No description available.

No / The Economics of Sin examines the definition and evolution of sin from the perspective of rational choice economics, yet is conscious of the limitations of such an approach. The author argues that because engaging in activities deemed to be sinful is an act of choice, it can therefore be subject to the logic of choice in the economic model. The book considers the formation of religions, including the new age revival of `wicca¿, as regulators of the quasi-market in sins, and goes on to appraise the role of specific sins such as lying, envy, jealousy, greed, lust, sloth, and waste in individual markets and in macroeconomic activity. Empirical evidence on issues such as cannibalism, capital punishment, addiction, adultery and prostitution is also explored. Samuel Cameron concludes that a large percentage of economic activity is intimately connected with forms of sin which are in some circumstances highly beneficial to the functioning of markets, particularly in the presence of market failure. This innovative, interdisciplinary study of the institution of sin will be of enormous interest to a wide-ranging readership, including researchers and teachers of economics, sociology and theology. It will also be of importance for anthropologists and philosophers.

As espécies de mamíferos da Magnaordem Xenarthra podem apresentar infecção por diversas espécies de parasitas da Família Trypanosomatidae, incluindo representantes dos gêneros Trypanosoma, Endotrypanum e Leishmania. Além dos Xenarthra, representantes do gênero Coendou (Ordem Rondentia) também foram incluídos neste estudo. Assim, foi possível descrever a diversidade de tripanossomatídeos nos Xenarthra e no gênero Coendou, provenientes principalmente da região Amazônica. As amostras de sangue, tecido e hemoculturas foram coletadas em sua maioria nos estados Pará e Rondônia, seguido do Mato Grosso, Paraíba e Ceará. Análises filogenéticas com a região V7V8 do gene SSU rDNA e do gene gGAPDH, confirmaram a presença de T. rangeli (linhagens A, B e E) em preguiças e tamanduás, T. cruzi (TcIII) em preguiças e tatús, Endotrypanum ssp. em preguiças e Porcisia em ouriços. Além disso, encontramos em todos hospedeiros duas possíveis novas espécies de trypanossomas denominadas de T. sp1 e T. sp2. / Mammal species of Magnaordem Xenarthra may be infected by several parasitic species of Trypanosomatidae family, including representatives of the genera Trypanosoma, Endotrypanum and Leishmania. In addition to the Xenarthra, representatives of the genus Coendou (Rondentia Order) were also included in this study. Thus, it was possible to describe the diversity of trypanosomatids in the Xenarthra and in the genus Coendou, mainly from the Amazon region. Blood samples, tissue and blood cultures were collected mostly in the states of Pará and Rondônia, followed by Mato Grosso, Paraíba and Ceará. Phylogenetic analyzes based in the V7V8 region of the SSU rDNA and gGAPDH genes confirmed the presence of T. rangeli (lineages A, B and E) in sloths and anteaters, T. cruzi (TcIII) in sloths and armadillos, Endotrypanum ssp. in sloths and Porcisia in porcupine. In addition, we found in all hosts two candidates to a new species of Trypanosoma named herein T. sp1 and T. sp2.

Com o intuito de contribuir para a compreensão da evolução cariotípica em mamíferos, realizamos estudos comparativos, utilizando a pintura cromossômica, em dois grupos basais de mamíferos, as preguiças e os marsupiais. Realizamos comparações entre os cromossomos humanos e os cromossomos das preguiças de três dedos Bradypus torquatus e Bradypus variegatus, estabelecendo as homologias. A análise conjunta de nossos dados e daqueles da literatura sobre pintura cromossômica em outras espécies de Xenarthra permitiu identificar ou confirmar sinapomorfias cromossômicas dos grupos assim como características ancestrais. Também realizamos comparações entre os cromossomos X das duas espécies de preguiça e entre os cromossomos X dos marsupiais americanos Marmosops incanus e Metachirus nudicaudatus. Os principais resultados e conclusões estão resumidos a seguir. 1. Os cariótipos de B. torquatus e B. variegatus são semelhantes quanto à correspondência com os cromossomos humanos. As duas espécies apresentaram em comum (a) a presença das associações dos cromossomos humanos (HSA) 4/8, 7/10, 7/16, 12/22, 14/15 e 17/19, (b) a conservação de HSA 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20 e X, (c) dois pares compartilhando homologia com HSA 2, 7, 10, 12, 19 e 22, (d) três pares, com segmentos homólogos a HSA 8 e (e) a ausência da associação ancestral de Eutheria HSA 16/19. 2. O cariótipo de B. variegatus (2n=54) é mais rearranjado em relação ao humano do que o de B. torquatus (2n=50), principalmente devido a fissões de cromossomos ancestrais, que levaram ao maior número diplóide dessa espécie. 