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As mudanças nas políticas públicas ambientais que ocorreram a partir da década de 1990 têm levado comunidades tradicionais a trilharem novos caminhos na busca da adequação aos paradigmas contemporâneos de produção, renda e legalização ambiental. Neste contexto, passa a ser adotado um modelo de manejo florestal comunitário introduzido por agentes externos às comunidades. Este modelo tem sido objeto de avaliações econômicas que apontam para a inviabilidade financeira dos projetos, a despeito de outros benefícios sociais e ambientais. Os objetivos desta tese foram: analisar os desafios vivenciados pelas comunidades tradicionais para se adequarem às novas políticas ambientais e avaliar os resultados de projetos de manejo comunitários em relação aos meios de vidas de seus protagonistas. Será o modelo introduzido manejo florestal viável? Quais os resultados que os projetos que adotaram este modelo alcançaram em relação aos meios de vida? A tese compreende quatro estudos de casos, apresentados em capítulos. As análises e avaliações dos projetos foram realizadas utilizando-se como marco analítico os \"meios de vida sustentáveis\" (capital humano, social, físico, financeiro e natural). O levantamento de dados foi realizado por meio dos métodos de entrevistas, diálogo mediado pela floresta, pesquisa documental e observação participante. Os dados foram analisados com base em análise interpretativa, triangulação de dados, estatística descritiva, análise de variância e testes de médias. O primeiro estudo de caso analisou o projeto de manejo florestal de uma associação comunitária, no município de Boa Vista do Ramos - AM, no seu trajeto de organização social até a obtenção da licença ambiental e da certificação florestal. O segundo estudo, comparou os resultados advindos da extração de madeira entre extratores que desenvolveram projetos de manejo florestal, com os resultados daqueles que permaneceram praticando a extração ilegal de madeira. O terceiro e o quarto estudos de caso foram desenvolvidos na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (RDSM). Um avaliando os resultados do manejo florestal comunitário e outro avaliando resultados de um esquema de REDD+ denominado Programa Bolsa Floresta, ambos em relação aos meios de vida de seus protagonistas. Os resultados gerais da pesquisa indicam que o modelo introduzido manejo florestal não se apresenta, ao menos sem um forte suporte externo, como um meio de vida sustentável para as comunidades tradicionais. O capital natural mostrou os melhores resultados e o capital financeiro, os piores. Os resultados indicam um viés das políticas públicas florestais a favor da conservação ambiental em detrimento da produção florestal. Em relação específica ao esquema de REDD+, os moradores da RDSM não o identificam como um mecanismo que contribui com o capital natural, porém, há uma percepção de melhorias relativas aos outros capitais. Conclui-se que: para o manejo florestal comunitário tornar-se um meio de vida sustentável, devem ser centrados esforços em questões de educação e capacitação das populações e valorização dos conhecimentos tradicionais (capital humano); fortalecimento das redes sociais/institucionais e estímulo à participação efetiva (capital social); maior autonomia, equidade e projetos de geração de renda (capital financeiro); para além de projetos que visem prioritariamente à conservação ambiental (capital natural). / Changes in environmental policy that have occurred since the 1990s has led traditional communities to tread new paths in search of adaptation to contemporary paradigms of production, income and environmental legalization. In this context, starts to be adopted a model of community forestry introduced by external agents to communities. This model has been the subject of economic evaluations that link to the financial unfeasibility of projects, regardless of other social and environmental benefits. The objectives of this thesis were: analyze the challenges experienced by traditional communities to conform to new environmental policies and evaluate community management projects in relation to the livelihoods of its protagonists. Is the introduced forest management model viable? What results the projects that have adopted this model have achieved in relation to the livelihoods? The thesis comprises four case studies presented in chapters. The analysis and evaluation of the projects were carried out using the \"sustainable livelihoods framework\" (human, social, physical, financial and natural, capitals). The survey was conducted through interviews, forest mediated dialogue, documental research and participant observation. Data were analyzed using interpretative analysis, triangulation, descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and tests for difference of means. The first case study examined the forest management project in a community association, in Boa Vista do Ramos county, Amazonas state, in their path of social organization to obtain the environmental license and forest certification. The second case study compared the results derived from logging between extractors that developed forest management projects, with the results of those who remained practicing illegal logging. The third and fourth case studies were developed within the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve. One evaluating the outcomes of community forest management and other evaluating the outcomes of a REDD+ scheme, called Bolsa Floresta Program, both in relation to the livelihoods of its protagonists. The overall results of the survey indicate that the introduced forest management model does not present itself, at least without strong external support, as a sustainable livelihood for traditional communities. The natural capital showed the best results and financial capital, the worst. The results indicate a bias of forest policy in favor of environmental conservation at the expense of forest production. In specific relation to the REDD + scheme, residents of RDSM not identify it as a mechanism that contributes to the natural capital, however, there is a perception regarding other capital improvements. It is concluded that for the community forest management become a sustainable livelihood, efforts should be focused on issues of education and empowerment of people and appreciation of traditional knowledge (human capital); strengthening social / institutional networks and encouraging effective participation (social capital); greater autonomy, equity and income generating projects (financial capital); in addition to projects that aim primarily to environmental conservation (capital natural).

