Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-20T14:48:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Litervaldo Pereira Machado.pdf: 826962 bytes, checksum: 4c267bd8c50631dcb8bdf8b7b2c1cc47 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T14:48:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Litervaldo Pereira Machado.pdf: 826962 bytes, checksum: 4c267bd8c50631dcb8bdf8b7b2c1cc47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Rhizoctonia canker, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is an important cowpea disease in Northeastern region of Brazil. This thesis aimed: a) to evaluate the potential of crop rotation and green manures in inducing suppressiveness to Rhizoctonia canker in cowpea; b) to identify the biotic factors related to suppression; and c) to analysis the stability of the disease suppression by selected crop rotation in relation to different isolates and inoculum density of the pathogen, and soils from different locations. The experiments were conducted in microplots in the field. In relation to crop rotations, Initially, 14 treatments were compared in four growing seasons, including different combinations of cowpea (CA) in rotation with cotton (AL), sunflower (AL), castor bean (MA), corn (MI) and sorghum (SO), and in combination with fallow (PO) and cowpea monoculture. The rotations CA-MI-SO-CA, CA-GI-SO-CA and CA-MI-PO-CA provided reductions of 77.6%, 74.0% and 73.9% in the disease severity, respectively. When the stability of disease control by CA-MI-SO-CA rotation was evaluated in relation to different pathogen isolates, inoculum densities and soils, in all situations the disease severity was significantly (P0,0001) lower under crop rotation as compared to cowpea monoculture, indicating the potential of the crop rotation for controlling the Rhizoctonia canker. In relation to green manures, 13 treatments were compared in five growing seasons, considering different combinations of cowpea and green manures (sunn hemp, breviflora crotalaria, showy crotalaria, jack bean, velvet bean, dwarf mucuna, lablab bean, dwarf pigeon pea, forage pigeon pea, corn, millet and sorghum). For the two evaluations after green manures cultivation, the incorporation of sorghum into the soil led to smallest levels of severity of cowpea Rhizoctonia canker, reducing by 81.3% and 83.3% the disease severity. There was no significant correlation from levels of disease severity with microbiological variables. / A rizoctoniose, causada por Rhizoctonia solani, é uma importante doença do feijão-caupi na região Nordeste do Brasil. Essa tese teve como objetivos: a) avaliar o potencial da utilização de rotações de culturas e adubos verdes na indução da supressividade à rizoctoniose do feijão-caupi; b) identificar os possíveis fatores bióticos dos solos responsáveis pela supressividade; e c) analisar a estabilidade do controle pela rotação de cultura selecionada em relação a diferentes isolados e densidades de inóculo do patógeno, bem como solos de diferentes localidades. Os experimentos foram realizados em microparcelas no campo. Em relação à rotação de culturas, inicialmente foram comparados 14 tratamentos em quatro ciclos de cultivo, incluindo diferentes combinações de feijão-caupi (CA) em rotação com as culturas de algodão (AL), girassol (GI), mamona (MA), milho (MI) e sorgo (SO), bem como em combinação com pousio (PO) e feijão-caupi em monocultura. As rotações CA-MI-SO-CA, CA-GI-SO-CA e CA-MI-PO-CA propiciaram reduções na severidade da doença de 77,6%, 74,0% e 73,9%, respectivamente. Quando avaliada a estabilidade do controle da doença pela rotação CA-MI-SO-CA a diferentes isolados, densidades de inóculo e solos, em todas as situações a severidade foi significativamente inferior (P0,0001) sob a rotação de culturas comparada à monocultura, indicando o potencial de utilização da rotação no controle da rizoctoniose. Em relação aos adubos verdes, foram comparados 13 tratamentos, considerando diferentes combinações de feijão-caupi e adubos verdes (crotalária breviflora, crotalária juncea, crotalária spectabilis, feijão-de-porco, guandu anão, guandu forrageiro, labe-labe, mucuna anã, mucuna preta, milho e sorgo), em cinco ciclos de cultivo. Nas duas avaliações realizadas após o cultivo de adubos verdes, a incorporação de sorgo ao solo propiciou os maiores níveis de controle da doença, reduzindo em 81,3% e 83,3% a severidade. Não houve correlação significativa dos níveis de severidade da rizoctoniose com as variáveis microbiológicas avaliadas nos solos.