Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06768.pdf: 7929582 bytes, checksum: 40b065a53d2b28d5924616b854124430 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Amostras de dióxido de cério dopadas com La e Fe foram confeccionadas e caracterizadas por uma técnica nuclear baseada em interações hiperfinas conhecida como Correlação Angular Gama-Gama Perturbada (CAP). Como o composto em questão não é radioativo, foram utilizados núcleos radioativos como ponta de prova 111In 111Cd, que decaem através de uma cascata gama-gama 171-245 keV, com nível intermediário possui uma meia-vida de 84ns, spin 5/2- e um momento de quadrupolo elétrico Q= 0,83. Inicialmente uma metodologia para a produção das amostras precisou ser elaborada. As amostras de dióxido de cério e seus dopantes foram produzidas através do processo Sol-Gel, passando por uma calcinação e sinterização até a finalização da amostra. Sendo caracterizada por diversos tipos de técnicas (Difração de Raios-X e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura) culminando no estudo através da técnica CAP, para uma compreensão das interações quadrupolares elétricas das amostras e também a possibilidade da existência de comportamento magnético (assunto intensamente investigado dado o interesse na área da spintrônica). Os resultados encontrados foram analisados frente aos conhecimentos encontrados na literatura e as discussões foram feitas em função da variação do elemento dopante, tipos de tratamentos térmicos usados na sinterização e as diferentes temperaturas de medidas. Permitindo uma discussão e interpretação física dos resultados encontrados. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:11/05408-2

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato Meneghetti Peres.pdf: 2481386 bytes, checksum: 4a0c9e9713ebe096dc1943b16d0149bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-06 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Nanocomposites are nanometrical material particles embedded in a specific matrix. The degree of organization of the nanostructures and their properties depend on the nature of the organic and inorganic components of the structure that can generate synergic interactions. Polymeric nanocomposites are related to a class of hybrid materials where inorganic substances of nanometric dimensions are dispersed in a polymeric matrix. A small amount of inorganic material has a great effect on the structure performance. The nanoparticles of inorganic materials have high specific surface area that promotes the dispersion of the polymeric matrix and the properties depend on the homogeneity of the dispersion. The interaction reactions between the components can be observed on the material`s structure. The nanometrical material obtained by sol-gel process can be incorporated directly on the polymeric matrix. There is a tendency to a hard dispersion when a ceramic nanoscale particle is embedded in a polymeric matrix. This difficult can be attributed to a small spacement between the ceramic atomic planes to allow the passage of the polymeric chain between that. In this case, techniques can be used to the spacement to be enlarged with a organophilic agent action that enable a better addiction between the reinforcement and de matrix and make a influence in the mechanical, termical and rheological properties for the characterization by different techniques. In this work, the pseudoboehmite obtained by sol-gel process was treated by an octadecylamine solution to obtain a mix added to Nylon 6,12. After the mixing, the nanocomposite was dryed and processed to conformed the specimen used in the material caracterization. Mechanical, termical, reological, MEV and X-ray diffraction tests are done. The nanocomposite which contains pseudoboehmite and octadecylamine tests results were compared with the nanocomposite contained just pseduboehmite to compair and verify the octadecylamine treatment effect in the materials properties. / Nanocompósitos são materiais contendo partículas nanométricas dispersas em uma matriz específica. O grau de organização das nanoestruturas e suas propriedades dependem da