As mudanças nas políticas públicas ambientais que ocorreram a partir da década de 1990 têm levado comunidades tradicionais a trilharem novos caminhos na busca da adequação aos paradigmas contemporâneos de produção, renda e legalização ambiental. Neste contexto, passa a ser adotado um modelo de manejo florestal comunitário introduzido por agentes externos às comunidades. Este modelo tem sido objeto de avaliações econômicas que apontam para a inviabilidade financeira dos projetos, a despeito de outros benefícios sociais e ambientais. Os objetivos desta tese foram: analisar os desafios vivenciados pelas comunidades tradicionais para se adequarem às novas políticas ambientais e avaliar os resultados de projetos de manejo comunitários em relação aos meios de vidas de seus protagonistas. Será o modelo introduzido manejo florestal viável? Quais os resultados que os projetos que adotaram este modelo alcançaram em relação aos meios de vida? A tese compreende quatro estudos de casos, apresentados em capítulos. As análises e avaliações dos projetos foram realizadas utilizando-se como marco analítico os \"meios de vida sustentáveis\" (capital humano, social, físico, financeiro e natural). O levantamento de dados foi realizado por meio dos métodos de entrevistas, diálogo mediado pela floresta, pesquisa documental e observação participante. Os dados foram analisados com base em análise interpretativa, triangulação de dados, estatística descritiva, análise de variância e testes de médias. O primeiro estudo de caso analisou o projeto de manejo florestal de uma associação comunitária, no município de Boa Vista do Ramos - AM, no seu trajeto de organização social até a obtenção da licença ambiental e da certificação florestal. O segundo estudo, comparou os resultados advindos da extração de madeira entre extratores que desenvolveram projetos de manejo florestal, com os resultados daqueles que permaneceram praticando a extração ilegal de madeira. O terceiro e o quarto estudos de caso foram desenvolvidos na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (RDSM). Um avaliando os resultados do manejo florestal comunitário e outro avaliando resultados de um esquema de REDD+ denominado Programa Bolsa Floresta, ambos em relação aos meios de vida de seus protagonistas. Os resultados gerais da pesquisa indicam que o modelo introduzido manejo florestal não se apresenta, ao menos sem um forte suporte externo, como um meio de vida sustentável para as comunidades tradicionais. O capital natural mostrou os melhores resultados e o capital financeiro, os piores. Os resultados indicam um viés das políticas públicas florestais a favor da conservação ambiental em detrimento da produção florestal. Em relação específica ao esquema de REDD+, os moradores da RDSM não o identificam como um mecanismo que contribui com o capital natural, porém, há uma percepção de melhorias relativas aos outros capitais. Conclui-se que: para o manejo florestal comunitário tornar-se um meio de vida sustentável, devem ser centrados esforços em questões de educação e capacitação das populações e valorização dos conhecimentos tradicionais (capital humano); fortalecimento das redes sociais/institucionais e estímulo à participação efetiva (capital social); maior autonomia, equidade e projetos de geração de renda (capital financeiro); para além de projetos que visem prioritariamente à conservação ambiental (capital natural). / Changes in environmental policy that have occurred since the 1990s has led traditional communities to tread new paths in search of adaptation to contemporary paradigms of production, income and environmental legalization. In this context, starts to be adopted a model of community forestry introduced by external agents to communities. This model has been the subject of economic evaluations that link to the financial unfeasibility of projects, regardless of other social and environmental benefits. The objectives of this thesis were: analyze the challenges experienced by traditional communities to conform to new environmental policies and evaluate community management projects in relation to the livelihoods of its protagonists. Is the introduced forest management model viable? What results the projects that have adopted this model have achieved in relation to the livelihoods? The thesis comprises four case studies presented in chapters. The analysis and evaluation of the projects were carried out using the \"sustainable livelihoods framework\" (human, social, physical, financial and natural, capitals). The survey was conducted through interviews, forest mediated dialogue, documental research and participant observation. Data were analyzed using interpretative