L’aquaculture des ormeaux (Haliotis spp.) fournit un bon cas étude des défis techniques, sociaux et environnementaux concernant l'introduction d’organismes marins nouvellement domestiqués sur le marché. En effet, l'élevage de l'ormeau a débuté au Japon au cours des années 1960 et, d'après la FAO (2012), est aujourd'hui l'une des industries aquacoles les plus dynamiques dans le monde. Pourtant, toutes les tentatives n'ont pas connues le même succès. Cette dissertation vise à comprendre les facteurs qui ont permis ou entravé le succès environnemental, social et technique de l’halioticulture, en mettant l'accent sur la France. Plus précisément, nous examinons trois grandes catégories de facteurs qui peuvent expliquer son évolution: - L'importance des facteurs socio-écologiques dans la gestion de la ressource en ormeaux - Les facteurs socioculturels qui étayent le statut de l'ormeau en tant que ressource éligible pour l'aquaculture. - Le rôle de la science dans l'industrialisation de l'élevage d'ormeaux. / Abalone aquaculture (Haliotis spp.) or halioticulture provides a good case study of the technical, social and environmental challenges of introducing newly domesticated marine organisms into the market. Abalone farming began in Japan in the 1960s and, according to FAO (2012), is now one of the most dynamic aquaculture industries in the world. Yet all attempts have not met with the same success. This essay aims to understand the factors that have allowed or hindered the environmental, social and technical success of halioticulture, with an emphasis on France.More specifically, we examine three main categories of factors that may explain its evolution:- The importance of socio-ecological factors in the management of abalone resource.- Socio-cultural factors that support the status of the abalone as an eligible resource for aquaculture.- The role of science in the industrialization of abalone farming.

Human activities worldwide have altered nature in ways that create new combinations of species and environmental processes. To understand so-called "novel ecosystems" it is important to consider both the natural and the societal factors that shape them, and how those factors are interconnected or "coupled." We used such an approach to explore options for managing a non-native invasive frog, the coqui, which has become established on the island of Hawaii and threatens to spread to other parts of the state. The nighttime calls of the coqui create a nuisance for property owners when populations become dense enough, as often occurs in Hawaii where the frogs have no natural enemies. Humans have tried various ways to eliminate coqui on the island of Hawaii with little success. Therefore we studied how property owners cope with their presence, both through management practices and psychological coping strategies. We also examined results of those efforts. People whose properties had more frogs were more likely to take action to reduce their numbers, but also attitudes toward the coqui were less negative when people had grown used to having to share their properties with the frogs. For those who cannot cope psychologically, we found it would be possible to manage properties to reduce densities but only when leaf litter and low shrubs were completely removed from near a home. Information campaigns about managing coqui should be different when targeting people that already host frogs and those that do not.

The southwest Yukon social-ecological system (SES) is marked by complex changes, including a climate induced directionally changing landscape, an increasing shift away from traditional subsistence lifestyles, and changing species composition. The addition of “new” ungulate species through human and non-human introductions has spawned many management questions. This study developed qualitative scenarios through a participatory process, utilizing scientific and traditional knowledge from within the social-ecological system’s local context. The study worked with local management groups to address two main objectives: 1.) Collaboratively envision alternate future scenarios with management groups from which to collaboratively develop management goals for wood bison, elk, and mule deer to cope with the changing social and ecological landscape of the southwest Yukon and 2.) Discover resource managers’ and local stakeholders’ perceptions of scenario planning as a method identify wildlife management goals. A series of three workshops with the Alsek Renewable Resource Council, the Yukon Wood Bison Technical Team, and the Yukon Elk Management Planning Team addressed the first objective, while two surveys addressed the second objective. Major findings included southwest Yukon-specific wildlife management goals and considerations for using scenario planning in a wildlife management context. The scenarios themselves warn of plausible events that might unfold, such as novel disease and pest outbreaks. Several participants mentioned that the value attributed to different species will change based on scenario context. This prompts warnings for wildlife managers not to “shut the door” on a species today that may be highly valuable for solving food security challenges of the future. Findings suggest that one of scenario planning’s most significant contribution is a forum for people to share perspectives and develop trust and understanding of one another. All participants valued the holistic and long-term thinking aspects of scenario planning, seeing it as a complementary tool to enhance existing planning processes. Major resource management plans and/or resource development projects in the future should consider using a scenarios approach to better articulated goals in terms of whole system impacts.

Ecosystèmes et sociétés humaines interagissent de façon bidirectionnelle, notamment via la perte de biodiversité et de services écosystémiques. Au sein de cette boucle de rétroaction, les interactions d'échelles (spatiales et temporelles) mènent à des découplages qui peuvent réduire le bien-être humain et la durabilité des systèmes socio-écologiques (SSEs). Par une approche de modélisation, cette thèse explore les conséquences de long terme de telles interactions d'échelle. Nous montrons que le découplage temporel dû aux dettes d'extinction peut mener à des effondrements. De plus, ces découplages temporels réduisent la capacité d'adaptation du système, rendant plus probables des transitions soudaines vers des trajectoires non durables. Cependant, la conservation des habitats naturels et l'internalisation économique des conséquences de la perte de biodiversité permettent d'éviter ou de réduire ces crises. Cette étude met en évidence le rôle des rétroactions et des interactions d'échelles dans les SSEs, et insiste sur l'importance d'une vision de long terme pour la durabilité des sociétés humaines. / Human-nature interactions form a feedback loop that is driven by the loss of biodiversity-dependent ecosystem services. These interactions occur over many spatial and temporal scales, and mismatches between the scales of human dynamics and ecological processes can contribute to a decrease in human well-being and sustainability. This thesis investigates theoretically the long-term consequences of biodiversity feedbacks on the sustainability of social-ecological systems (SESs). Temporal mismatches resulting from extinction debts can generate unsustainable human population cycles, especially in the most technology-intensive SESs. Moreover, temporal mismatches postpone desirable behavioral changes and reduce resilience, thus increasing the probability of abrupt regime shifts towards unsustainable trajectories. However, natural habitat conservation, e.g. through land set aside or the economic internalization of biodiversity feedbacks, can help prevent or mitigate such crises. This thesis thus emphasizes the role of feedbacks and scales in human-nature interactions, and highlights the importance of foresight for the sustainability of human societies.

abstract: The coastal fishing community of Barrington, Southwest Nova Scotia (SWNS), has depended on the resilience of ocean ecosystems and resource-based economic activities for centuries. But while many coastal fisheries have developed unique ways to govern their resources, global environmental and economic change presents new challenges. In this study, I examine the multi-species fishery of Barrington. My objective was to understand what makes the fishery and its governance system robust to economic and ecological change, what makes fishing households vulnerable, and how household vulnerability and system level robustness interact. I addressed these these questions by focusing on action arenas, their contexts, interactions and outcomes. I used a combination of case comparisons, ethnography, surveys, quantitative and qualitative analysis to understand what influences action arenas in Barrington, Southwest Nova Scotia (SWNS). I found that robustness of the fishery at the system level depended on the strength of feedback between the operational level, where resource users interact with the resource, and the collective-choice level, where agents develop rules to influence fishing behavior. Weak feedback in Barrington has precipitated governance mismatches. At the household level, accounts from harvesters, buyers and experts suggested that decision-making arenas lacked procedural justice. Households preferred individual strategies to acquire access to and exploit fisheries resources. But the transferability of quota and licenses has created divisions between haves and have-nots. Those who have lost their traditional access to other species, such as cod, halibut, and haddock, have become highly dependent on lobster. Based on regressions and multi-criteria decision analysis, I found that new entrants in the lobster fishery needed to maintain high effort and catches to service their debts. But harvesters who did not enter the race for higher catches were most sensitive to low demand and low prices for lobster. This study demonstrates the importance of combining multiple methods and theoretical approaches to avoid tunnel vision in fisheries policy. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Environmental Social Science 2014

This study considers the emergence of Marine Spatial Planning as a tool for ecosystem-basedmanagement using an innovation diffusion perspective that combines elements of classical diffusionof innovations theory with a consideration of individual and networked agency and cross-scaledynamics in the context of a social-ecological systems perspective. The main findings are that thediffusion of Marine Spatial Planning does not follow a linear, technologically deterministic process asindicated by many diffusion of innovation studies but instead the diffusion process can becharacterised by a hybrid diffusion system that cascades over a series of phases and where individualsembedded in informal networks play a key role in driving the emergence of Marine Spatial Planningacross scales.This study provides a valuable contribution to considering how the study of innovation and diffusiondynamics could be applied to provide explanatory power when considering innovations that gobeyond being technological that might emerge in the context of addressing challenges facing linkedsocial-ecological systems at the global level and thus assist in resolving the mismatches between thescale of ecological processes and the governance of ecosystems to ensure an ongoing delivery ofecosystem services. These innovations are also important to study in the context of innovation being acatalyst for transformation of marine social-ecological systems to a more sustainable trajectory.

abstract: Deforestation is a common phenomenon in Bangladesh, leaving the country under a great threat of losing its natural habitat. The increasing rate of natural habitat loss has raised questions regarding the country’s forest resource management practices. These practices were originally adopted to protect the forest ecosystem and secure the livelihood of the people dependent on forest resources. Despite the support from development partners like the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the country is still struggling to protect its forest resources from human encroachment. One of the major problems is the lack of inconclusiveness in current approaches. Most initiatives are not evidence-based and are project-based for only a certain period of time. This has failed to ensure sustainable outcomes. This study looks at Bangladesh’s Himchari National Park forest management system to generate evidence regarding deforestation from 1991-2018 and highlight existing gaps. To identify and analyze the gaps, the study uses a social-ecological system (SES) lens. Results reveal deforestation across different time periods, articulates the overall governance structure regarding forest resource management, and provides an overview of the major gaps within the system. The study also offers a set of recommendations for improving the existing management system and policy implications. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Urban and Environmental Planning 2020

No description available.

The designation of state and private protected areas around the world has been increasing over the past years. Belize is not an exception to this reality. To date more than 103 protected areas have been recognized into the National Protected Areas System of Belize (NPAS). Private protected areas (PPA) did not become part of Belize’s NPAS until 2015. But long before its legislation, private protected areas have been contributing to conservation and development in Belize. The Golden Stream Corridor Preserve (GSCP) is one of Belize’s exemplary PPA which advocates for conservation through the promotion of sustainable livelihood development and community empowerment. Using the co-evolution model by Pretzsch et al. (2014) as a conceptual framework, direct use values and benefits of the GSCP are assessed to gain insight into its social ecological system. A single case (embedded) case study design was used to execute this assessment at three buffering communities: Medina Bank, Golden Stream and Indian Creek. A total of 60 households, representing 10% of household leaders in each community were interviewed using a semi structured questionnaire. Community leaders were also interviewed to discover customary rules relating to resource use and the history of each community. The direct use value assessment revealed that the GSCP only contributes to values associated with tourism and employment. These values were disproportionately distributed across buffering communities; with Indian Creek perceiving all values associated with tourism, and Golden Stream from employment. Medina Bank saw no direct use values from the GSCP. Community forests and lands were found to be the exclusive source of direct use values associated with the utilization of forest products. Sustainable livelihood development opportunities and community empowerment were the most reported benefits arising from the management of the GSCP. The adoption and contribution of livelihood strategies were however met with positive and negative criticism by community members. Results from this evaluation epitomizes the importance of SES thinking in protected areas. Customary rules of resource use have contributed positively to the integrity of the GSCP. The impending threat of land use change and population growth at buffering communities calls for the creation of enabling environments for the adoption of sustainable livelihood through community participation, consultation, monitoring and evaluation.:CHAPTER ONE 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research question and justification 2 CHAPTER TWO 2. Theoretical and conceptual framework 4 2.2 Ecosystem service approach in protected areas 7 2.3 Emergence of private protected areas: global status, definition, benefits and downsides 11 2.4 Social ecological co-evolution: a conceptual Framework 13 CHAPTER THREE 3.1 National Context: protected areas in Belize 17 3.2 Local context: The Golden Stream Corridor Preserve 19 3.3 Case study approach 23 3.4 Data collection 25 3.5 Data analysis 29 3.6 Ethical considerations 32 CHAPTER FOUR 4. Embedded case studies . 34 4.1 Case study 1: Medina Bank Village 46 4.2 Case study 2: Golden Stream Village 48 4.3 Case study 3: Indian Creek Village 62 CHAPTER FIVE 5. Consolidating and comparing the embedded cases CHAPTER SIX 6. Implications of findings for management 92 CHAPTER SEVEN 7. Conclusions, limitations and outlook 102 Limitation 103 Outlook 104 REFERENCES 108 ANNEXS 115

Sustainable governance of natural resources is challenged by the poor understanding of complex human-nature couplings. Major advancements in resilience theory, acknowledging the importance of social-ecological linkages and the self-organizing capacity of social-ecological systems, provides a new perspective on research in sustainability science. Yet, limitations in methods and data for integrated studies of social-ecological systems limit progress in science and management. This PhD project aims to generate and test specific hypotheses building on social-ecological systems theory using a variety of methods and a long-term, multidimensional empirical dataset of the Baltic Sea social-ecological fisheries system. In paper 1, we ask which factors have impacted change in fisheries patterns in the Baltic Sea over a 15 year period, 1995-2009. We conclude that the responses of fishers are largely driven by top-down management regulations, which has favoured increasing scale of operations and specialization, and that the capacity of fishers to engage in ecosystem stewardship is low. Resilience could be enhanced through an increased focus on governance actions that can stimulate the self-organising capacity of the system Paper 2 focuses on one particular fishery, whose long-term dynamics have been strongly driven by an ecological regime-shift in the Baltic Sea. High potential profits and weak control has raised suspicions of widespread misreporting in this fishery. By developing a new method for reconstructing catches, we suggest that under-reporting has been significant, and likely driven by high economic incentives created by ill-designed policy. This misreporting risks contributing to a negative feed-back that substantially alters   the management cycle, and thereby constitutes a part of a social-ecological trap in this fishery. The research within this project so far indicates that there are good prospects for using the Baltic Sea as case for integrated social-ecological studies, aiming at informing resilience theory. Some ideas on future direction of the research are outlined.