To examine the barriers faced by the financially excluded, this research investigates financial inclusion as a sub-concept of social inclusion. The study assesses two demand-side barriers confronting the involuntarily financially excluded: financial literacy and self-efficacy. It thus goes beyond previous work that has sought to increase access to financial services by addressing supply-side barriers (specifically accessibility, affordability, availability and eligibility), mainly through various technological advances. Employing a preintervention/ post-intervention field experiment to measure the financial behaviour of individuals, the study monitored the use over a six-month period of an appropriately developed banking offering. Banking was offered to participants from rural areas near four distinct towns in Ghana, following the provision of training on financial literacy and selfefficacy. The results showed that regardless of whether participants received training in both, either or neither, they did not use their bank accounts for their financial transactions or savings. Secondarily, the results indicated that although financial literacy training may improve the financial knowledge of individuals, it does not necessarily lead to increased confidence on the part of the individual with regard to using formal financial services. In contrast, although the self-efficacy training (both on its own and together with financial literacy) did not translate into financial inclusion, participants reported that it had provided them with skills to guide their financial decision-making. Moreover, limited qualitative results obtained from participants indicated that they find the cash economy in which they operate adequate to their needs as members of their communities. As the main findings of this study suggest that developing the financial knowledge and attitude of the financially excluded, having addressed supply-side barriers of financial inclusion, still does not encourage the use of an appropriately developed banking offering, the explanation for the (non-)usage of banking products must lie elsewhere. The structure of an economy has to be seen as central to financial inclusion in that the influence of the cash economy and the informal economy mean that financial inclusion is not a precondition for social inclusion. This has serious implications for policy in sub-Saharan Africa. It may be that financial inclusion should be regarded as a result of an improving economic situation, rather than a contributory cause. Stakeholders should consider financial inclusion alongside and as part of policy initiatives designed to improve educational levels, digital skills, and a general understanding of the formal financial and, indeed, economic system. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / PhD / Unrestricted

Yes / Laying claim to highest attainable standard of health is a human right. Support for this right is provided by the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations [UN], 1948) and a small number of legally binding international treaties. Among the most important of these for health are the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (UN, 1966a) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (UN, 1989). Both these human rights treaties are legally binding for those countries that have ratified them. The ICESCR, in particular, articulates a comprehensive view of the obligations of state members of the United Nations (UN) to respect, protect and fulfil the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health – known as ‘the right to health’. It provides for both freedoms, such as the right to be free from non-consensual and uninformed medical treatment, medical experimentation, or forced HIV testing, as well as entitlements. These entitlements include the right to a system of protection on an equal basis for all, a system of prevention, treatments and control of disease, access to essential medicines, and services for sexual and reproductive health; and access to information and education about health for everyone. The Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ECSCR) monitors compliance with these provisions. Most states have ratified the ICESCR, and all but two (Somalia and the US) have ratified the CRC.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vera Suzart Barbosa.pdf: 1117162 bytes, checksum: ba75561fd4bcbc2274fc81a58665173e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-20 / The propose of this dissertation is to study two economical solidarity enterprises in Campinas SP: Cooperativa de Reciclagem Tatuapé and the Estandarte de Artesanato Institution. The main objective was to analyze the experience of this two economical solidarity enterprise as a possibility of job and revenue production in order to reach a social inclusion. The work conception, social Exclusion/Inclusion and solidarity economy was adopted as a basic reference using Economy, Sociology, Social Psychology and Social Service in the classic and contemporary authors. As a hypothesis the two economical solidarity enterprises have already studied mean for their participants a possibility to generate job and revenue, it opens the social inclusion that has been constructed in different reach ways and steps. Methodologically the research discuss about a qualitative approach including bibliography, documents, field research and observation. The interview was made with six people from the research, four were from Cooperativa Tatuapé and two were from Grupo Estandarte. The result of this research could affirm the hypothesis considering the particularity of each enterprise, the experience means to the participants a possibility to generate work and revenue in a social inclusion that has been constructed in different steps of citizenship / A presente dissertação tem por objeto o estudo de dois Empreendimentos Econômicos Solidários no Município de Campinas/SP: a Cooperativa de Reciclagem Tatuapé e o Grupo Estandarte de Artesanato. O objetivo geral visou analisar as experiências desses dois empreendimentos econômicos solidários enquanto uma possibilidade de geração de trabalho e renda na perspectiva de inclusão social. Adotamos como referências básicas os conceitos de Trabalho Exclusão/Inclusão social e economia solidária, em autores de Economia, Sociologia, Psicologia Social e Serviço Social, clássicos e contemporâneos. Definiu-se como hipótese que os dois Empreendimentos Econômicos Solidários estudados significam, para seus participantes, uma possibilidade de geração de trabalho e renda na dimensão da inclusão social, ainda em construção, em estágios diferentes de abrangências de cidadania. