As the major electricity consumer, electrical machines play a key role for global energy savings. Machine manufacturers put considerable efforts into the development of more efficient electrical machines for loss reduction and higher power density achievements. A consolidated knowledge of the occurring losses in electrical machines is a basic requirement for efficiency improvements. This thesis deals with iron losses in electrical machines. The major focus is on the influences of the stator core magnetic material due to the machine manufacturing process, temperature influences, and the impact of inverter operation. The first part of the thesis gives an overview of typical losses in electrical machines, with focus put on iron losses. Typical models for predicting iron losses in magnetic materials are presented in a comprehensive literature study. A broad comparison of magnetic materials and the introduction of a new material selection tool conclude this part. Next to the typically used silicon-iron lamination alloys for electrical machines, this thesis investigates also cobalt-iron and nickel-iron lamination sheets. These materials have superior magnetic properties in terms of saturation magnetization and hysteresis losses compared to silicon-iron alloys. The second and major part of the thesis introduces the developed measurement system of this project and presents experimental iron loss investigations. Influences due to machine manufacturing changes are studied, including punching, stacking and welding effects. Furthermore, the effect of pulse-width modulation schemes on the iron losses and machine performance is examined experimentally and with finite-element method simulations. For nickel-iron lamination sheets, a special focus is put on the temperature dependency, since the magnetic characteristics and iron losses change considerably with increasing temperature. Furthermore, thermal stress-relief processes (annealing) are examined for cobalt-iron and nickel-iron alloys by magnetic measurements and microscopic analysis. A thermal method for local iron loss measurements is presented in the last part of the thesis, together with experimental validation on an outer-rotor permanent magnet synchronous machine. / <p>QC 20140516</p>

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Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-22T18:13:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Matheus Levi Paranaguá Pinheiro - 2016.pdf: 7647037 bytes, checksum: bf9bc878e354cc06e12bc89d9e7be3c6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-30T15:46:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Matheus Levi Paranaguá Pinheiro - 2016.pdf: 7647037 bytes, checksum: bf9bc878e354cc06e12bc89d9e7be3c6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T15:46:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Matheus Levi Paranaguá Pinheiro - 2016.pdf: 7647037 bytes, checksum: bf9bc878e354cc06e12bc89d9e7be3c6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Initially in this work, are presented the development and implementation of a new methodology to control the magnetic induction waveform, which was inserted into the automated measurement system for the characterization of soft magnetic materials, called SCaMMa. In the sequence, studies related to the magnetic hysteresis and to the magnetic losses, especially in silicon steels, are presented. The magnetic hysteresis in silicon steels has been analysed through the inverse version of the Jiles–Atherton classical model and through a modified one found in the literature. Concerning the determination of its parameters, the theory and the computational implementation of the heuristic method known as “Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA)” have been addressed. Within this context, it was possible to investigate two drawbacks of the Jiles–Atherton model: i) the modeling of the so–called inner loops; and ii) the modeling of the minor loops. In the study of the magnetic losses in silicon steels, it was employed in this work the Bertotti´s model, which establishes the total magnetic losses division in three independent components: hysteresis losses, classical losses, and excess losses. It was investigated two versions of this model, so–called B1 and B2, in which the magnetic hysteresis losses are modeled respectively through the Steinmetz´s model and through the theory of two–portion hysteresis losses subdivision: the one so-called high induction hysteresis losses, and the other, low induction hysteresis losses. Due to some failures, a new approach was chosen reviewing two of the model coefficients calculation: the one related to the classic loss, and the other related to the excess loss. After this reviewing, the magnetic loss models could present predictions that are more exact. / Apresenta-se inicialmente neste trabalho o desenvolvimento e a implementação de uma nova metodologia para controlar a forma de onda da indução magnética, a qual foi inserida no sistema de medição automatizado para a caracterização de materiais magnéticos moles, denominado SCaMMa. Na sequência, apresentam-se estudos relativos à histerese magné- tica e às perdas magnéticas que ocorrem nesses materiais, especialmente os aços para fins elétricos. A histerese magnética em aços para fins elétricos foi abordada através da versão inversa do modelo clássico de Jiles–Atherton e através de uma versão modificada, encontrada na literatura, desse mesmo modelo. Em relação à determinação dos parâmetros desse modelo, são abordadas a teoria e a implementação computacional do método heurístico conhecido como “Algoritmo do Embaralhamento dos Sapos Saltitantes” (tradução livre de Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA)). Nesse contexto, pôde-se investigar duas deficiências do modelo de Jiles–Atherton: modelagem dos laços de histerese ditos internos e modelagem dos laços de histerese menores. No estudo das perdas magnéticas em aços elétricos, empregou–se o modelo de Bertotti, o qual estabelece a divisão das perdas magnéticas totais em três componentes independentes: perdas por histerese, perdas clássicas e perdas em excesso. Foram investigadas duas versões desse modelo, os modelos denominados B1 e B2, nos quais as perdas por histerese são modeladas respectivamente através do modelo de Steinmetz e da teoria de subdivisão destas perdas em duas outras: perdas por histerese em altas e em baixas induções. Diante de alguns insucessos, optou-se por uma nova abordagem desse assunto, fazendo uma revisão do cálculo dos coeficientes relacionados à perda clássica e à perda em excesso desses modelos. Essa revisão se mostrou bastante efetiva, no sentido de que a partir de então, os modelos de previsão de perdas possibilitaram a obtenção de resultados mais exatos.

