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The role of demand-side factors in financial inclusion in GhanaOsei, Afi Yaa January 2021 (has links)
To examine the barriers faced by the financially excluded, this research investigates financial
inclusion as a sub-concept of social inclusion. The study assesses two demand-side barriers
confronting the involuntarily financially excluded: financial literacy and self-efficacy. It thus
goes beyond previous work that has sought to increase access to financial services by
addressing supply-side barriers (specifically accessibility, affordability, availability and
eligibility), mainly through various technological advances. Employing a preintervention/
post-intervention field experiment to measure the financial behaviour of
individuals, the study monitored the use over a six-month period of an appropriately
developed banking offering. Banking was offered to participants from rural areas near four
distinct towns in Ghana, following the provision of training on financial literacy and selfefficacy.
The results showed that regardless of whether participants received training in both,
either or neither, they did not use their bank accounts for their financial transactions or
savings. Secondarily, the results indicated that although financial literacy training may
improve the financial knowledge of individuals, it does not necessarily lead to increased
confidence on the part of the individual with regard to using formal financial services. In
contrast, although the self-efficacy training (both on its own and together with financial
literacy) did not translate into financial inclusion, participants reported that it had provided
them with skills to guide their financial decision-making. Moreover, limited qualitative results
obtained from participants indicated that they find the cash economy in which they operate
adequate to their needs as members of their communities.
As the main findings of this study suggest that developing the financial knowledge and
attitude of the financially excluded, having addressed supply-side barriers of financial
inclusion, still does not encourage the use of an appropriately developed banking offering,
the explanation for the (non-)usage of banking products must lie elsewhere. The structure of
an economy has to be seen as central to financial inclusion in that the influence of the cash
economy and the informal economy mean that financial inclusion is not a precondition for
social inclusion. This has serious implications for policy in sub-Saharan Africa. It may be that
financial inclusion should be regarded as a result of an improving economic situation, rather
than a contributory cause. Stakeholders should consider financial inclusion alongside and as
part of policy initiatives designed to improve educational levels, digital skills, and a general
understanding of the formal financial and, indeed, economic system. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / PhD / Unrestricted
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Social and political elements of inclusive practiceSolas, John 25 February 2016 (has links)
Yes / Laying claim to highest attainable standard of health is a human right. Support for this
right is provided by the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations
[UN], 1948) and a small number of legally binding international treaties. Among the
most important of these for health are the International Covenant on Economic, Social,
and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (UN, 1966a) and the Convention on the Rights of the
Child (CRC) (UN, 1989). Both these human rights treaties are legally binding for those
countries that have ratified them. The ICESCR, in particular, articulates a comprehensive
view of the obligations of state members of the United Nations (UN) to respect, protect
and fulfil the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and
mental health – known as ‘the right to health’. It provides for both freedoms, such as
the right to be free from non-consensual and uninformed medical treatment, medical
experimentation, or forced HIV testing, as well as entitlements. These entitlements
include the right to a system of protection on an equal basis for all, a system of prevention,
treatments and control of disease, access to essential medicines, and services for sexual
and reproductive health; and access to information and education about health for
everyone. The Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ECSCR) monitors
compliance with these provisions. Most states have ratified the ICESCR, and all but two
(Somalia and the US) have ratified the CRC.