3. Reunindo os dados para as preguiças B. variegatus e B. torquatus aos das demais espécies de Xenarthra que tiveram estabelecidas as correlações entre seus cromossomos e os cromossomos humanos, confirmamos como características presentes em todas as espécies dessa supraordem (a) a conservação de HSA 9, 13, 17, 18, 20 e X, (b) a presença de dois pares cromossômicos compartilhando homologia com HSA 19 e 22 e (c) a presença das associações HSA 4/8, 7/16, 12/22 e 14/15. 4. Confirmamos a associação HSA 7/10 e a divisão de HSA 8 em três blocos como assinaturas cromossômicas da supraordem Xenarthra, o que concorda com a monofilia do grupo. 5. Mostramos que a associação HSA 17/19, presente nos cariótipos de B. variegatus, B. torquatus e B. tridactylus, parece ser assinatura cromossômica do gênero Bradypus, apoiando a monofilia do grupo. 6. Mostramos que a associação HSA 12/22/16 parece ser uma sinapomorfia cromossômica, unindo as espécies B. variegatus e B. tridactylus. 7. Considerando a correspondência com os cromossomos humanos, verificamos que os cariótipos de B. variegatus e B. tridactylus são os mais semelhantes, no gênero Bradypus. 8. A análise das correspondências entre as sequências dos cromossomos humanos e as sequências dos cromossomos de grupos externos de mamíferos placentários (marsupial e galinha) disponíveis no banco de dados Ensembl, mostrou que a associação HSA 7/10 presente na supraordem Xenarthra também ocorre nesses grupos externos. Confirmando-se a homologia dessa associação entre os grupos, ela deveria ser classificada como ancestral de Eutheria, apoiando a posição basal dos Xenarthra na árvore filogenética dos mamíferos placentários. 9. Nossas análises comparativas permitiram propor um cariótipo ancestral de Xenarthra com número diplóide de 48 cromossomos, incluindo (a) as associações HSA 3/21, 4/8, 7/10, 7/16, 12/22 (2x), 14/15 e 16/19, (b) a conservação dos cromossomos HSA 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21 e X, (c) dois pares cromossômicos com homologia a HSA 2, 7, 10, 12, 16, 19 e 22 e (d) três pares com homologia a HSA 8. 10. Entre os Xenarthra, B. torquatus e C. hoffmanni, com os menores números diplóides da supraordem, apresentam os cariótipos mais conservados em relação ao cariótipo que propusemos como ancestral de Xenarthra e também em relação ao mais recente cariótipo proposto como ancestral de Eutheria. 11. A conservação da eucromatina do cromossomo X foi evidenciada nos experimentos de pintura cromossômica interespecífica, entre as preguiças B. torquatus e B. variegatus e entre os marsupiais M. incanus e M. nudicaudatus. Os segmentos heterocromáticos desses cromossomos se mostraram divergentes, não permitindo a hibridação in situ interespecífica. / In an attempt to shed additional light on mammalian karyotype evolution, we studied, by chromosome painting, the chromosomes of species from two mammalian basal groups, sloths and marsupials. We compared human chromosomes with the chromosomes of two species of three-toed sloths, Bradypus torquatus and Bradypus variegatus, establishing homologies. Analyzing together ours and published data on chromosome painting in Xenarthra species allowed us to identify or confirm chromosome synapomorphies and ancestral characteristics. We also used chromosome painting to compare the X chromosomes of Bradypus torquatus and Bradypus variegatus as well as the X chromosomes of two American marsupials, Marmosops incanus and Metachirus nudicaudatus. Our main results and conclusions are summarized below. 1. The karyotypes of both B. torquatus and B. variegatus include (a) the human chromosomes associations HSA 4/8, 7/10, 7/16, 12/22, 14/15 and 17/19, (b) the conservation of HSA 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20 and X, (c) the disruption into two blocks of HSA 2, 7, 10, 12, 19 and 22, (d) three pairs sharing homologous segments with HSA 8, and (e) the absence of the ancestral eutherian association HSA 16/19. 2. B. variegatus (2n=54) presents a more rearranged karyotype, in relation to the human karyotype, than B. torquatus (2n=50), in particular due to fissions of ancestral chromosomes, which account for its higher diploid number. 3. Our data on B. variegatus and B. torquatus together with the previously published comparisons between human and Xenarthra chromosomes confirm, as characteristics common to the species of this super-order (a) the conservation of HSA 9, 13, 17, 18, 20 and X, (b) the disruption of HSA 19 and 22 into two blocks, and (c) the presence of the human chromosome associations HSA 4/8, 7/16, 12/22 and 14/15. 