Objectives: To determine rates of pregnancy smoking concealment compared to behavioral observation and to identify factors predicting untruthful denial. Methods: Review of 843 delivery charts. Results: Based on observation during delivery hospitalization, 8% of smokers denied at hospital admission, 16% denied throughout prenatal care. Compared with those admitting smoking, false deniers had higher levels of education, incomes and adequate prenatal care utilization; and were less likely to have drug use, STDs, or hepatitis C. Observation was a valid tool for assessing smoking status. Conclusions: Typical concealers were those considered lower risk, increasing the chance they would go undetected as smokers.

No description available.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Rökning står för mer än vart tionde dödsfall i Sverige och hälften av alla långsiktiga rökare avlider av rökrelaterade sjukdomar. Lungcancer är den femte vanligaste cancersjukdomen i Sverige och orsakas i första hand av rökning. Kronisk obstruktiv lungsjukdom (KOL) orsakas också i första hand av rökning och är den tredje vanligaste dödsorsaken i världen. Fler kvinnor än män dör av KOL i Sverige men förklaringen till detta är oklar. Den komplexa kemiska blandningen som inhaleras vid förbränning av tobak orsakar negativa hälsoresultat, särskilt cancer och lungsjukdomar. Risken för och svårighetsgraden av många negativa hälsoeffekter orsakade av rökning kan variera beroende på om man själv är rökare eller bara exponeras för tobaksrök. Rökavvänjningen är potentiellt den mest effektiva av alla förbyggande åtgärder. Rökning påverkar också metabolisering av olika läkemedel. Nikotin är den beroendeframkallande substansen i tobak som orsakar abstinensbesvär. Rökfri tobak t.ex. snustobak orsakar också sjukdomar men i mycket mindre utsträckning än cigaretter. Syfte: Syftet med detta examensarbete var att ytterligare belysa kända hälsoproblem med rökning samt att beskriva eventuella ytterligare, tidigare okända, hälsoproblem. Metod: Detta arbete är en litteraturstudie baserat på 6 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Rökning ökar mortalitet och förkortar därmed livslängd. En stor del av dessa dödsfall orsakas av hjärt-kärl sjukdomar, kronisk obstruktiv lungsjukdom och många olika cancersjukdomar. Det finns ingen riskfri nivå av exponering för tobaksrök. Slutsats: Rökning ökar risken för alla typer av hjärt-kärl sjukdomar, låg födelsevikt för barn och många olika typer av cancer. Risken för pankreascancer i samband med rökning är relaterat till mängden av tobak som rökts dagligen. Minskning av antal rökta cigaretter per dag eller förpackningar per år har annars ingen större effekt på att minska risken för sjukdomar eller minska mortaliteten.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2007. / "December 2007." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-11, Section: B, page: 7226. Adviser: Anna V. Wilkinson. Includes bibliographical references.

The associations between maternal smoking and nicotine dependence and patterns of smoking and nicotine dependence in offspring were examined in a large community-based sample of adolescents. Data were derived from baseline and 4-year follow-up assessments of 938 respondents aged 14–17 years at the outset of the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology (EDSP) study, a prospective-longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults and their parents respectively. Smoking and nicotine dependence in respondents were assessed using the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (DSM-IV algorithms). Diagnostic information about smoking behavior in mothers was collected by independent direct diagnostic interviews with the mothers. In comparison to children of non- or occasionally smoking mothers, children of regularly smoking and nicotine-dependent mothers had higher probabilities of using tobacco as well as of developing nicotine dependence. For all ages under consideration, survival analyses revealed a higher cumulative lifetime risk of regular smoking and nicotine dependence among these children. Maternal smoking during pregnancy seems to represent an additional risk for these outcomes in children, specifically with regard to the risk of developing nicotine dependence. Associations were comparable for sons and daughters. Our findings show that maternal smoking predicts escalation of smoking, development of nicotine dependence, and stability of smoking behavior in children. Implications for specific intervention and prevention efforts are discussed.