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa fundamenta-se em uma abordagem qualitativa englobando levantamento bibliográfico, documental, pesquisa de campo e observação. Foi utilizada a entrevista semi-estruturada com seis sujeitos da pesquisa, sendo quatro da cooperativa Tatuapé e dois do Grupo Estandarte. Os resultados da pesquisa confirmaram a hipótese considerando as peculiaridades de cada empreendimento, isto é as experiências significam para os entrevistados uma possibilidade de geração de trabalho e renda na perspectiva da inclusão social ainda em construção e em estágios diferenciados de abrangência de cidadania

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:32:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucelia Fagundes Fernandes Noronha.pdf: 847785 bytes, checksum: 2601aa3d7e4c1ae22e9d86ffdb1ef60c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to investigate the social and educational practices brought to effect by a specialized institution providing social-educational services to seriously handicapped individuals, to the extent that apparent cognitive loss is recognized in such individuals and the need for social and educational practices targeting their development. The data have made it apparent that despite segregated they cannot be regarded as socially excluded. They are offered a service regarded as of high-life-quality standard seeking to develop educational practices which, once recognizing these limitations, seek to broaden their personal autonomy, thus allowing their access to human rights and citizenship. Data collecting has been performed through the institution s organizing documents, the proposals, reports, and social and educational activity evaluations. Qualitative treatment to the data was based upon theoretical contributions, regarding citizenship and education rights, by Martuccelli, Cury, and Bittar; social exclusion and inclusion, Martins theoretical perspectives; and development and learning, in Vygotsky s conceptions / levadas a efeito por instituição especializada no atendimento socioeducacional de sujeitos com deficiência intelectual grave, na medida em que se reconhecem os evidentes prejuízos cognitivos desses indivíduos e a necessidade de práticas sociais e educacionais específicas para seu desenvolvimento. Os dados evidenciaram que, embora segregados, eles não podem ser considerados excluídos socialmente. Eles recebem atendimento considerado de padrão elevado de qualidade de vida que procura desenvolver práticas educativas as quais, reconhecendo essas limitações, procuram ampliar as suas autonomias pessoais, propiciando, dessa maneira, o acesso aos direitos humanos e à cidadania. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de documentos organizadores da instituição, das propostas, relatórios e avaliações de atividades educacionais e sociais. O tratamento qualitativo dos dados teve como base as contribuições teóricas, no que tange aos direitos de cidadania e educação, de Martuccelli, Cury e Bittar; exclusão e inclusão social, nas perspectivas teóricas de Martins; e, desenvolvimento e aprendizagem, nas concepções de Vigotski

This thesis seeks to trace the process of Germany&rsquo / becoming a multicultural society through the politico-historical analysis of the matter of immigration to Germany. The working assumption while projecting this study is as follows / there is a close relation between the policies and implementations of Germany in practice and becoming a multicultural society during the process in question. Germany became a multinational society with its composition of different ethnic, religious and cultural groups / but it is clearly seen that Germany is not moving toward becoming a multicultural society, at least in the near future, considering its policies and implementations in practice. At the same time, considering the main arguments and effects of these new immigration and citizenship laws concerning immigrants will provide an essential ground for recognizing whether Germany is a multicultural society or not.

The Diploma thesis called "The system of services for homeless people in Prague" is focused on answering the main research question: "What is the demographic structure of homeless people in Prague using social services?". The first chapter is devoted to the theory of homelessness, its development, changes and society's responses in according to this socially pathological phenomenon. The second part of the Diploma thesis focuses directly on the situation of homeless people. Firstly, the definition of social services is described, I also focus on social prevention services that help solve the problem. I also describe problematic areas of homelessness and their solutions in the context of social services aimed at minimizing the negative effects of homelessness, preventing its development, as well as preventive action. The third part is focused on explaining the notion of demography, its exploration and interpretation of basic terms, the definition of which is necessary for the understanding of the research part of the Diploma thesis. I present here the results of the first official Census 2011 of homeless people in the Czech Republic. In the last chapter of my thesis, my own research survey is conducted, in which I try to answer the main and partial research questions. A quantitative survey is used,...