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Empreendimentos econômicos solidários: uma possibilidade de geração de trabalho e renda na perspectiva da inclusão social, Campinas/SP 2011 / Economical solidarity enterprises: a possibility of generating job and income in the perspective of social inclusion, Campinas/SP 2011Barbosa, Vera Suzart 20 October 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-10-20 / The propose of this dissertation is to study two economical solidarity enterprises in Campinas SP: Cooperativa de Reciclagem Tatuapé and the Estandarte de Artesanato Institution. The main objective was to analyze the experience of this two economical solidarity enterprise as a possibility of job and revenue production in order to reach a social inclusion. The work conception, social Exclusion/Inclusion and solidarity economy was adopted as a basic reference using Economy, Sociology, Social Psychology and Social Service in the classic and contemporary authors. As a hypothesis the two economical solidarity enterprises have already studied mean for their participants a possibility to generate job and revenue, it opens the social inclusion that has been constructed in different reach ways and steps. Methodologically the research discuss about a qualitative approach including bibliography, documents, field research and observation. The interview was made with six people from the research, four were from Cooperativa Tatuapé and two were from Grupo Estandarte. The result of this research could affirm the hypothesis considering the particularity of each enterprise, the experience means to the participants a possibility to generate work and revenue in a social inclusion that has been constructed in different steps of citizenship / A presente dissertação tem por objeto o estudo de dois Empreendimentos Econômicos Solidários no Município de Campinas/SP: a Cooperativa de Reciclagem Tatuapé e o Grupo Estandarte de Artesanato. O objetivo geral visou analisar as experiências desses dois empreendimentos econômicos solidários enquanto uma possibilidade de geração de trabalho e renda na perspectiva de inclusão social. Adotamos como referências básicas os conceitos de Trabalho Exclusão/Inclusão social e economia solidária, em autores de Economia, Sociologia, Psicologia Social e Serviço Social, clássicos e contemporâneos. Definiu-se como hipótese que os dois Empreendimentos Econômicos Solidários estudados significam, para seus participantes, uma possibilidade de geração de trabalho e renda na dimensão da inclusão social, ainda em construção, em estágios diferentes de abrangências de cidadania. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa fundamenta-se em uma abordagem qualitativa englobando levantamento bibliográfico, documental, pesquisa de campo e observação. Foi utilizada a entrevista semi-estruturada com seis sujeitos da pesquisa, sendo quatro da cooperativa Tatuapé e dois do Grupo Estandarte. Os resultados da pesquisa confirmaram a hipótese considerando as peculiaridades de cada empreendimento, isto é as experiências significam para os entrevistados uma possibilidade de geração de trabalho e renda na perspectiva da inclusão social ainda em construção e em estágios diferenciados de abrangência de cidadania
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Educação de adultos com deficiência intelectual grave: entre a exclusão social e o acesso aos direitos de cidadaniaNoronha, Lucélia Fagundes Fernandes 14 February 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to investigate the social and educational practices brought to
effect by a specialized institution providing social-educational services to seriously
handicapped individuals, to the extent that apparent cognitive loss is recognized in
such individuals and the need for social and educational practices targeting their
development. The data have made it apparent that despite segregated they
cannot be regarded as socially excluded. They are offered a service regarded as
of high-life-quality standard seeking to develop educational practices which, once
recognizing these limitations, seek to broaden their personal autonomy, thus
allowing their access to human rights and citizenship. Data collecting has been
performed through the institution s organizing documents, the proposals, reports,
and social and educational activity evaluations. Qualitative treatment to the data
was based upon theoretical contributions, regarding citizenship and education
rights, by Martuccelli, Cury, and Bittar; social exclusion and inclusion, Martins
theoretical perspectives; and development and learning, in Vygotsky s
conceptions / levadas a efeito por instituição especializada no atendimento socioeducacional de
sujeitos com deficiência intelectual grave, na medida em que se reconhecem os
evidentes prejuízos cognitivos desses indivíduos e a necessidade de práticas
sociais e educacionais específicas para seu desenvolvimento. Os dados
evidenciaram que, embora segregados, eles não podem ser considerados
excluídos socialmente. Eles recebem atendimento considerado de padrão elevado
de qualidade de vida que procura desenvolver práticas educativas as quais,
reconhecendo essas limitações, procuram ampliar as suas autonomias pessoais,
propiciando, dessa maneira, o acesso aos direitos humanos e à cidadania. A
coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de documentos organizadores da
instituição, das propostas, relatórios e avaliações de atividades educacionais e
sociais. O tratamento qualitativo dos dados teve como base as contribuições
teóricas, no que tange aos direitos de cidadania e educação, de Martuccelli, Cury
e Bittar; exclusão e inclusão social, nas perspectivas teóricas de Martins; e,
desenvolvimento e aprendizagem, nas concepções de Vigotski
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The Challange Of Becoming A Multicultural Society: The Case Of GermanyAlaaddinoglu, Yeliz 01 December 2005 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis seeks to trace the process of Germany&rsquo / becoming a multicultural society through the politico-historical analysis of the matter of immigration to Germany. The working assumption while projecting this study is as follows / there is a close relation between the policies and implementations of Germany in practice and becoming a multicultural society during the process in question. Germany became a multinational society with its composition of different ethnic, religious and cultural groups / but it is clearly seen that Germany is not moving toward becoming a multicultural society, at least in the near future, considering its policies and implementations in practice. At the same time, considering the main arguments and effects of these new immigration and citizenship laws concerning immigrants will provide an essential ground for recognizing whether Germany is a multicultural society or not.