natureza dos componentes orgânicos e inorgânicos de sua estrutura onde podem ocorrer interações sinérgicas. Os nanocompósitos poliméricos consistem em um grupo de materiais híbridos nos quais substâncias inorgânicas de dimensões nanométricas estão dispersas na matriz polimérica. Por possuírem alta área específica, uma pequena quantidade de nanocarga pode ocasionar um grande efeito no desempenho da estrutura, no entanto é importante observar que a dispersão do nanoreforço na matriz polimérica deve ocorrer da forma mais homogênea possível, promovendo as interações sinérgicas entre matriz e reforço ao longo de toda a estrutura do material. A obtenção de um reforço cerâmico por processo sol-gel, permite a obtenção de um produto com partículas de dimensões nanométricas, sendo que o mesmo pode ser incorporado à matriz polimérica. Ainda que em dimensões na escala nano, sempre que uma cerâmica é adicionada a um polímero, existe uma tendência à dificuldade na dispersão do material devido ao pequeno espaçamento entre os planos atômicos da cerâmica para que ocorra a passagem da cadeia polimérica entre estes planos. Neste caso, o emprego de técnicas de modificação da nanocarga, onde este espaçamento pode ser aumentado pela ação de um agente organofílico, possibilitando uma melhor acoplagem do reforço à matriz e influenciando diretamente nas propriedades mecânicas, térmicas e reológicas do material quando caracterizado pelas mais diversas técnicas. Neste trabalho, a pseudoboemita obtida por processo sol-gel foi tratada com uma solução de octadecilamina obtendo-se uma mistura adicionada ao Nylon 6,12. Após a mistura o nanocompósito foi seco e processado para conformação dos corpos-de-prova utilizados na caracterização do material. Realizou-se a caracterização por meio de ensaios mecânicos, térmicos, reológicos, MEV e Difração de Raios-X. Os resultados obtidos na caracterização do material contendo pseudoboemita e octadecilamina foram comparados aos resultados obtidos na adição apenas da pseudoboemita para comparação e verificação do efeito do tratamento com octadecilamina nas propriedades do material.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:30:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_Adaue_banca.pdf: 296840 bytes, checksum: 0cd98d8b2ca7a1306c82e4b8319d9e71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 / The use of orthodontic devices has been associated with an increase in dental biofilm retention. In this study, the effect of hydrophobic coatings, based on (fluorinated or not) organo-silanes, on the reduction of the contact angle and early biofilm retention in orthodontic devices was tested. Two different types of hydrophobic were tested: hydrophobic solution 1 (SH1), obtained by dilution of 2.5% of hexadecyl-triethoxy-silane in ethanol, and hydrophobic solution 2 (SH2), composed of 2.5% of perfluorodecyl-triethoxy-silane diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide. The solutions were applied in ceramic and stainless steel substrates and, via sol-gel process and crosslinking, siloxane networks were formed on the surface of the devices. The effect of the coatings was evaluated in two stages. In the first stage, aiming the characterization of the surface, the water contact angle was analyzed. Stainless steel and polycrystalline alumina plates were prepared, previously applying or not alumina sandblasting as surface treatment. A significant increase in contact angle was observed with the application of both hydrophobic solutions in both substrates, with the sandblasting allowing formation of super-hydrophobic surface in the ceramic substrate (contact angle up to 155o), while hydrophobic surfaces were obtained in the steel substrate (contact angle up to 123o). In the second phase, the effect of the hydrophobic coating on the biofilm retention in orthodontic brackets was evaluated using a microscosm model. Orthodontic brackets were previously prepared according to the surface treatments that showed the best results in the phase 1 (SH1 for steel, SH2 for ceramic). The effect of the coatings on the biofilm formation was evaluated in periods of 12h and 24h (controls: uncoated substrates and sandblasted substrates). The results showed that the hydrophobic coatings did not result in significant effect in biofilm retention for the time 12h, whereas all coating treatments significantly reduced the biofilm retention in the metal and ceramic brackets compared with the control groups. A significant exponential reduction in biofilm retention at 24h was associated with the increase in contact angle. It can be concluded that application of (super)-hydrophobic crosslinked coatings via sol-gel process on the surface of orthodontic metal and ceramic brackets reduced the surface wetting of the surfaces in contact with water and had a significant effect on the retention of dental biofilm after 24h / O uso de dispositivos ortodônticos tem sido associado ao aumento da retenção de biofilme dentário. Neste estudo, foi testado o efeito de coberturas hidrófobas,baseadas em organo-silanos (flourados ou não), no aumento do ângulo de contato e redução de acúmulo de biofilme inicial em dispositivos ortodônticos. Dois tipos diferentes de soluções hidrófobas foram testadas: solução hidrófoba 1 (SH1), obtida pela diluição de 2,5% de hexadecil-trietóxi-silano em etanol, e solução hidrófoba 2 (SH2), composta por 2,5% de perfluorodecil-trietóxi-silano diluído em dimetilsulfóxido. As soluções foram aplicadas em substratos cerâmico e de aço inox e, via processo sol-gel e reticulação, foram formadas redes siloxanas na superfície dos dispositivos. O efeito das coberturas foi avaliado em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, buscando a caracterização da superfície, foi analisado o ângulo de contato com água. Placas de aço inox e alumina policristalina foram preparadas, aplicando ou não jateamento prévio das superfícies com partículas de alumina. Foi observado aumento significativo do ângulo de contato com a aplicação das duas soluções hidrófobas em ambos substratos, sendo que o jateamento do substrato propiciou a formação de superfície superhidrófoba no substrato cerâmico (ângulo de contato de até 155o), enquanto superfícies hidrófobas foram obtidas no substrato aço (ângulo de contato até 123o). Na segunda fase do trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito da cobertura no acúmulo de biofilme em braquetes ortodônticos, através de modelo de microcosmos. Braquetes ortodônticos foram previamente preparados conforme os tratamentos de superfície que apresentaram melhores resultados na primeira fase (SH1 para aço, SH2 para cerâmica). Foi avaliado o efeito da cobertura na formação de biofilme em períodos de 12h e 24h (controles: substratos não-recobertos e substratos jateados). Os resultados mostraram que as coberturas hidrófobas não resultaram em efeito significativo no acúmulo de biofilme no tempo 12h, entretanto todos os tratamentos de cobertura reduziram de forma significativa o acúmulo de biofilme sobre os braquetes metálicos e cerâmicos comparados aos grupos controle no período 24h. Foi observada relação de redução exponencial significativa entre ângulo de contato e acúmulo de biofilme para o tempo 24h. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a aplicação de coberturas (super)-hidrófobas reticuladas via processo sol-gel na superfície de dispositivos ortodônticos metálicos e cerâmicos reduziu o molhamento das superfícies em contato com a água e teve efeito significativo na retenção de biofilme bucal sobre esses dispositivos após 24h

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l'élaboration de membrane photocatalytique à partir de nanoparticules de TiO2 obtenues par voie sol-gel (système TTIP-eau). Les sols sont préparés dans un réacteur à micro-mélange rapide (turbulent). L'effet de l'hydrodynamique au sein de différents mélangeurs (T simple, T chicanes, T rétrécissement) sur la morphologie et l'activité photocatalytique de nanoparticules déposées sur des plaques d'α-alumine a été étudié. Les dépôts de TiO2 ont été réalisés durant la période d'induction de la réaction sol-gel. Le mélange des réactifs a été simulé en utilisant un logiciel de modélisation numérique (modèle k-ε), Les différences hydrodynamiques au sein du