating some of the contradictions which characterised images of Africans in this period. / Dieser Band erörtert 332 Artikel bezogen auf 'Afrikaner', die zwischen 1770 und 1800 in deutschen Zeitschriften veröffentlicht wurden. Er analysiert sie mit besonderem Bezug auf die Hautfarbe ('Rasse'), Ethnographie und den atlantischen Sklavenhandel, wobei die Widersprüche demonstriert werden, welche für die Darstellung von Afrikanern/Afrikanerinnen in dieser Zeit charakteristisch waren.

Why did Great Britain abolish the transatlantic slave trade in 1807, after a nearly twenty-year social movement campaign to end it? This question still continues to puzzle scholars despite the vast amount of historical research conducted on the subject since the beginning of the twentieth century. In this dissertation, I use social movement theory and a two-tiered empirical approach to examine British slave trade abolition. Systematic qualitative and quantitative analyses of the legislative debates on the slave trade underscores the importance of abolitionists’ rhetorical strategies and the economic utility of Britain’s departure from the trade. A frame analysis of abolitionists’ speeches made during the parliamentary debates suggests that a law to end the slave trade was passed when abolitionist MPs deliberately reframed their ideological campaign to include an increased number of economic pleas in their arguments. Drawing on key aspects of social movement theory, I examine the relationship between resource mobilization, cultural framing and opportunity structures (both political and non-political) and British abolition. My findings suggest that cultural, economic and political factors help to explain why the British slave trade was finally abolished. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

African children in the Atlantic slave trade shared the same desire for freedom as their adult counterparts. They demonstrated agency by using their non-threatening appearance, curiosity, and adaptability to escape captivity or alleviate their predicaments. Previous studies on African children in the slave trade are centered on the circumstances that African children were subjected to rather than the actions they took to navigate those spaces. These works primarily relied on European sources to understand the experience of the enslaved youth in the eighteenth century. I use a combination of slave narratives, slave ship records, and Pierre Bourdieu’s habitus theory to understand the enslaved youth's adaptability, intentions, and actions. This study highlights African children's agency and historical contributions in the eighteenth century by studying how they responded to their captivity in the Atlantic slave trade.

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This dissertation is an intransigent probing into the Enlightenment scientific conjectures and theories of the eighteenth century that fantasized into existence a character called ‘Man.’ It explores how the category of the human, particularly at the intersection of certain genres like ‘race’ and ‘gender,’ was elaborated in the scientific thought of the eighteenth-century European Enlightenment and later re-scripted in contemporary art, literature, and film, both from the Afro-diaspora and otherwise. Working at the nexus of several intersecting threads of scholarship, including comparative literature, black feminist theory, performance studies, slavery studies, memory studies, and the history of science, this dissertation examines how this Enlightenment scientific writing and experimentation on the human turned to people racialized black, specifically young women—their bodies, their children—to construct speculative (and to a large degree, enduring) conceptions of a Western ‘Man’ universalized as the only iteration of the human. In the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the notion of the human was not a given but a problem, an unfixed nexus of ideas, contested beliefs, and scientific experiment central to the shifting conception of Western ‘Man.’ This dissertation sets out to emphasize both the “performative” and the “speculative” nature of these shifting perceptions as they were played out through the literal commodification of people racialized black and non-white. This commodification within scientific practice of the period not only perpetuated the ideologies of the system of Atlantic slavery and the slave trade, but also directly informed the evolution of these competing, scientific theories of the human. The labor these individuals racialized non-white were asked to contribute in the name of eighteenth-century science (via, for instance, their circulation and participation as subjects in experiments) would support the continuation of a scientific empire unapologetically structured around an anthropocentric project of whiteness. This dissertation is structured around three core “Acts,” organized respectively around Denise Ferreira da Silva’s three onto-epistemological pillars of Western ‘Man’—separability, determinacy, and sequentiality. Each Act engages in reading practices in which the eighteenth-century archive is analyzed both through fiction and as a type of fiction. This type of reading helps denaturalize this Enlightenment archive’s performative fictions, pulling to the surface the speculative maneuvers at play in the formation of the category of ‘Man’ that continue, to this day, to present themselves as objective, axiomatic, factual, and universal. Through these cross-temporal analyses, this dissertation seeks to remain attentive to the ways in which the memories, postmemories, afterlives, and current-day lived legacies of this history all speak to a scholarly and artistic need to continue wrestling with the conundrums that this historical and intellectual construction of the human has left in its wake.

yes / The aim of this paper is to examine the notion of social mechanisms by comparison with the notions of evolutionary and physical mechanisms. It is argued that social mechanisms are based on trends, and not lawlike regularities, so that social mechanisms are different from mechanisms in the natural sciences. Taking as an example of social causation the abolition of the slave trade, the paper argues that social mechanisms should be incorporated in Weber’s wider notion of adequate causation in order to achieve their explanatory purpose.