4. The human chromosome association HSA 7/10 and the disruption of HAS 8 into three blocks were confirmed as chromosome signatures for the super-order Xenarthra, supporting the monophyly of the group. 76 5. The HSA 17/19 association, which we demonstrated to be shared by B. variegatus, B. torquatus and B. tridactylus karyotypes, appears as a chromosome signature for the genus Bradypus, supporting the monophyly of the group. 6. The HSA 12/22/16 association seems to be a chromosome synapomorphic trait linking the species B. variegatus e B. tridactylus. 7. Take into account the correspondence between human and Bradypus chromosomes we observed that B. variegatus and B. tridactylus karyotypes are the most similar in the genus. 8. Based on the comparison of the human chromosomes sequences to the chromosomes sequences of the chicken and a marsupial species (outgroups to placental mammals), available in Ensembl database, we showed that a HSA 7/10 association, which is present in the super-order Xenarthra, is also present in the karyotype of the two outgroup species. As the homology between this chromosome association in Xenarthra and the outgroups are demonstrated, strong support for the classifications of this association as ancestral to Eutheria and of Xenarthra as a basal group in the eutherian phylogenetic tree will be given. 9. Our comparative analysis allow us to propose an ancestral Xenarthra karyotype with 2n=48, including (a) the human chromosome associations HSA 3/21, 4/8, 7/10, 7/16, 12/22 (2x), 14/15 and 16/19, (b) the conservation of HSA 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21 and X, (c) the disruption into two blocks of HSA 2, 7, 10, 12, 16, 19 and 22, and (d) three pairs sharing homologous segments with HSA 8. 10. Among Xenarthra species, B. torquatus and C. hoffmanni, with the lowest diploid number of the super-order, show the most conserved karyotypes in relation to our proposed ancestral Xenarthra karyotype as well as to the most recently proposed ancestral eutherian karyotype. 11. The conservation of the X chromosome euchromatin was demonstrated by interspecific chromosome painting between the sloths, B. torquatus and B. variegatus, and between the marsupials, M. incanus and M. nudicaudatus. The X chromosome heterochromatic segments were shown to be divergent in the extent to prevent in situ hybridization between species.

This dissertation addresses how Paleoindians used the karst drainage of the Aucilla River in northwestern Florida during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition (approximately 15-10,000 14C yr B.P.). I take a geoarchaeological approach to discuss Paleoindian land use by first defining the Late Pleistocene and Holocene geological record, and then by creating a model of site formation processes in the Aucilla River. Both underwater and terrestrial fieldwork were performed. Underwater fieldwork consisted of hand-driven cores and surface survey, vibrocoring, underwater 1 x 1 m unit excavation, and controlled surface collection. Terrestrial fieldwork consisted of shovel and auger test pits. Seventeen cores were collected from five different submerged sinkhole sites, which were used to select two sites for further study: Sloth Hole (8JE121), which had been previously excavated, and Wayne's Sink (8JE1508/TA280), which was recorded but not formally investigated. Five vibrocores and two 1 x 1m units were used, with previous research, to define the geological and geoarchaeological context of Sloth Hole. Fifteen vibrocores, six 1 x 1 m excavation units, and ten 1 x 1 m surface collection units were used to define the geological, geoarchaeological, and archaeological context of Wayne's Sink. A combination of 130 shovel and auger test pits was used to define the geological, geoarchaeological, and archaeological potential of the terrestrial landscape. Five new Holocene-aged terrestrial sites were recorded. All of these data were evaluated with archival data from previously-excavated sites to create models of site formation and Paleoindian land use in the lower Aucilla Basin. This research shows that there have been four major periods of sinkhole infill in the lower Aucilla basin. The first occurred prior to the Last Glacial Maximum, with each sinkhole containing peat deposits that date in excess of 21,000 calendar years ago (cal B.P.). These peats are overlain by sandy colluvium that dates to approximately 14,500 cal B.P. The colluvium is overlain by clays that contain evidence for soil formation. These soils vary in age, with radiocarbon dates of approximately 14,500-10,000 cal B.P. These clays are directly overlain by peats dating to 5,000-3,500 cal B.P., which are overlain by peats and clays that date to 2,500-0 cal B.P. Intact Paleoindian and Early Archaic deposits are possible in the late Pleistocene soils.