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Systém služeb pro osoby bez přístřeší v Praze / System of services for homeless people in PragueHavrlíková, Jana January 2018 (has links)
The Diploma thesis called "The system of services for homeless people in Prague" is focused on answering the main research question: "What is the demographic structure of homeless people in Prague using social services?". The first chapter is devoted to the theory of homelessness, its development, changes and society's responses in according to this socially pathological phenomenon. The second part of the Diploma thesis focuses directly on the situation of homeless people. Firstly, the definition of social services is described, I also focus on social prevention services that help solve the problem. I also describe problematic areas of homelessness and their solutions in the context of social services aimed at minimizing the negative effects of homelessness, preventing its development, as well as preventive action. The third part is focused on explaining the notion of demography, its exploration and interpretation of basic terms, the definition of which is necessary for the understanding of the research part of the Diploma thesis. I present here the results of the first official Census 2011 of homeless people in the Czech Republic. In the last chapter of my thesis, my own research survey is conducted, in which I try to answer the main and partial research questions. A quantitative survey is used,...
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A materialização da Política Nacional de Juventude através do ProJovem: uma análise do processo de construção do programa e sua particularidade no município do Rio de Janeiro / Carrying out the Youth National Policy through ProJovem: analyze of the program: its build process and its particularities in the city of Rio de JaneiroWilaine Pereira da Silva 02 July 2009 (has links)
O estudo ora apresentado tem como objetivo analisar o ProJovem enquanto materialização da Política Nacional de Juventude, nos marcos do Governo Lula. O pressuposto central para esta análise está na idéia de que a Política Nacional de Juventude, na forma como foi concebida, materializada quase exclusivamente pelo ProJovem, encontra seus limites no marco das transformações societárias recentes e acaba por reiterar a lógica de constituição histórica das políticas sociais brasileiras, agravada pelos condicionantes políticos e econômicos do pós-1970, comprometendo assim a configuração do seu objetivo, uma vez que nessa conjuntura, a referida política toma por eixo o tripé educação, qualificação profissional e a cidadania, subordinados aos princípios da acumulação capitalista. Para esta análise, optou-se por realizar uma revisão bibliográfica a fim de compreender as principais formulações a respeito da juventude, bem como as suas particularidades na realidade brasileira, tomando como eixo principal para a sua apreensão a perspectiva das expressões da "questão social" sobre condição juvenil. A partir deste debate, a análise da construção da Política Nacional de Juventude toma como pressuposto que esta surge como resposta às manifestações da "questão social", mediada pelas características históricas do processo de constituição das políticas sociais brasileiras e pelas inflexões das novas exigências do modo de produção capitalista, a partir da ofensiva neoliberal e do processo de reestruturação produtiva, no contexto sócio-histórico engendrado no pós-1970. O binômio "inclusão/exclusão social" e o "protagonismo juvenil" são apresentados como os principais eixos que orientam a política, sendo relevante a compreensão do seu significado no contexto das ações voltadas para a juventude. Por fim, buscou-se analisar como os princípios de tal política se materializam no ProJovem, e os limites postos para a efetivação do programa. Para a análise da Política Nacional de Juventude e do ProJovem optou-se por uma pesquisa documental, com base nos instrumentos legais, relatórios e publicações dos profissionais que atuam no programa na realidade do Rio de Janeiro. / This study presents ProJovem as carry out of the Youth National Policy, in Lulas government. The central analyze consist in the idea that the Youth National Policy, in the way of its conception, made almost exclusively by the ProJovem, found its limits in the recent social transformations and ends to bring back historical constitution logics of the Brazilian social policies, due to politicians and economics after 1970, compromising this way the format of its objective, so that, the policy referred has as its axis the education tripod, professional qualification and citizenship, subordinates to the capitalism principles. To this analyze, it was done a