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This thesis explores, and seeks an historical interpretation of, representations of women both as victims and perpetrators of crime in the middle decades of the nineteenth century. Moving beyond how criminal offences were defined, perceived and disciplined, the analysis highlights their broader social and cultural contexts and effects. Focusing primarily on media accounts and literary narratives of "sensational" and serious cases, it argues that the treatment of crimes of spousal murder, sexual violence and infanticide can be read for cultural and political meanings. At a time when the technological and commercial abilities to satisfy the public appetite for crime stories were rapidly expanding, these narratives became a significant arena in which social preoccupations, anxieties, and conflicts were symbolically explored. As forms of cultural production, therefore, crime narratives constituted, communicated and contested social and political values relating, for example, to issues of class and gender, morality and character, public order and the body. At the heart of this study, therefore, lies the opportunity to explore how the female figures of such accounts, whether murdering women or rape victims, related to their wider world. Unlike court proceedings and legal records, which were accessed by a small minority only, many of the sources on which this analysis is based were produced for popular consumption; they were available to an increasing audience. Thus, local newspaper reporting of Assizes cases are examined alongside the national press, the writings of middle class reformers and social commentators, and a range of literary texts including broadsides, melodramas, "respectable" novels and cheap, sensational fiction. Graphic illustration provides an additional site of representation, particularly influential as it could be read by everyone including the wholly illiterate. However, crime narratives cannot be treated as simple windows into the past - they constitute particularly constructed images, fashioned in accordance with journalistic practices, commercial enterprise and literary conventions as well as the cultural and power dynamics of the period. Female criminals and victims of crime in early Victorian society were defined as damaging and damaged; in order to explore the wider social meaning of these representations close textual analysis of primary sources is allied with a detailed identification and contextualisation of the specificities of the different narrative forms.

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The opening chapter of this thesis gives a background to the CMS arrival in East Africa both at the coast and further inland. Journeys by missionaries of Krapf's era are examined. The four major routes used by travellers to reach the lacustrine area from the coast are described, particularly the two routes most commonly used by missionaries after 1876. Before 1914 the missionary traveller par excellence in East AFrica was Bishop Tucker. In their journeys few, if any, of the other missionaries exceeded the mileage of A.B. Fisher, a feature of CMS history that has been little recognised hitherto. One chapter of this thesis focusses upon Fisher's journeys to and from Uganda, whilst another considers his travels inside Uganda. The travelling feats of Dr. E.J. Baxter are highlighted, as are those of C.H. Stokes, the man who led most of the long distance CMS caravans before 1891. Barter items were a major part of missionary impedimenta. Settling toll charges (hongo) delayed missionary caravans as did sickness and Sunday halts. The extent to which nineteenth century missionaries, including David Livingstone, had to travel on Sundays is examined. This aspect, together with the management of porters and the use of firearms, constituted major moral dilemmas for the missionary traveller. Research has been made into the role of the chair and the bicycle on missionary journeys. At the dawn of the twentieth century travel was revolutionised in East Africa by innovations of modern technology, such as the Uganda railway and steamboats. Furthermore missionaries used bicycles, motor cycles and lorries along the developing road systems. Nevertheless, in many outlying areas of East Africa the porterage system remained the backbone of the transportation of goods after the Edwardian era, just as it had been in earlier years.

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