Com o intuito de contribuir para a compreensão da evolução cariotípica em mamíferos, realizamos estudos comparativos, utilizando a pintura cromossômica, em dois grupos basais de mamíferos, as preguiças e os marsupiais. Realizamos comparações entre os cromossomos humanos e os cromossomos das preguiças de três dedos Bradypus torquatus e Bradypus variegatus, estabelecendo as homologias. A análise conjunta de nossos dados e daqueles da literatura sobre pintura cromossômica em outras espécies de Xenarthra permitiu identificar ou confirmar sinapomorfias cromossômicas dos grupos assim como características ancestrais. Também realizamos comparações entre os cromossomos X das duas espécies de preguiça e entre os cromossomos X dos marsupiais americanos Marmosops incanus e Metachirus nudicaudatus. Os principais resultados e conclusões estão resumidos a seguir. 1. Os cariótipos de B. torquatus e B. variegatus são semelhantes quanto à correspondência com os cromossomos humanos. As duas espécies apresentaram em comum (a) a presença das associações dos cromossomos humanos (HSA) 4/8, 7/10, 7/16, 12/22, 14/15 e 17/19, (b) a conservação de HSA 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20 e X, (c) dois pares compartilhando homologia com HSA 2, 7, 10, 12, 19 e 22, (d) três pares, com segmentos homólogos a HSA 8 e (e) a ausência da associação ancestral de Eutheria HSA 16/19. 2. O cariótipo de B. variegatus (2n=54) é mais rearranjado em relação ao humano do que o de B. torquatus (2n=50), principalmente devido a fissões de cromossomos ancestrais, que levaram ao maior número diplóide dessa espécie. 3. Reunindo os dados para as preguiças B. variegatus e B. torquatus aos das demais espécies de Xenarthra que tiveram estabelecidas as correlações entre seus cromossomos e os cromossomos humanos, confirmamos como características presentes em todas as espécies dessa supraordem (a) a conservação de HSA 9, 13, 17, 18, 20 e X, (b) a presença de dois pares cromossômicos compartilhando homologia com HSA 19 e 22 e (c) a presença das associações HSA 4/8, 7/16, 12/22 e 14/15. 4. Confirmamos a associação HSA 7/10 e a divisão de HSA 8 em três blocos como assinaturas cromossômicas da supraordem Xenarthra, o que concorda com a monofilia do grupo. 5. Mostramos que a associação HSA 17/19, presente nos cariótipos de B. variegatus, B. torquatus e B. tridactylus, parece ser assinatura cromossômica do gênero Bradypus, apoiando a monofilia do grupo. 6. Mostramos que a associação HSA 12/22/16 parece ser uma sinapomorfia cromossômica, unindo as espécies B. variegatus e B. tridactylus. 7. Considerando a correspondência com os cromossomos humanos, verificamos que os cariótipos de B. variegatus e B. tridactylus são os mais semelhantes, no gênero Bradypus. 8. A análise das correspondências entre as sequências dos cromossomos humanos e as sequências dos cromossomos de grupos externos de mamíferos placentários (marsupial e galinha) disponíveis no banco de dados Ensembl, mostrou que a associação HSA 7/10 presente na supraordem Xenarthra também ocorre nesses grupos externos. Confirmando-se a homologia dessa associação entre os grupos, ela deveria ser classificada como ancestral de Eutheria, apoiando a posição basal dos Xenarthra na árvore filogenética dos mamíferos placentários. 9. Nossas análises comparativas permitiram propor um cariótipo ancestral de Xenarthra com número diplóide de 48 cromossomos, incluindo (a) as associações HSA 3/21, 4/8, 7/10, 7/16, 12/22 (2x), 14/15 e 16/19, (b) a conservação dos cromossomos HSA 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21 e X, (c) dois pares cromossômicos com homologia a HSA 2, 7, 10, 12, 16, 19 e 22 e (d) três pares com homologia a HSA 8. 10. Entre os Xenarthra, B. torquatus e C. hoffmanni, com os menores números diplóides da supraordem, apresentam os cariótipos mais conservados em relação ao cariótipo que propusemos como ancestral de Xenarthra e também em relação ao mais recente cariótipo proposto como ancestral de Eutheria. 