bibliographic revision aiming to understand the formulations about youth, as well as its particularities in the Brazilian reality, having as a main axis to its apprehension the perspective from the social issues expressions about youth condition. From this debate, the analyze of the Youth National Policy construction taken as main idea its appearance as an answer to the social issues manifestations, certain by the historical characteristics of the Brazilian social policies constitution processes and by the pressures of the new capitalist production requirements, from the neoliberal offensive and of the productive re-build process, in the historical-social context after 1970. Social inclusion/exclusion and the youth leading part are present as central axis to orient the policy and it is relevant to understand its meaning in the context of the actions to the youth. Finally, it was searched to analyze the principles of the policy in the ProJovem, and its limits to the effective of the program. To the checking of the ProJovem and the Youth National Policy to opt for document research, based on legal instruments, reports and professional publications from people that work in the reality of the program in Rio de Janeiro.
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A materialização da Política Nacional de Juventude através do ProJovem: uma análise do processo de construção do programa e sua particularidade no município do Rio de Janeiro / Carrying out the Youth National Policy through ProJovem: analyze of the program: its build process and its particularities in the city of Rio de JaneiroWilaine Pereira da Silva 02 July 2009 (has links)
O estudo ora apresentado tem como objetivo analisar o ProJovem enquanto materialização da Política Nacional de Juventude, nos marcos do Governo Lula. O pressuposto central para esta análise está na idéia de que a Política Nacional de Juventude, na forma como foi concebida, materializada quase exclusivamente pelo ProJovem, encontra seus limites no marco das transformações societárias recentes e acaba por reiterar a lógica de constituição histórica das políticas sociais brasileiras, agravada pelos condicionantes políticos e econômicos do pós-1970, comprometendo assim a configuração do seu objetivo, uma vez que nessa conjuntura, a referida política toma por eixo o tripé educação, qualificação profissional e a cidadania, subordinados aos princípios da acumulação capitalista. Para esta análise, optou-se por realizar uma revisão bibliográfica a fim de compreender as principais formulações a respeito da juventude, bem como as suas particularidades na realidade brasileira, tomando como eixo principal para a sua apreensão a perspectiva das expressões da "questão social" sobre condição juvenil. A partir deste debate, a análise da construção da Política Nacional de Juventude toma como pressuposto que esta surge como resposta às manifestações da "questão social", mediada pelas características históricas do processo de constituição das políticas sociais brasileiras e pelas inflexões das novas exigências do modo de produção capitalista, a partir da ofensiva neoliberal e do processo de reestruturação produtiva, no contexto sócio-histórico engendrado no pós-1970. O binômio "inclusão/exclusão social" e o "protagonismo juvenil" são apresentados como os principais eixos que orientam a política, sendo relevante a compreensão do seu significado no contexto das ações voltadas para a juventude. Por fim, buscou-se analisar como os princípios de tal política se materializam no ProJovem, e os limites postos para a efetivação do programa. Para a análise da Política Nacional de Juventude e do ProJovem optou-se por uma pesquisa documental, com base nos instrumentos legais, relatórios e publicações dos profissionais que atuam no programa na realidade do Rio de Janeiro. / This study presents ProJovem as carry out of the Youth National Policy, in Lulas government. The central analyze consist in the idea that the Youth National Policy, in the way of its conception, made almost exclusively by the ProJovem, found its limits in the recent social transformations and ends to bring back historical constitution logics of the Brazilian social policies, due to politicians and economics after 1970, compromising this way the format of its objective, so that, the policy referred has as its axis the education tripod, professional qualification and citizenship, subordinates to the capitalism principles. To this analyze, it was done a bibliographic revision aiming to understand the formulations about youth, as well as its particularities in the Brazilian reality, having as a main axis to its apprehension the perspective from the social issues expressions about youth condition. From this debate, the analyze