micro-mélange a seulement un impact significatif sur le temps de stabilité des nanoparticules (période d'induction). Des couches minces et des membranes photo-actives ont été réalisées en vue du couplage membrane et réaction photocatalytique. Ces membranes ont été caractérisées et testées en photocatalyse. Elles ont montrées de bonnes photo-activités. Des tests de couplage direct séparation/photodégradation ont été réalisés sur des solutions aqueuses d'acide orange 7. Ce dispositif expérimental a permis de mettre en évidence une augmentation de flux de perméation significative avec de l'eau et en présence de colorant en solution. L'effet de la concentration et du pH de la solution a été évalué sur les flux de perméat et sur la photodégradation. / This PhD work is devoted to the elaboration of photocatalytic membranes using TiO2 nanoparticles synthetized by sol-gel process (titanium tetra-isopropoxyde precursor – water). Sols are prepared in sol-gel reactor with rapid turbulent micro-mixing. The effect of hydrodynamic using 3 T mixers (T simple, T with 3 baffles and T with narrow) during the mixing was studied with k-ε modeling Computational fluid Dynamics (CFD), as well as the morphology and the photo-activity of thin layers deposited on alumina support during induction period. Differences on hydrodynamic during micro-mixing have only impact on the time of nanoparticles stability (induction period). Photo-active thin layers and membranes are synthesized for coupling membrane separation and photocatalytic reaction. Photocatalytic activities of thin layers and membranes are performed with an aqueous solution of acid orange 7. Significant increases of permeate flux are observed during the filtration of water and solution containing dye. Effects of concentration and pH are evaluated on permeation flux and photodegradation.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemical Engineering / Keith L. Hohn / Vanadium phosphorous oxide (VPO) is traditionally manufactured from solid vanadium oxides by synthesizing VOHPO[4subscript][dot in middle of line]0.5H[2subscript]O (the precursor) followed by in-situ activation to produce (VO)[2subscript]P[2subscript]O[subscript]7 (the active phase). These catalysts considerably improve their performance when prepared as nanostructured materials and this study discusses an alternative synthesis method based on sol-gel techniques capable of producing nanostructured VPO. Vanadium(V) triisopropoxide oxide was reacted with ortho-phosphoric acid in tetrahydrofuran (THF). This procedure yielded a gel of VOPO[4subscript] with interlayer entrapped molecules. The gels were dried at high pressure in an autoclave with controlled excess and composition of THF-2-propanol mixtures. The surface area of the obtained materials was between 50 and 120 m[2superscript]/g. Alcohol produced by the alkoxide hydrolysis and incorporated along with the excess solvent reduced the vanadium during the drying step. Therefore, after the autoclave drying, the solid VOPO[4subscript] was converted to the precursor; and, non-agglomerated platelets were observed. Use of additional 2-propanol increased the amount of precursor in the powder but reduced its surface area and increased its crystallite size. In general, sol-gel prepared catalysts were significantly more selective than the traditionally prepared materials, and it is suggested that the small crystallite size obtained in the precursor influenced the crystallite size of the active phase increasing their selectivity towards maleic anhydride. The evaluation of these materials as catalysts for the partial oxidation of n-butane at 673 K under mixtures of 1.5% n-butane in air yielded selectivity of 40% at 50% conversion compared to 25% selectivity at similar level of conversion produced by the traditionally prepared catalysts. Variations in the catalytic performance are attributed to observed polymorphism in the activated materials, which is evidenced by remarkable differences in the intrinsic activity. All precursors and catalysts were characterized by IR, XRD, SEM and BET, and the products of the catalytic tests were analyzed by GC.