11. A conservação da eucromatina do cromossomo X foi evidenciada nos experimentos de pintura cromossômica interespecífica, entre as preguiças B. torquatus e B. variegatus e entre os marsupiais M. incanus e M. nudicaudatus. Os segmentos heterocromáticos desses cromossomos se mostraram divergentes, não permitindo a hibridação in situ interespecífica. / In an attempt to shed additional light on mammalian karyotype evolution, we studied, by chromosome painting, the chromosomes of species from two mammalian basal groups, sloths and marsupials. We compared human chromosomes with the chromosomes of two species of three-toed sloths, Bradypus torquatus and Bradypus variegatus, establishing homologies. Analyzing together ours and published data on chromosome painting in Xenarthra species allowed us to identify or confirm chromosome synapomorphies and ancestral characteristics. We also used chromosome painting to compare the X chromosomes of Bradypus torquatus and Bradypus variegatus as well as the X chromosomes of two American marsupials, Marmosops incanus and Metachirus nudicaudatus. Our main results and conclusions are summarized below. 1. The karyotypes of both B. torquatus and B. variegatus include (a) the human chromosomes associations HSA 4/8, 7/10, 7/16, 12/22, 14/15 and 17/19, (b) the conservation of HSA 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20 and X, (c) the disruption into two blocks of HSA 2, 7, 10, 12, 19 and 22, (d) three pairs sharing homologous segments with HSA 8, and (e) the absence of the ancestral eutherian association HSA 16/19. 2. B. variegatus (2n=54) presents a more rearranged karyotype, in relation to the human karyotype, than B. torquatus (2n=50), in particular due to fissions of ancestral chromosomes, which account for its higher diploid number. 3. Our data on B. variegatus and B. torquatus together with the previously published comparisons between human and Xenarthra chromosomes confirm, as characteristics common to the species of this super-order (a) the conservation of HSA 9, 13, 17, 18, 20 and X, (b) the disruption of HSA 19 and 22 into two blocks, and (c) the presence of the human chromosome associations HSA 4/8, 7/16, 12/22 and 14/15. 4. The human chromosome association HSA 7/10 and the disruption of HAS 8 into three blocks were confirmed as chromosome signatures for the super-order Xenarthra, supporting the monophyly of the group. 76 5. The HSA 17/19 association, which we demonstrated to be shared by B. variegatus, B. torquatus and B. tridactylus karyotypes, appears as a chromosome signature for the genus Bradypus, supporting the monophyly of the group. 6. The HSA 12/22/16 association seems to be a chromosome synapomorphic trait linking the species B. variegatus e B. tridactylus. 7. Take into account the correspondence between human and Bradypus chromosomes we observed that B. variegatus and B. tridactylus karyotypes are the most similar in the genus. 8. Based on the comparison of the human chromosomes sequences to the chromosomes sequences of the chicken and a marsupial species (outgroups to placental mammals), available in Ensembl database, we showed that a HSA 7/10 association, which is present in the super-order Xenarthra, is also present in the karyotype of the two outgroup species. As the homology between this chromosome association in Xenarthra and the outgroups are demonstrated, strong support for the classifications of this association as ancestral to Eutheria and of Xenarthra as a basal group in the eutherian phylogenetic tree will be given. 9. Our comparative analysis allow us to propose an ancestral Xenarthra karyotype with 2n=48, including (a) the human chromosome associations HSA 3/21, 4/8, 7/10, 7/16, 12/22 (2x), 14/15 and 16/19, (b) the conservation of HSA 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21 and X, (c) the disruption into two blocks of HSA 2, 7, 10, 12, 16, 19 and 22, and (d) three pairs sharing homologous segments with HSA 8. 10. Among Xenarthra species, B. torquatus and C. hoffmanni, with the lowest diploid number of the super-order, show the most conserved karyotypes in relation to our proposed ancestral Xenarthra karyotype as well as to the most recently proposed ancestral eutherian karyotype. 11. The conservation of the X chromosome euchromatin was demonstrated by interspecific chromosome painting between the sloths, B. torquatus and B. variegatus, and between the marsupials, M. incanus and M. nudicaudatus. The X chromosome heterochromatic segments were shown to be divergent in the extent to prevent in situ hybridization between species.