of the Youth National Policy construction taken as main idea its appearance as an answer to the social issues manifestations, certain by the historical characteristics of the Brazilian social policies constitution processes and by the pressures of the new capitalist production requirements, from the neoliberal offensive and of the productive re-build process, in the historical-social context after 1970. Social inclusion/exclusion and the youth leading part are present as central axis to orient the policy and it is relevant to understand its meaning in the context of the actions to the youth. Finally, it was searched to analyze the principles of the policy in the ProJovem, and its limits to the effective of the program. To the checking of the ProJovem and the Youth National Policy to opt for document research, based on legal instruments, reports and professional publications from people that work in the reality of the program in Rio de Janeiro.
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Moradores e turistas: significado e impacto do turismo em Paraty/RJLima, Thais Cristina Goulart 18 May 2007 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2007-05-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study aims to analyze the social impact of the tourism, considering its influences on
local development and social inclusion/exclusion. For its contributions to the local
economy, with the employment and income generation to the resident population and the
culture valorization of the localities, tourism has been presented by academic studies and
official documents as an important development factor. The difficult situations in which
live many resident populations on tourist destinations, however, instigate investigations
related to the actual level that it occurs. It was analyzed the conceptions of these three keyelements:
tourism, local development and social inclusion/exclusion. Understood as a social
phenomenon, in contraposition to its merely economic character, tourism is taken as a
practice and activity that involves cultural and symbolical exchanges, impacts on the nature
and influences on social behaviors and relations. Regarding the local development, it s
taken as a process that involves citizenship, obtained by negotiations of interests and
priorities of the different social groups, and it centers on the human beings as citizens. The
social inclusion is seen as a consequence of multiple factors that come from social
processes, with no absolute character. To the data collection, it was used two
questionnaires one to the residents of Paraty and another to the tourists and qualitative
interviews. The study identifies differences and similarities among the perceptions of
residents and tourists. To the residents, the importance of the tourism is strongly related to
the valorization that it promotes of the city, of the local culture and of the social relations
and cultural interactions that come from it, when it transforms a small historic city into a
famous tourist destination, internationally known. The population also recognizes the
contribution of the tourism to the employment and income generation on the city. Among
the tourists, the more frequent vision refers to the local economy activation and the
elevation of the local culture and artistic production visibility. The study reveals tourism as
a fundamental factor to the progress, in terms of local development and social inclusion, in
Paraty. It denotes the importance of the union between the tourist activity and public
policies, conjugating tourism and actions towards the local development, with special
attention to the education, health and infrastructure areas, which will benefit not only the
resident population but also the tourists that visit the city / Resumo
Este estudo visa a analisar o impacto social do turismo, considerando sua influência sobre o
desenvolvimento local e a inclusão/exclusão social em Paraty. Por suas contribuições para a
economia local, com a geração de empregos e renda para a população residente, juntamente
com a valorização da cultura das localidades, o turismo tem sido apresentado na literatura e
nos documentos oficiais como importante fator de desenvolvimento. As precárias situações
em que vivem muitas populações residentes em destinações turísticas, entretanto, instigam
investigações a respeito do efetivo grau em que isto se realiza. Foram analisadas as
conceituações acerca destes três elementos-chave: turismo, desenvolvimento local e
inclusão/exclusão social. Compreendido enquanto fenômeno social, em contraposição ao
seu caráter meramente econômico, o turismo é tomado como prática e atividade que
envolve trocas culturais e simbólicas, impactos ambientais e influências nos