The ferromagnetic bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) started to be investigated only in the last 10 years.They are difficult to cast, but their properties are uniques. The work deals with casting, mechanical and soft magnetic properties of new Fe-based BMGs. Such alloys can be cast directly in samples with various geometries and they can be use as magnetic parts in different devices.

Corrosion protection is very significant for metals in modern society from the view of industrial development. This thesis work project involves a research study that is aimed to investigate the effect of corrosion on the mechanical strength and magnetic properties of four no treated or treated Somaloy® component samples (Somaloy®700 1P,  Somaloy®700 3P, Somaloy®700HR 5P and Somaloy®110i 5P) provided by Höganäs AB and laminated steel sheets by salt spray test. The coatings for protection are phosphoric acid coating, sodium silicate coating, DCA-Modified silicone conformal coating and water-borne single coat paint respectively. Then the protective properties are evaluated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in 0.1 mol/L NaCl solution after 7 days exposure.   From transverse rupture strength (TRS) and hysteresis loop measurements by salt spray test, although the bar samples are treated coating, the corrosion decreases the mechanical strength to a certain extent more or less over time. For the magnetic properties, the corrosive environments hardly influence the magnetic parameters of the no treated or four types of coatings treated Somaloy® components. But the all kinds of magnetic parameters for laminated ring samples have a great variation after salt spray test.   In the EIS measurements, for the no treated samples, the initial corrosion resistance is only several hundred ohms and decreases after 1 hour, 8 hours and 1day exposure, then increases to a certain extent with time due to the corrosion products formed on the surface. For the sodium silicate coating, the initial corrosion resistance is approximately several ten thousands ohms and decreases rapidly only after 1 day exposure to several hundred ohms due to the sodium silicate film dissolves in the electrolyte solution and has no effective protective property. Then the following corrosion process is almost same as the no treated samples. For the water-borne single coat paint, the initial corrosion resistance can reach to several Giga-ohms and decreases over time, but can still stay at  level, indicating that this coating has a very good and effective protective properties.   EIS experiments indicate that water-borne single coat paint has a more effective protection than sodium silicate coating and can apply a better corrosion protection for the Somaloy® components   Key words: corrosion protection, soft magnetic composites, phosphoric acid coating, sodium silicate coating, DCA-Modified silicone conformal coating , water-borne single coat paint, salt spray test, TRS, hysteresis loop, EIS

В работе представлены результаты исследования влияния состояния поверхности ленты на распределение намагниченности и магнитную проницаемость аморфного магнитомягкого сплава Co–Ni–Fe–Cr–Mn–Si–B, а также неоднородности магнитных характеристик в исходном (закаленном) состоянии, Такие исследования имеют важное значение для оптимизации магнитных характеристик и способствуют повышению качества изделий из этого сплава. Состояние поверхности ленты изменяли при помощи термообработок на воздухе в интервале температур 90–380 оС, обработкой водой и ацетоном, формированием полимерного покрытия. Исследования показали, что ленты аморфного сплава Co–Ni–Fe–Cr–Mn–Si–B в закаленном состоянии обладают существенной неоднородностью магнитных характеристик, которая носит закономерный характер и может быть связана с технологией изготовления ленты. Обработка водой приводит к окислению и гидрированию поверхности ленты и ее влияние зависит от знака константы магнитострикции (λs). В состоянии с λs<0 способствует увеличению объема доменов с ортогональной намагниченностью и остроты магнитной текстуры в плоскости ленты, определяемой отношением объемов доменов с планарной намагниченностью, ориентированной вдоль и поперек оси ленты. В состоянии с λs>0 вызывает уменьшение объема доменов с ортогональной намагниченностью и остроты магнитной текстуры. Обработка ацетоном вследствие его окисления