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2016-05-25T15:27:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Andre Batista.pdf: 1088768 bytes, checksum: 7819bd86b2d74fe0f2599519c5bdf4cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T15:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Andre Batista.pdf: 1088768 bytes, checksum: 7819bd86b2d74fe0f2599519c5bdf4cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-16 / The main objective of the present work was to apply recently developed in methods in physics-statistics to the time series, especifically in this work, to intervals of heart beats obtained from blood pressure signs (BP) of the sloth (Bradypus variegatus), with the purpose of identifying differences in fractality terms in the system of autonomous control related to the different situations lived by the animal along 48 hours (light-dark cycles). One tried to investigate if environmental changings may produce tendencies or have influence on the autonomous control system, using analysis multifractal methods, like Multifractal Detrended Fluctuations Analysis (MF-DFA). Due to the conditions in which the sloth BP data were obtained, that is, obtained to intervals of 15 minutes, it was necessary the adaptation of data for application of the technique MF-DFA. For validation of the adaptations, tests with humans' electrocardiograms gave us support to work with the interbeats data of sloth. The obtained results showed asignificant increasement of multifractalidade in the intervals of heartbeats of the sloth in the light cycle in relation to the dark cycle. / O principal objetivo do presente trabalho foi aplicar métodos recentemente desenvolvidos em física-estatística às séries temporais, em especial neste trabalho, a intervalos de batimentos cardíacos obtidos a partir de sinais de pressão arterial (PA) do bicho preguiça (Bradypus variegatus), com a finalidade de identificar diferenças em termos de fractalidade no sistema de controle autonômico relacionadas às diferentes situações vividas pelo animal ao longo de 48 horas (períodos claro e escuro). Procurou-se investigar se alterações ambientais produzem tendências ou têm influências sobre o sistema de controle autonômico, utilizando métodos de análise multifractal, como Multifractal Detrended Fluctuations Analysis (MF-DFA). Devido às condições nas quais os dados de PA de preguiça foram obtidos, isto é, obtidos a intervalos de 15 minutos, fez-se necessário a adaptação dos dados para aplicação da técnica MF-DFA. Para validação das adaptações, testes com eletrocardiogramas de humanos nos deram suporte para trabalhar com os dados de intervalos de batimentos cardíacos do bicho-preguiça. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que existe um aumento significativo demultifractalidade nos intervalos de batimentos cardíacos do bicho preguiça no período claro em relação ao escuro.

No description available.

SUmmaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / Die oogmerk van hierdie verhandeling is om te wys op die tekstuele en visuele kontraste in Georgi con 11.1 - 108. Ten aanvang word 'n bree vergelyking getreftussen Georgicon I en II om sodoende die funksie asook die effek van Boek 2 in die viertal gedigte te bepaal. Vir 'n meer indringende ontleding word Boek 2, asook die relevante verse, skematies verdeel en alhoewel die panoramiese effek versteur word, kan die problematiek van hierdie gedig alleenlik s0 noukeuriger opgelos word. Daar word getoon dat Boek 2 in drie afdelings verdeel is met 'n laus-tema wat telkens as hoogtepunt dien vir elk van die dele. Ook die oorkoepelende tema van variatio-labor en die wisselwerking daarvan kan duideliker waargeneem word. Verse I - I 08 is didakties van aard en eenvoudige patrone word saamgestel uit alledaagse objekte en idees. Vergilius slaag daarin om vergelykings af te dwing en om kontras te bewerkstellig deur die skep van imagines. Hierdie beelde kom duideliker na vore deur 'n baie noukeurige analise van die teks en s6 word vorm, lyn, kleur en tekstuur beklemtoon en gekontrasteer. W anneer die fokus verskuif vanaf die natuur na die mens, word daar gewys op die kontras in verse 3 5 - 46 tussen die landbouers en die politieke magsfiguur van Maecenas. Die onderliggende felix I fortuna/us tema word s6 beklemtoon. Die problematiek van didaktisisme word aangespreek deur die effek van die kontrastering van parallelle passasies aan te toon. As Leitmotiv word telkens gewys op die tekstuele en visuele kontraste in die digter se keuse en rangskikking van 'n ryke verskeidenheid van borne - met spesifieke verwysing na hulle aard, voorkoms, herkoms en funksie. / The aim of this dissertation is to indicate the textual and visual contrasts in Georgi con TI.l - 108. In a broad comparison between Georgica I and II the function and the effect ofBook 2 within the framework of the four poems is determined. With a view to a more penetrating analysis, Book 2 as a whole and specifically lines 1 - 108 will be dealt with schematically. Although this puts the panoramic effect at risk, it is the only way in which the complexities