O estudo ora apresentado tem como objetivo analisar o ProJovem enquanto materialização da Política Nacional de Juventude, nos marcos do Governo Lula. O pressuposto central para esta análise está na idéia de que a Política Nacional de Juventude, na forma como foi concebida, materializada quase exclusivamente pelo ProJovem, encontra seus limites no marco das transformações societárias recentes e acaba por reiterar a lógica de constituição histórica das políticas sociais brasileiras, agravada pelos condicionantes políticos e econômicos do pós-1970, comprometendo assim a configuração do seu objetivo, uma vez que nessa conjuntura, a referida política toma por eixo o tripé educação, qualificação profissional e a cidadania, subordinados aos princípios da acumulação capitalista. Para esta análise, optou-se por realizar uma revisão bibliográfica a fim de compreender as principais formulações a respeito da juventude, bem como as suas particularidades na realidade brasileira, tomando como eixo principal para a sua apreensão a perspectiva das expressões da "questão social" sobre condição juvenil. A partir deste debate, a análise da construção da Política Nacional de Juventude toma como pressuposto que esta surge como resposta às manifestações da "questão social", mediada pelas características históricas do processo de constituição das políticas sociais brasileiras e pelas inflexões das novas exigências do modo de produção capitalista, a partir da ofensiva neoliberal e do processo de reestruturação produtiva, no contexto sócio-histórico engendrado no pós-1970. O binômio "inclusão/exclusão social" e o "protagonismo juvenil" são apresentados como os principais eixos que orientam a política, sendo relevante a compreensão do seu significado no contexto das ações voltadas para a juventude. Por fim, buscou-se analisar como os princípios de tal política se materializam no ProJovem, e os limites postos para a efetivação do programa. Para a análise da Política Nacional de Juventude e do ProJovem optou-se por uma pesquisa documental, com base nos instrumentos legais, relatórios e publicações dos profissionais que atuam no programa na realidade do Rio de Janeiro. / This study presents ProJovem as carry out of the Youth National Policy, in Lulas government. The central analyze consist in the idea that the Youth National Policy, in the way of its conception, made almost exclusively by the ProJovem, found its limits in the recent social transformations and ends to bring back historical constitution logics of the Brazilian social policies, due to politicians and economics after 1970, compromising this way the format of its objective, so that, the policy referred has as its axis the education tripod, professional qualification and citizenship, subordinates to the capitalism principles. To this analyze, it was done a bibliographic revision aiming to understand the formulations about youth, as well as its particularities in the Brazilian reality, having as a main axis to its apprehension the perspective from the social issues expressions about youth condition. From this debate, the analyze of the Youth National Policy construction taken as main idea its appearance as an answer to the social issues manifestations, certain by the historical characteristics of the Brazilian social policies constitution processes and by the pressures of the new capitalist production requirements, from the neoliberal offensive and of the productive re-build process, in the historical-social context after 1970. Social inclusion/exclusion and the youth leading part are present as central axis to orient the policy and it is relevant to understand its meaning in the context of the actions to the youth. Finally, it was searched to analyze the principles of the policy in the ProJovem, and its limits to the effective of the program. To the checking of the ProJovem and the Youth National Policy to opt for document research, based on legal instruments, reports and professional publications from people that work in the reality of the program in Rio de Janeiro.