analysis, triangulation, descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and tests for difference of means. The first case study examined the forest management project in a community association, in Boa Vista do Ramos county, Amazonas state, in their path of social organization to obtain the environmental license and forest certification. The second case study compared the results derived from logging between extractors that developed forest management projects, with the results of those who remained practicing illegal logging. The third and fourth case studies were developed within the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve. One evaluating the outcomes of community forest management and other evaluating the outcomes of a REDD+ scheme, called Bolsa Floresta Program, both in relation to the livelihoods of its protagonists. The overall results of the survey indicate that the introduced forest management model does not present itself, at least without strong external support, as a sustainable livelihood for traditional communities. The natural capital showed the best results and financial capital, the worst. The results indicate a bias of forest policy in favor of environmental conservation at the expense of forest production. In specific relation to the REDD + scheme, residents of RDSM not identify it as a mechanism that contributes to the natural capital, however, there is a perception regarding other capital improvements. It is concluded that for the community forest management become a sustainable livelihood, efforts should be focused on issues of education and empowerment of people and appreciation of traditional knowledge (human capital); strengthening social / institutional networks and encouraging effective participation (social capital); greater autonomy, equity and income generating projects (financial capital); in addition to projects that aim primarily to environmental conservation (capital natural).

This study analysed the impact of the palm oil industry on smallholder and subsistence farmers in the Rumonge region of Burundi, the second poorest country in the world. Burundi has widespread poverty and suffers severe capacity constraints, and skill shortages brought about, in part, by ethnic civil war, political conflict and internal displacement. Ingrained animosity has disrupted farming, escalated poverty and hampered development projects such as palm oil farming. Little research has been conducted into the causes and possible solutions to these problems. Using sustainable development theory and agricultural development theory, this study addressed this gap by considering the potential benefits of sustainable palm oil production in the context of the socio-economic challenges facing Burundi. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the study targeted four villages of Rumonge District, including Kizuka, Busaga, Dama and Birimba. A combined total of 300 respondents was derived from these four villages. Findings of the quantitative study suggest that palm oil had a positive impact on the social and economic lives of rural communities in Rumonge District;. However, challenges remained in capacity, farming skills and resources. Results from qualitative interviews and focus groups confirmed that earnings from palm oil could be used to support education, skills transfer through family ties; and employment of local people. However, from the perspective of environmentalist activists, it was indicated that while palm oil generated economic benefits for local communities, at the same time traditional farming methods led to pollution and degradation of the natural environment. Qualitative findings further showed that small-scale palm oil farmers faced numerous challenges which often led to the failure of some of their ventures, such as access to funds, lack of technical support, lack of knowledge in utilising business networking, low skills levels, limited understanding of land rights issues, civil conflicts and rising production costs. Additional problems were noted regarding environmental problems and the disappearance of wildlife. The study confirmed the need for small-scale farmers to be adequately capacitated with information, training, resources and technical support to be able to use sustainable farming methods in order to enhance yields. The study contributes to knowledge by identifying how rural smallholder farmers can design more extended longer-term plans to improve their livelihoods, particularly concerning how palm oil production can address the socio-economic problems facing the people of Burundi. / Development Studies / D. Phil. (Developmental Studies)