of this poem can be successfully resolved. Book 2 is shown to have a tripartite structure, with a taustheme as the climax of each of the three divisions. The over-arching theme of reciprocating variatio- labor also comes to light more clearly. Lines I - I 08 are of a didactic nature, and simple patterns are shaped out of everyday objects and ideas. By creating imagines Vergil manages to enforce comparisons and to bring about contrasts. A meticulous analysis of the text highlights these images more clearly and in this manner the poet accentuates colour, form, line and texture. When the focus shifts from nature to man, the contrast between the farmers and the politically powerful Maecenas in lines 3 5 - 46 is brought to the fore to emphasize the underlying theme of felix I fortunatus. The problem of didacticism is addressed by focusing on the effect of the contrasts between parallel passages. The textual and visual contrasts in the poet's choice and marshalling of a rich variety of trees, with a particular reference to their nature, occurrence, provenance and function, serve as Leitmotif for the dissertation as a whole. / Classics and Modern European Languages / M.A. (Latyn)

SUmmaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / Die oogmerk van hierdie verhandeling is om te wys op die tekstuele en visuele kontraste in Georgi con 11.1 - 108. Ten aanvang word 'n bree vergelyking getreftussen Georgicon I en II om sodoende die funksie asook die effek van Boek 2 in die viertal gedigte te bepaal. Vir 'n meer indringende ontleding word Boek 2, asook die relevante verse, skematies verdeel en alhoewel die panoramiese effek versteur word, kan die problematiek van hierdie gedig alleenlik s0 noukeuriger opgelos word. Daar word getoon dat Boek 2 in drie afdelings verdeel is met 'n laus-tema wat telkens as hoogtepunt dien vir elk van die dele. Ook die oorkoepelende tema van variatio-labor en die wisselwerking daarvan kan duideliker waargeneem word. Verse I - I 08 is didakties van aard en eenvoudige patrone word saamgestel uit alledaagse objekte en idees. Vergilius slaag daarin om vergelykings af te dwing en om kontras te bewerkstellig deur die skep van imagines. Hierdie beelde kom duideliker na vore deur 'n baie noukeurige analise van die teks en s6 word vorm, lyn, kleur en tekstuur beklemtoon en gekontrasteer. W anneer die fokus verskuif vanaf die natuur na die mens, word daar gewys op die kontras in verse 3 5 - 46 tussen die landbouers en die politieke magsfiguur van Maecenas. Die onderliggende felix I fortuna/us tema word s6 beklemtoon. Die problematiek van didaktisisme word aangespreek deur die effek van die kontrastering van parallelle passasies aan te toon. As Leitmotiv word telkens gewys op die tekstuele en visuele kontraste in die digter se keuse en rangskikking van 'n ryke verskeidenheid van borne - met spesifieke verwysing na hulle aard, voorkoms, herkoms en funksie. / The aim of this dissertation is to indicate the textual and visual contrasts in Georgi con TI.l - 108. In a broad comparison between Georgica I and II the function and the effect ofBook 2 within the framework of the four poems is determined. With a view to a more penetrating analysis, Book 2 as a whole and specifically lines 1 - 108 will be dealt with schematically. Although this puts the panoramic effect at risk, it is the only way in which the complexities of this poem can be successfully resolved. Book 2 is shown to have a tripartite structure, with a taustheme as the climax of each of the three divisions. The over-arching theme of reciprocating variatio- labor also comes to light more clearly. Lines I - I 08 are of a didactic nature, and simple patterns are shaped out of everyday objects and ideas. By creating imagines Vergil manages to enforce comparisons and to bring about contrasts. A meticulous analysis of the text highlights these images more clearly and in this manner the poet accentuates colour, form, line and texture. When the focus shifts from nature to man, the contrast between the farmers and the politically powerful Maecenas in lines 3 5 - 46 is brought to the fore to emphasize the underlying theme of felix I fortunatus. The problem of didacticism is addressed by focusing on the effect of the contrasts between parallel passages. The textual and visual contrasts in the poet's choice and marshalling of a rich variety of trees, with a particular reference to their nature, occurrence, provenance and function, serve as Leitmotif for the dissertation as a whole. / Classics and Modern European Languages / M.A. (Latyn)