This research looks to identify precursors to women becoming involved in trafficking for prostitution and/or sexual services in the United States. The failure to find patterns or trends regarding why women are trafficked or what types of women are trafficked most often, helps dispel some myths regarding the stereotypical victim of trafficking.

This thesis concludes that (1) Immediately following the July Revolution, the Paris government refused to concede the right of search to British commanders. (2) Due to France's isolation in 1831-1833, she sought British support by negotiating the conventions of 1831 and 1833. (3) In response to Palmerston's insistence and to preserve France's influence Sdbastiani signed the protocol of a five-power accord to suppress the slave trade. Guizot accepted the Quintuple Treaty to facilitate an Anglo-French rapprochement. (4) Opposition encouraged by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, however, forced Guizot to repudiate this new agreement. (5) As a concession to Guizot,Aberdeen dropped the demand for a mutual right of search and negotiated the Convention of 1845, establishing a system of joint-cruising.

O presente trabalho pretende problematizar os crimes de cativos em Pelotas no contexto de intensificação do tráfico interno que caracterizou a segunda metade do século XIX. A partir da análise de processos criminais com cativos como réus e tendo como proposta a abordagem do cotidiano vivenciado pela comunidade cativa, esta pesquisa propõe-se a compreender o padrão de crimes cometidos por trabalhadores escravizados, identificar o perfil dos acusados e suas vítimas, analisar a agência cativa no contexto de incremento do tráfico interno, assim como as disputas existentes entre parceiros de cativeiro, os sentidos de liberdade atribuídos pelos cativos pelotenses, a porosidade entre as fronteira da escravidão e da liberdade e, brevemente, o papel da Justiça no cotidiano escravista da segunda metade do Oitocentos. / The present work aims to problematize the captives’ crimes in Pelotas in the context of internal slave trade’s intensification that characterized the second half of the XIX century. From the analyze of criminal processes with captives as defendants and having as proposal the approach of the daily routine experienced by the captive community, this research proposes to comprehend the pattern of crimes committed by enslaved workers, identify the accused’s and victim’s profiles, analyze the captive agency in the increase of the internal slave trade’s context, as the disputes between captivity partners, the liberty’s meanings attributed by the captives in Pelotas, the porosity between the frontiers of slavery and liberty and, briefly, the Justice’s role in slaver’s daily routine in the second half of the XIX century.

A presente pesquisa tem como principal objeto a escravidão em Pelotas na segunda metade do século XIX. Procurou-se entender como essa instituição se sustentou ao longo dos últimos 35 anos de sua existência, bem como quais foram as modificações ocorridas em decorrência de duas leis abolicionistas, a Lei Eusébio de Queirós e a Lei do Ventre Livre. Além disso, procurou-se entender a escravidão na localidade de forma global, quais eram as características dos plantéis escravos, seu perfil demográfico, como se montaram e se sustentaram, fugindo da exclusividade da charqueada, mas procurando incorporar toda a sociedade escravista pelotense. O uso de fontes de caráter serial e de metodologias do estudo de posse escrava e demografia histórica tornaram possível a verificação de um quadro bem complexo para escravidão local no período estudado. Longe de ser um fornecedor em potencial de escravos para as regiões produtoras de café após o encerramento do tráfico transatlântico, Pelotas demonstrou um esforço para a manutenção da escravidão até praticamente seu fim oficial na década de 1880. / The present investigation has as main object the slavery in Pelotas in the second half of the nineteenth century. We sought to understand how this institution was maintained over the last 35 years of its existence, and what were the changes occurring as a result of two abolitionists laws, the Eusebio de Queiroz Law and the Law of Free Womb. In addition, we sought to understand slavery in the locality as a whole, what were the characteristics of slaves groups, their demographic profile, hou it was assembled and maintained, fleeing of the exclusiveness of the charque production, but looking to incorporate all the Pelotas slavery society. The use of serial sources and the slave ownership and historical demography methodologies made it possible to scan a very complex picture for local slavery in the studied period. Far from being a potential supplier of slaves to the coffee growing regions after the close of the transatlantic slave trade, Pelotas showed an effort to maintain slavery until almost its official end in the 1880s.