O estudo ora apresentado tem como objetivo analisar o ProJovem enquanto materialização da Política Nacional de Juventude, nos marcos do Governo Lula. O pressuposto central para esta análise está na idéia de que a Política Nacional de Juventude, na forma como foi concebida, materializada quase exclusivamente pelo ProJovem, encontra seus limites no marco das transformações societárias recentes e acaba por reiterar a lógica de constituição histórica das políticas sociais brasileiras, agravada pelos condicionantes políticos e econômicos do pós-1970, comprometendo assim a configuração do seu objetivo, uma vez que nessa conjuntura, a referida política toma por eixo o tripé educação, qualificação profissional e a cidadania, subordinados aos princípios da acumulação capitalista. Para esta análise, optou-se por realizar uma revisão bibliográfica a fim de compreender as principais formulações a respeito da juventude, bem como as suas particularidades na realidade brasileira, tomando como eixo principal para a sua apreensão a perspectiva das expressões da "questão social" sobre condição juvenil. A partir deste debate, a análise da construção da Política Nacional de Juventude toma como pressuposto que esta surge como resposta às manifestações da "questão social", mediada pelas características históricas do processo de constituição das políticas sociais brasileiras e pelas inflexões das novas exigências do modo de produção capitalista, a partir da ofensiva neoliberal e do processo de reestruturação produtiva, no contexto sócio-histórico engendrado no pós-1970. O binômio "inclusão/exclusão social" e o "protagonismo juvenil" são apresentados como os principais eixos que orientam a política, sendo relevante a compreensão do seu significado no contexto das ações voltadas para a juventude. Por fim, buscou-se analisar como os princípios de tal política se materializam no ProJovem, e os limites postos para a efetivação do programa. Para a análise da Política Nacional de Juventude e do ProJovem optou-se por uma pesquisa documental, com base nos instrumentos legais, relatórios e publicações dos profissionais que atuam no programa na realidade do Rio de Janeiro. / This study presents ProJovem as carry out of the Youth National Policy, in Lulas government. The central analyze consist in the idea that the Youth National Policy, in the way of its conception, made almost exclusively by the ProJovem, found its limits in the recent social transformations and ends to bring back historical constitution logics of the Brazilian social policies, due to politicians and economics after 1970, compromising this way the format of its objective, so that, the policy referred has as its axis the education tripod, professional qualification and citizenship, subordinates to the capitalism principles. To this analyze, it was done a bibliographic revision aiming to understand the formulations about youth, as well as its particularities in the Brazilian reality, having as a main axis to its apprehension the perspective from the social issues expressions about youth condition. From this debate, the analyze of the Youth National Policy construction taken as main idea its appearance as an answer to the social issues manifestations, certain by the historical characteristics of the Brazilian social policies constitution processes and by the pressures of the new capitalist production requirements, from the neoliberal offensive and of the productive re-build process, in the historical-social context after 1970. Social inclusion/exclusion and the youth leading part are present as central axis to orient the policy and it is relevant to understand its meaning in the context of the actions to the youth. Finally, it was searched to analyze the principles of the policy in the ProJovem, and its limits to the effective of the program. To the checking of the ProJovem and the Youth National Policy to opt for document research, based on legal instruments, reports and professional publications from people that work in the reality of the program in Rio de Janeiro.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais C G Lima.pdf: 1944536 bytes, checksum: baad5428036fbb2c2e13726d6ca7a7e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study aims to analyze the social impact of the tourism, considering its influences on local development and social inclusion/exclusion. For its contributions to the local economy, with the employment and income generation to the resident population and the culture valorization of the localities, tourism has been presented by academic studies and official documents as an important development factor. The difficult situations in which live many resident populations on tourist destinations, however, instigate investigations related to the actual level that it occurs. It was analyzed the conceptions of these three keyelements: tourism, local development and social inclusion/exclusion. Understood as a social phenomenon, in contraposition to its merely economic character, tourism is taken as a practice and activity that involves cultural and symbolical exchanges, impacts on the nature and influences on social behaviors and relations. Regarding the local development, it s taken as a process that involves citizenship, obtained by negotiations of interests and priorities of the different social groups, and it centers on the human beings as citizens. The social inclusion is seen as a consequence of multiple factors that come from social processes, with no absolute character. To the data collection, it was used two questionnaires one to the residents of Paraty and another to the tourists and qualitative interviews. The study identifies differences and similarities among the perceptions of residents and tourists. To the residents, the importance of the tourism is strongly related to the valorization that it promotes of the city, of the local culture and of the social relations and cultural interactions that come from it, when it transforms a small historic city into a famous tourist destination, internationally known. The population also recognizes the contribution of the tourism to the employment and income