и гидрирования содержащимися в поверхности ионами водорода и кислорода оказывает влияние на распределение намагниченности в ленте противоположное воздействию воды, которое также зависит от знака константы магнитострикции. Увеличение длительности обработки ацетоном приводит к усилению ее влияния на изменение объема доменов с ортогональной намагниченностью и ослаблению влияния на перераспределение намагниченности в плоскости ленты. Низкотемпературный отжиг в интервале температур 90 –130оС не способствует изменению максимальной магнитной проницаемости, объема доменов с ортогональной намагниченностью и знака λs, но способствует перераспределению намагниченности в плоскости ленты в результате в результате взаимодействия с атмосферным паром. Наблюдаемое сильное уменьшение максимальной магнитной проницаемости при температурах выше 180 оС связано с ростом объема доменов с ортогональной намагниченностью и снижением остроты магнитной текстуры в плоскости ленты. При 250оС обнаружено формирование поперечной магнитной анизотропии. Полимерное покрытие, формируемое на ленте в закаленном состоянии при 90 –130оС, способствует повышению максимальной магнитной проницаемости и уменьшению объема доменов с ортогональной намагниченностью во всем интервале температур. Полученные результаты находят объяснение в рамках влияния анизотропных напряжений, индуцируемых в ленте в результате взаимодействия ее поверхности с химически активными средами, магнитоактивным полимерным покрытием и анизотропной поверхностной кристаллизацией. / The paper presents the results of the influence of the ribbon surface state on the magnetization distribution and magnetic permeability of amorphous magnetically soft Co-Ni-Fe-Cr-Mn-Si-B alloy, as well as heterogeneity of magnetic characteristics in the initial (as-quenched) state. The state of the ribbon surface was changed by heat treatment in the air in the temperature range 90-380oC, treatment with water and acetone, formation of a polymer coating. The studies showed that the Co-Ni-Fe-Cr-Mn-Si-B amorphous alloy ribbons in the as-quenched state have a significant heterogeneity of magnetic characteristics, which has a natural character and can be associated with the tape manufacturing technology. The water treatment leads to oxidation and hydrogenation of the strip surface and its influence depends on the sign of the magnetostriction constant (λs). In the state with λs<0 the volume of domains with orthogonal magnetization and the sharpness of the magnetic texture in the tape plane, determined by the ratio of the volumes of domains with planar magnetization oriented along and across the tape axis, are increased. In the condition with λs>0 the volume of domains with orthogonal magnetization and the sharpness of the magnetic texture decrease. Treatment with acetone due to its oxidation and hydrogenation by hydrogen and oxygen ions contained in the surface affects the magnetization distribution in the tape opposite to that of water, which also depends on the sign of the magnetostriction constant. Increasing the duration of treatment with acetone leads to increasing its effect on the change in the volume of domains with orthogonal magnetization and to a weaker effect on the redistribution of magnetization in the tape plane. Low-temperature annealing in the temperature range 90 - 130oC does not contribute to changes in the maximum magnetic permeability, the volume of domains with orthogonal magnetization and the sign of λs but contributes to the redistribution of magnetization in the tape plane because of interaction with atmospheric vapor. The observed strong decrease in the maximum magnetic permeability at temperatures above 180oC is associated with an increase in the volume of domains with orthogonal magnetization and a decrease in the sharpness of the magnetic texture in the tape plane. The formation of transverse magnetic anisotropy was detected at 250oC. The polymer coating formed on the tape in the quenched state at 90 - 130oC increases the maximum magnetic permeability and reduces the volume of domains with orthogonal magnetization throughout the temperature range. The obtained results find an explanation in the influence of anisotropic stresses induced in the tape because of interaction of its surface with chemically active media, magnetically active polymer coating and anisotropic surface crystallization.