This study aims to understand and assess the diffusion and adoption of RES forenhanced societal wellbeing in developing countries. Furthermore, the purpose is tocontribute to a deeper understanding of the drivers and barriers (D&B) to the diffusionand adoption of RES among smallholders in rural Tanzania. The study onlyinvestigated solar energy lamps and not all products within the scope of RE. This wasto draw a more accurate and relevant conclusion from the empirical study. The study took place in Handeni, Tanzania, from March to May 2022. The primarydata for the study was collected through observations and twenty semi-structuredinterviews in four different villages in Handeni's Rural district. The data sets wereanalyzed through a thematic analysis to identify which D&B the smallholders werefacing regarding the adoption of solar energy lamps. These D&B were later furtheranalyzed with the help of the secondary data from literature studies, where theDiffusion of innovations theory and the Sustainable livelihoods approach were themain theories used. Barriers to adopting solar energy lamps were identified as; knowledge, trust, economy,and accessibility. Driving forces for wanting a solar energy lamp were; the reduced riskof health problems, reduced risk for accidents, portability, facilitating householdactivities, no variable costs, and the possibility to study and work at night. Otherfindings were the need for payment plans, charging on cloudy days, and batteriesthrown in nature. By connecting the drivers with elements from DOI, it was concluded that adoptiononly occurred in households where the driving forces were stronger than the barriers.Furthermore, an assessment of smallholders' wellbeing through the five capitals ofSLA discovered that financial, human, and physical capital were considered low in thestudied area. By bridging the gap between barriers and end-user, an increased diffusionand adoption of RES could occur, raising the capital assets identified as low. This risein the smallholders' low capital assets could push the transformation towardsustainability and enhance societal wellbeing in developing countries. The contribution from this study can hopefully be used for future research on howorganizations in practice can implement presented solutions. Furthermore, the study'sfindings can also provide guidelines on how the diffusion and adoption of RES can beincreased in rural areas of other developing countries. / Minor field studies

Les chocolatiers bean-to-bar redéfinissent le chocolat en mettant l’accent sur le processus de transformation et la biodiversité cacaoyère. Basée sur une ethnographie multisituée à Montréal et à Piura (nord péruvien), cette recherche retrace le trajet de la fève de cacao le long d’une filière de chocolat bean-to-bar pour analyser l’articulation entre les valeurs des économies morales des chocolatiers et des producteurs de cacao fin. Grâce à une incursion dans l’histoire du chocolat, l’économie morale des chocolatiers est définie comme un positionnement contre l’industrie du chocolat conventionnel et ses standards. Alors que les valeurs des chocolatiers gravitent autour d’une éthique gustative engendrant des préoccupations pour la biodiversité cacaoyère et les droits des cacaoculteurs, celles des producteurs visent plutôt à renforcer leurs rôles familiaux et communautaires et à mettre en place un projet de développement local collectif. Cette étude suggère qu’une analyse des économies morales peut rendre compte de l’articulation entre des économies capitalistes et précapitalistes et des phénomènes qui y sont créés, dans le cas présent, la production d’une localité cacaoyère. / Bean-to-bar chocolate makers redefine chocolate by drawing attention to the transformation process and cacao biodiversity. Based on a multi-sited ethnography in Montreal and Piura (northern Peru), this research follows the cacao bean through a bean-to-bar chocolate filière to study how the values of chocolate makers and fine cacao producers' moral economies are embedded. Through an incursion into the history of chocolate, the moral economy of chocolate makers is defined as a posture against the conventional chocolate industry and its standards. While chocolate makers' values gravitate towards a taste ethic that generates preoccupations for cacao biodiversity and cacao farmers' rights, producers' values aim to reinforce their family and community roles and to implement a collective project of local development. This research puts forward moral economy as a conceptual tool for studying the embeddedness between capitalist and pre-capitalist economies and the phenomena that emerge from this nexus, in this case, the production of a cacao locality.