Целью данного исследования было изучение связи между личностными характеристиками и курительным поведением в двух различных культурных группах: в Шри-Ланке и России. Для измерения личностных качеств участников была использована опросник "Большая пятерка", и оценены уровень невротизма, добросовестности, экстраверсии, открытости опыту и приятность. Кроме того, баллы по состоянию и признакам тревожности были собраны с помощью State Trait Anxiety Inventory, а стресс измерялся с помощью Perceived Stress Scale. В ходе исследования была выдвинута гипотеза, что курильщики будут иметь более высокие показатели экстраверсии, невротизма, тревожности и стресса, а также более низкие показатели добросовестности и приятности, чем никогда не курившие в обеих выборках. Также было предположено, что личностные характеристики будут отличаться у курильщиков из России и Шри-Ланки. Данные были собраны из Шри-Ланки и России в общей сложности для 344 участников. Для исследования различий ANCOVA с возрастом в качестве ковариата была проведена между курящими в настоящее время и никогда не курившими в обеих выборках, а также между курильщиками в настоящее время из Шри-Ланки и России. Полученные результаты: как среди жителей Шри-Ланки, так и среди россиян показатели добросовестности были значительно ниже у курящих. Уровень удовлетворенности ниже у курильщиков в России; в Шри-Ланке не было обнаружено различий. Состояние тревоги выше у курильщиков в России, в то время как тревога выше у никогда некурящих в Шри-Ланке. Воспринимаемый стресс выше у курильщиков, нет различий в Шри-Ланке. Остальные особенности были незначительны в обеих группах. Кроме того, не было обнаружено никаких различий между курильщими Шри-Ланки и России, за исключением личностной тревожности, причем у Шри-ланкийцев личностная тревожность выше. В заключение следует отметить, что модели курения в разных культурах могут быть разными. Результаты также показывают, что российские и шри-ланкийские модели курения отличаются от того, что предлагается в литературе для других стран. Поэтому крайне важно проводить больше исследований с недостаточно изученными культурами, чтобы лучше понять поведение курильщиков в этой стране и, следовательно, помочь разработать более эффективные стратегии вмешательства. / The aim of this study was to examine the association between personality characteristics and smoking behaviour in two distinct cultural groups, in SriLanka and Russia. To measure personality traits of the participants, the Big Five Inventory was used and scores for neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion, openness to experience, and agreeableness were collected. In addition, the scores for state and trait anxiety were collected using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory and stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale. The study hypothesized that current smokers would have higher extraversion, neuroticism, anxiety, and stress scores, and lower scores of conscientiousness and agreeableness, than never smokers in both samples. It also hypothesized that personality characteristics would differ between Russian and Sri Lankan current smokers. Data was collected from Sri Lanka and Russia for a total of 344 participants. To investigate the differences an ANCOVA with age as a covariate was run between current and never smokers in both samples and between SriLankan and Russian current smokers.

Thesis (M.Tech.; Homoeopathy)-Dept. of Homoeopathy, Durban Institute of Technology, 2005 xiii, 90 p. : ill. ; 30 cm / A sudden decrease in the use of nicotine containing products, which was used daily for at least several weeks, can cause Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome (American Psychiatric Association, 1994: 244). The mental symptoms of the withdrawal syndrome includes depressed mood; irritability, frustration, anger, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, restlessness or impatience. The aim of this placebo-controlled double-blind study was to determine the effectiveness of a homoeopathic complex, compared to homoeopathic similimum treatment in the management of tobacco addiction. The complex was based on the selection of those homoeopathic remedies whose symptomology most accurately matched the symptoms associated with smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND:India has the second largest diabetic population (61 million) and tobacco users (275 million) in the world. Data on smoking cessation among diabetic patients are limited in low and middle income countries. The objective of the study was to document the effectiveness of diabetic specific smoking cessation counseling by a non-doctor health professional in addition to a cessation advice to quit, delivered by doctors.METHODS:In our parallel-group randomized controlled trial, we selected 224 adult diabetes patients aged 18 years or older who smoked in the last month, from two diabetes clinics in South India. Using a computer generated random sequence with block size four / the patients were randomized equally into intervention-1 and intervention-2 groups. Patients in both groups were asked and advised to quit smoking by a doctor and distributed diabetes specific education materials. The intervention-2 group received an additional diabetes specific 30 minutes counseling session using the 5As (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist and Arrange), and 5 Rs (Relevance, Risks, Rewards, Roadblocks and Repetition) from a non-doctor health professional. Follow up data were available for 87.5% of patients at six months. The Quit Tobacco International Project is supported by a grant from the Fogarty International Centre of the US National Institutes of Health (RO1TW005969-01).The primary outcomes were quit rate (seven day smoking abstinence) and harm reduction (reduction of the number of cigarettes / bidis smoked per day > 50% of baseline use) at six months.RESULTS:In the intention to treat analysis, the odds for quitting was 8.4 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.1-17.1] for intervention-2 group compared to intervention-1 group. Even among high level smokers the odds of quitting was similar. The odds of harm reduction was 1.9 (CI: 0.8-4.1) for intervention-2 group compared to intervention-1 group.CONCLUSIONS:The value addition of culturally sensitive diabetic specific cessation counseling sessions delivered by non-doctor health professional was an impressive and efficacious way of preventing smoking related diabetic complications.TRIAL REGISTRATION:Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2012/01/002327)

published_or_final_version / Pharmacology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy