This thesis presents a brief history of medicine in Russia leading up to the institution of socialized medicine by the U.S.S.R. in 1917. It also details Soviet medicine in the socialist period up through World War II.

Research indicates that women are more likely to experience depression than are men. The current study examined the effects of gender, socialized gender roles, rumination, and neuroticism on symptoms of depression in young adults. As predicted, rumination mediated the relationship between gender and depression, and socialized gender roles had a greater explanatory power for rumination, neuroticism, and depression than did gender. Contrary to predictions, rumination did not mediate neuroticism's effects on depression. Structural equation modeling reveled that rumination-on-sadness positively predicted neuroticism and depression. However, rumination-in-general, while positively predicting neuroticism, negatively predicted symptoms of depression. Finally, once socialized gender roles, rumination, and neuroticism were controlled, male gender was modestly predictive of depression.

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社會企業的成立除了新成立的組織去設立公司登記外，大部份是由非營利事業組織(NPO)轉型而來，而營利企業要社會化，則與公司法:企業以營利為目的，相違背，困難度很高，變通的方法就是在母公司之內成立一個新的事業體，或是另外成立一家子公司來經營。 營利事業社會化後其使命、理念、目的、產品、經營，都跟未社會化前有極大的差異，必須建構新的模式來營運才能實現其社會化目的。 本研究選擇第一化工原料股份有限公司(以下簡稱第一化工)創辦[LiFe生活化學]知識推廣平台為案例加以分析，經由訪談創辦者宗旨及目的，分析其社會化背景、目的、模式之建構，社會價值創造作法，再從個案社會化流程的脈絡中，歸納出知識推廣平台建置的關鍵要素。 研究結果發掘平台建置的關鍵要素有五點: 包括:(I)明確社會目標、(2)高階管理階層與股東的支持、(3)完整的專業知識與親民的產品內容設計、(4)整合線上與實體推廣活動、(5)與異業協同合作。 本研究希望給有相同理念的營利事業作參考，社會化前要先考慮以上要素，同時建議企業作社會公益有另一個選擇方式，除了以往被動的作CSR外，也可以選擇主動的讓營利事業--社會化。 關鍵字: 社會企業、社會價值

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The aim of this study is to investigate life forms and the dynamics of cultural processes in the parish of Tärna, Västerbotten. The material is an investigation of the life stories of two families, which have been investigated from an overall scientific aspect. The aim has been to examine the exploitation of resources by individuals and cognitive structures within the framework of ecological adaption. These aspects have been illuminated by the use of comprehensive source materials. Estate inventories have revealed different object categories which were associated with the exploitation of natural resources. Church registers, judgement books, tape recordings from folklore archives and the author's own interview material described life stories in a Saami mountain family and a settler family. It turned out that people in the mountains had supported themselves on a combination of stock-raising, hunting and fishing. Comprehensive socialized knowledge of the environment and its resources was a decisive factor for ecological adaption and survival.  The settler family had a solid knowledge of various handicrafts. The Saami in Tärna have settled down at an early stage and abandoned their former nomadism. The Saamish family investigated had a strong sense of family identity and their living story-telling tradition strengthened their identity and became a uniting factor. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century innovations began to emerge in the mountain parish, which often came to revolutionize the whole life pattern. The process of cultural change in Tärna in the 20th century has been dramatic. It has included the development of technology, modernization and changing exploitation of resources. Through the investigation of the life stories of the two families a clear picture has emerged of the exploitation of resources and of values, i.e. the total life pattern. / digitalisering@umu

No / Using data for every elective procedure in 2007 in the English National Health Service, we found evidence of socioeconomic inequality in the probability of having a procedure cancelled after admission while controlling for a range of patient and provider characteristics. Whether this disparity is inequitable is inconclusive.; Using data for every elective procedure in 2007 in the English National Health Service, we found evidence of socioeconomic inequality in the probability of having a procedure cancelled after admission while controlling for a range of patient and provider characteristics. Whether this disparity is inequitable is inconclusive. Copyright A[c] 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; � Using data for every elective procedure in 2007 in the English National Health Service, we found evidence of socioeconomic inequality in the probability of having a procedure cancelled after admission while controlling for a range of patient and provider characteristics. Whether this disparity is inequitable is inconclusive.