generation on the city. Among the tourists, the more frequent vision refers to the local economy activation and the elevation of the local culture and artistic production visibility. The study reveals tourism as a fundamental factor to the progress, in terms of local development and social inclusion, in Paraty. It denotes the importance of the union between the tourist activity and public policies, conjugating tourism and actions towards the local development, with special attention to the education, health and infrastructure areas, which will benefit not only the resident population but also the tourists that visit the city / Resumo Este estudo visa a analisar o impacto social do turismo, considerando sua influência sobre o desenvolvimento local e a inclusão/exclusão social em Paraty. Por suas contribuições para a economia local, com a geração de empregos e renda para a população residente, juntamente com a valorização da cultura das localidades, o turismo tem sido apresentado na literatura e nos documentos oficiais como importante fator de desenvolvimento. As precárias situações em que vivem muitas populações residentes em destinações turísticas, entretanto, instigam investigações a respeito do efetivo grau em que isto se realiza. Foram analisadas as conceituações acerca destes três elementos-chave: turismo, desenvolvimento local e inclusão/exclusão social. Compreendido enquanto fenômeno social, em contraposição ao seu caráter meramente econômico, o turismo é tomado como prática e atividade que envolve trocas culturais e simbólicas, impactos ambientais e influências nos comportamentos e relações sociais. Quanto ao desenvolvimento local, este é entendido como um processo que envolve a cidadania, obtida por meio de negociações e embates de interesses e prioridades dos diversos grupos sociais, e centra-se nos seres humanos enquanto cidadãos. A inclusão social é vista como conseqüência de múltiplos fatores, decorrentes de processos sociais, sem caráter absoluto. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados dois questionários um destinado aos residentes de Paraty e outro, aos turistas e entrevistas qualitativas. O estudo identifica diferenças e semelhanças entre as percepções dos moradores e turistas. Para os residentes, a importância do turismo está fortemente ligada à valorização que ele promove da cidade, da cultura local e das relações sociais e interações culturais que dele decorrem, ao transformar uma pequena cidade histórica em um famoso destino turístico internacionalmente conhecido. A população reconhece, também, a contribuição do turismo para a geração de empregos e renda na cidade. Já para os turistas a visão mais recorrente refere-se à ativação da economia local, além do aumento da visibilidade da cultura e produção artística paratienses. O estudo revelou o turismo enquanto fator fundamental para avanços em termos de desenvolvimento local e inclusão social em Paraty. Apontou a importância da vinculação entre a atividade turística e políticas públicas, que aliem o turismo a ações voltadas ao desenvolvimento local, com especial atenção às áreas de educação, saúde e infra-estrutura que beneficiarão não apenas a população residente mas também os turistas que visitam a cidade

Aim: The principal aim of this qualitative research study is to gain a clearer understanding of oppression as experienced by People with Learning Disabilities (PWLD). In particular, this study investigated: 1) the nature of oppression - the typical kinds of oppression PWLD face during the course of their everyday lives; 2) the causes of their oppressive experiences: 3) the impact these oppressive experiences can have on their quality of life; and 4) their reaction - the strategies PWLD employ to prevent further oppression. Rationale: Despite policies of deinstitutionalisation since the 1980s, many PWLD have not found social integration easy and continue to endure oppressive experiences in community-based settings. The nature/extent of this social problem has often been overlooked by researchers and practitioners. Methods: This research was conducted using interpretive phenomenology as a methodology; an approach which influenced the study’s design, method of data collection and strategy for analysing the rich qualitative findings. Semi-structured interviews were carried out across two sample populations; a group of PWLD (N=11) and a group of community-based practitioners/carers (N=11). The participants were selected through purposive sampling and the qualitative data was analysed using a specific Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) process. Findings: PWLD remain a deeply oppressed social group. Respondents reported experiencing multiple forms of oppression, which seem to interact in complex ways and be present throughout the course of their lives. The two key super-ordinate themes (most dominant forms of oppression experienced by PWLD) emerging from the process of IPA appear to be: 1) The life-long effects of marginalisation (social exclusion, powerlessness and existing as a socio-economic underclass) and 2) Multiple forms of victimisation (coping with exploitation, intimidation and abuse, both overt and subtle, from the public, family members and at times practitioners). Respondents believe that the underlying cause of their oppressive experiences is society’s negative perception. Negative attitudes and beliefs arise from oppressive social forces such as: the use of diagnostic labels, segregated special needs education and limited opportunities for employment. These are experiences which respondents assert often do little more than spoil their social identity as human beings. Conclusion: The findings confirm that PWLD living in the community continue to encounter negative social experiences which are pervasive. This research attempts to draw together and make sense of these experiences in terms of the concept of oppression. Through gaining a clearer understanding of the marginalised and victimised status of PWLD policy makers will be more informed about how to respond to their social and economic needs, and in turn help alleviate their experiences of oppression.