Résumé confidentiel / Résumé confidentiel

La synthèse d'acide polyamique (APA) comportant des blocs élastomères de type oligo-oxyéthylène et -oxypropylène et des polyimides correspondants (PEI) a été étudiée et leurs propriétés de perméation gazeuse déterminées pour He, N2, O2, H2, CH4 et CO2. Il a été montré que la présence de la phase élastomère augmentait de façon très importante les coefficients de perméabilité au gaz comparativement aux polyimides aromatiques conventionnels. La perméabilité du CO2, augmentée de façon préférentielle par rapport celles de tous les autres gaz, conduit à des sélectivités idéales tout à fait remarquables, en particulier vis-à-vis de N2 (≈40). L’incorporation de nanoparticules de silice dans les PEI (de 1 à 15% en masse) a été effectuée lors de l’étape de cyclo-déshydratation de l'APA, soit par ajout de silice hydrophobes (16 nm) ou hydrophiles (12 nm), soit par méthode Sol-Gel à partir de précurseurs alcoxysilanes (TMOS et TEOS). L'influence des charges SiO2 sur les propriétés de perméation gazeuse a été étudiée par la méthode du temps de retard (time-lag) essentiellement sur la série préparée avec des particules préformées. On a observé que les nano-charges de silice ne semblent pas interférer dans le processus de cyclisation et que les propriétés mécaniques sont renforcées ; la perméabilité aux gaz varie surtout selon la quantité de charges incorporées mais aucune augmentation spectaculaire de perméabilité n’a pu être observée. On peut en déduire que, vraisemblablement, c’est la phase élastomère qui est le lieu d’incorporation des particules de SiO2. Ces résultats montrent l’intérêt des membranes PEI et PEI/SiO2 dans des applications industrielles de séparation de gaz, notamment pour la séparation de mélanges CO2/N2 / The synthesis of polyamic acids (PAA) with oligo-oxyethylene and -oxypropylene rubbery blocks and the related polyimides (PEI) has been studied and their gas permeation properties determined for He, N2, O2, H2, CH4 and CO2. It was shown that the rubbery phase dramatically increased the gas permeability coefficients compared to conventional aromatic polyimides. The permeability of CO2 is preferentially increased in comparison to all other gases, leading to remarkable ideal selectivities, especially for the N2 mixture (≈40). The incorporation of silica nanoparticles in PEI (from 1 to 15 wt%) was carried out during the cyclo-dehydration of the PAA by adding fumed hydrophobic (16 nm) or hydrophilic (12 nm) silica, or by Sol-Gel approach using alkoxysilane precursors (TMOS and TEOS). The effect of SiO2-fillers on the properties of gas permeation has been studied by the time-lag method mainly on the series prepared with fumed silica. It was observed that nano-particles of silica do not seem to disturb the PAA cyclization process and that the mechanical properties are improved; the gas permeability varies essentially depending on the amount of fillers incorporated but no spectacular increase in permeability could be shown due to the nano-particles amounts. Apparently, it can be deduced that it is the rubbery phase which accommodates the SiO2 particles. These results showed the value of PEI and PEI/SiO2 membranes in industrial applications of gas separation, especially for the separation of CO2/N2 mixtures

El manuscrito versa sobre el desarrollo y caracterización de materiales híbridos basados en poliacrilato de hidroxietilo (a partir de ahora PHEA) reforzado por la inclusión de una fase amorfa de sílice. Ambas fases fueron sintetizadas simultáneamente: la fase orgánica se obtiene a través de una reacción de polimerización radicalaria inducida por la pequeña adición de un iniciador térmico (peróxido de benzoilo); además, la sílice (SiO2) fue polimerizada a través de una reacción sol-gel catalizada en medio ácido del alcóxido de silicio tetraetoxisilano (en adelante TEOS). Las condiciones del proceso sol-gel donde el retículo de dióxido de silicio se forma condicionan la estructura final de la sílice: grado de condensación, especies intermedias lineales frente a ramificadas, tamaños promedio, Algunos de los parámetros fundamentales que controlan la topología de la sílice en materiales compuestos derivados de reacciones sol-gel incluyen a la naturaleza del catalizador usado para aumentar la reactividad del alcóxido (así como su cantidad, pH), el agua disponible para hidrolizar al precursor de la sílice (referido a la cantidad estequiométrica necesaria para hidrolizar completamente a una molécula de TEOS) y la relación entre los porcentajes de las fases orgánica e inorgánica en el material híbrido final. El primer parámetro (el catalizador) y el segundo (el agua) se fijaron para de este modo sintetizar materiales con tamaños de sílice alrededor de las decenas de nanómetros (materiales nanocompuestos); el último de ellos, el ratio relativo entre las fases orgánica e inorgánica, se cambió sistemáticamente. Para caracterizar algunas propiedades físicas y químicas de los materiales nanocompuestos se utilizaron varias técnicas, entre las que se incluyen: microscopías, espectroscopía infrarroja, calorimetría, análisis dinámico mecánico, termogravimetría, hinchado en disolventes. / Rodríguez Hernández, JC. (2008). Acrylate-silica polymer nanocomposites obtained by sol-gel reactions. Structure, properties and scaffold preparation [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/3798 / Palancia