comportamentos e relações sociais. Quanto ao desenvolvimento local, este é entendido
como um processo que envolve a cidadania, obtida por meio de negociações e embates de
interesses e prioridades dos diversos grupos sociais, e centra-se nos seres humanos
enquanto cidadãos. A inclusão social é vista como conseqüência de múltiplos fatores,
decorrentes de processos sociais, sem caráter absoluto. Para a coleta de dados, foram
utilizados dois questionários um destinado aos residentes de Paraty e outro, aos turistas
e entrevistas qualitativas. O estudo identifica diferenças e semelhanças entre as percepções
dos moradores e turistas. Para os residentes, a importância do turismo está fortemente
ligada à valorização que ele promove da cidade, da cultura local e das relações sociais e
interações culturais que dele decorrem, ao transformar uma pequena cidade histórica em
um famoso destino turístico internacionalmente conhecido. A população reconhece,
também, a contribuição do turismo para a geração de empregos e renda na cidade. Já para
os turistas a visão mais recorrente refere-se à ativação da economia local, além do aumento
da visibilidade da cultura e produção artística paratienses. O estudo revelou o turismo
enquanto fator fundamental para avanços em termos de desenvolvimento local e inclusão
social em Paraty. Apontou a importância da vinculação entre a atividade turística e políticas
públicas, que aliem o turismo a ações voltadas ao desenvolvimento local, com especial
atenção às áreas de educação, saúde e infra-estrutura que beneficiarão não apenas a
população residente mas também os turistas que visitam a cidade
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Exploring the nature of oppression as experienced by people with learning disabilitiesJeyacheya, D. Z. January 2015 (has links)
Aim: The principal aim of this qualitative research study is to gain a clearer understanding of oppression as experienced by People with Learning Disabilities (PWLD). In particular, this study investigated: 1) the nature of oppression - the typical kinds of oppression PWLD face during the course of their everyday lives; 2) the causes of their oppressive experiences: 3) the impact these oppressive experiences can have on their quality of life; and 4) their reaction - the strategies PWLD employ to prevent further oppression. Rationale: Despite policies of deinstitutionalisation since the 1980s, many PWLD have not found social integration easy and continue to endure oppressive experiences in community-based settings. The nature/extent of this social problem has often been overlooked by researchers and practitioners. Methods: This research was conducted using interpretive phenomenology as a methodology; an approach which influenced the study’s design, method of data collection and strategy for analysing the rich qualitative findings. Semi-structured interviews were carried out across two sample populations; a group of PWLD (N=11) and a group of community-based practitioners/carers (N=11). The participants were selected through purposive sampling and the qualitative data was analysed using a specific Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) process. Findings: PWLD remain a deeply oppressed social group. Respondents reported experiencing multiple forms of oppression, which seem to interact in complex ways and be present throughout the course of their lives. The two key super-ordinate themes (most dominant forms of oppression experienced by PWLD) emerging from the process of IPA appear to be: 1) The life-long effects of marginalisation (social exclusion, powerlessness and existing as a socio-economic underclass) and 2) Multiple forms of victimisation (coping with exploitation, intimidation and abuse, both overt and subtle, from the public, family members and at times practitioners). Respondents believe that the underlying cause of their oppressive experiences is society’s negative perception. Negative attitudes and beliefs arise from oppressive social forces such as: the use of diagnostic labels, segregated special needs education and limited opportunities for employment. These are experiences which respondents assert often do little more than spoil their social identity as human beings. Conclusion: The findings confirm that PWLD living in the community continue to encounter negative social experiences which are pervasive. This research attempts to draw together and make sense of these experiences in terms of the concept of oppression. Through gaining a clearer understanding of the marginalised and victimised status of PWLD policy makers will be more informed about how to respond to their social and economic needs, and in turn help alleviate their experiences of oppression.
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