La photocatalyse laisse entrevoir un large champ d’applications dans de nombreux domaines parmi lesquels figurent principalement ceux du traitement et de la purification de l’eau et de l’air. Ceci constitue une des raisons pour lesquelles les études fondamentales des processus de dégradation des molécules organiques à la surface des photocatalyseurs concernent le plus souvent les phases liquides et gazeuses. Les développements plus récents des applications de la photocatalyse dans le domaine des surfaces autonettoyantes ont soulevé des problématiques fondamentales concernant les mécanismes de dégradation photocatalytique de composés solides tels que les suies et les acides gras. Ces problématiques restent encore peu abordées dans la littérature malgré les enjeux majeurs en terme environnemental et méritent donc des travaux de recherche plus approfondis. Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des modes de dégradation photocatalytique de dépôts solides d’acide stéarique (AS) sur des couches minces de dioxyde de titane. Dans ce travail, des approches expérimentales originales basées sur la microscopie optique sont mises en œuvre pour suivre la dégradation photocatalytique de ces dépôts d’AS à l’échelle microscopique sous exposition à la lumière ultraviolette. Les dépôts d’AS se présentent sous forme d’îlots microscopiques présentant une distribution de taille et de forme. Sur la base d’un nouveau modèle cinétique que nous proposons, le lien existant entre la vitesse de dégradation photocatalytique du dépôt et la distribution de taille initiale de la population d’îlots est mis en évidence. Le modèle cinétique développé permet de rationaliser nos résultats et de concilier d’autres résultats, jusqu’alors contradictoires, de la littérature. Ce travail propose en outre une étude originale sur la dégradation photocatalytique de microcristaux d’AS déposés sur des couches minces de TiO2 microstructurées qui a permis d’appréhender le rôle des radicaux libres dans le processus de dégradation photocatalytique. La démarche expérimentale est basée sur le lien étroit existant entre l’orientation des molécules, inhérente à la structure propre des microcristaux, et les directions des plans cristallographiques {hkl}. Ainsi, nous mettons en évidence une dépendance en {hkl} des vitesses de dégradation des microcristaux qui est justifiée à l’échelle moléculaire par l’affinité des radicaux pour les terminaisons chimiques exposées selon ces plans cristallographiques / Photocatalysis is widely used in a variety of applications in water and air purification. For those reasons, fundamentals research on the photocatalytical degradation processes of organic compounds on photocatalysts surfaces concern in most cases liquid and gaseous phases. The more recent development of self-cleaning surfaces has raised several issues concerning the mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation of solid deposits such as soot or fatty acids. These issues remain little addressed in the literature and therefore deserve further attention. This thesis work deals with the study of the photocatalytical degradation modes of solid deposits of stearic acid (SA) on the surface of titanium dioxide thin films. In this work, an original experimental approach based on the use of optical microscopy is implemented to monitor, on a microscopic scale, the SA deposits as a function of UV light exposure. Viewed under microscope, the SA deposits appear as microscopic islands presenting size and form distribution. On the basis of a new kinetic model we propose, the existing relationships between the degradation rate of the deposit and the initial size distribution of the islands population is demonstrated. The proposed kinetic model rationalizes our experimental results as well as several others from the literature. Additionally, an original study on the degradation of SA microcrystals, grown on microstructured TiO2 thin films, provides insight into the role of the photogenerated oxygenated radicals in the photocatalytical mechanisms. Furthermore, the anisotropy of the microcrystals structure is put in relation with that of the SA molecules orientations within the microcrystal. This explains the observed {hkl}-dependence of the degradation rate of the microcrystals