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-21T14:50:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Garcia de Oliveira.pdf: 229150 bytes, checksum: cb960836d78efca26b86c65b585f44af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T14:50:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Garcia de Oliveira.pdf: 229150 bytes, checksum: cb960836d78efca26b86c65b585f44af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / The Rhizoctonia canker, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is an important disease of cowpea in northeastern Brazil. This work aimed to select cowpea rhizobacteria as biocontrol agents of Rhizoctonia canker and to assess the stability of the control by promising isolates for different isolates and inoculum densities of the pathogen, and soil types. Samples of cowpea plants with no symptoms of root diseases were collected in 22 fields and 87 bacterial isolates were obtained from their rhizoplane, with 59 strains of Bacillus spp. and 28 strains of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. These strains were evaluated for their efficacy in reducing the severity of Rhizoctonia canker of cowpea under greenhouse conditions. In a preliminary screening cowpea seeds (cv. IPA-206) were immersed in bacterial suspension(approximately 108 cells/mL) prepared in 0.1 M MgSO4 solution and sown in trays containing unsterilized soil (Camaragibe) previously infested (isolated CMM-2656) with 150 mg of substrate (rice) colonized/kg soil. The assessment of disease severity was determined after 15 days, using a scale from 0 to 4, where 0 = no symptoms and 4 = non-germinated seeds and/or non-emerged plantlets. Only five bacterial strains (B-05, B-13, B-63, B-65 and B-71), all from the genus Bacillus, reduced levels of disease severity above 45% and were evaluated in relation to five isolates (CMM-2651, CMM-2654, CMM-2666, CMM-2675 and CMM-2682) and three inoculum densities (200, 250 and 300 mg/kg soil) of R. solani, and five soil types (Aldeia, Goiana, Itapirema, Pombos and Vitória). Only the bacterial strain B-71 showed similar levels of Rhizoctonia canker control induced by different isolates of the pathogen, with an average of 24.5% in the reduction of severity levels. The strain B-65 had the highest levels of disease control at the three inoculum densities of R. solani, with an average of 22.2%. It was evident the influence of soil on the effectiveness of the strains. The great variability of results in the control of Rhizoctonia canker due to different isolates and inoculum densities of R. solani as well as the unstable response in different soil types may be factors limiting the use of Bacillus spp. in the treatment of cowpea seeds in field conditions. / A rizoctoniose, causada pelo fungo Rhizoctonia solani, é uma importante doença do caupi no Nordeste brasileiro. Esta dissertação teve como objetivos efetuar a prospecção de rizobactérias de caupi como agentes de biocontrole da rizoctoniose e avaliar a estabilidade do controle por isolados promissores em relação a diferentes isolados e densidades de inóculo do patógeno, e tipos de solos. Foram efetuadas coletas de plantas de caupi sem sintomas de doenças radiculares em 22 áreas de plantio. Destas plantas, foram obtidos 87 isolados bacterianos do rizoplano, sendo 59 isolados de Bacillus spp. e 28 isolados de Pseudomonas spp. do grupo fluorescente. Esses isolados foram avaliados quanto à eficácia na redução da severidade da rizoctoniose do caupi em casa de vegetação. Na seleção preliminar, sementes de caupi (cv. IPA-206) foram imersas nas suspensões bacterianas (aproximadamente 108 células/mL) preparadas em solução de MgSO4 0,1M e semeadas em bandejas contendo solo não esterilizado (Camaragibe) previamente infestado com o patógeno (isolado CMM-2656), na densidade de 150 mg de substrato (arroz) colonizado/kg de solo. A avaliação da severidade da doença foi efetuada após 15 dias, utilizando-se escala de notas de 0 a 4, onde 0 = sem sintomas e 4 = sementes não germinadas e/ou plântulas não emergidas. Somente cinco isolados bacterianos (B-05, B-13, B-63, B-65 e B-71), todos do gênero Bacillus, propiciaram níveis de redução da severidade da doença superiores a 45% e foram avaliados em relação a cinco isolados (CMM-2651, CMM-2654, CMM-2666, CMM-2675 e CMM-2682) e três densidades de inóculo (200, 250 e 300 mg/kg de solo) de R. solani, bem como cinco tipos de solos (Aldeia, Goiana, Itapirema, Pombos e Vitória). Somente o isolado bacteriano B-71 apresentou níveis similares de controle da rizoctoniose induzidos pelos diferentes isolados do patógeno, com redução média de 24,5% nos níveis de severidade. O isolado bacteriano B-65 apresentou os maiores níveis de controle da doença nas três densidades de inóculo de R. solani, com média de 22,2%. Ficou evidente a influência do solo na eficácia dos isolados bacterianos. A grande variabilidade dos resultados no controle da rizoctoniose em função dos diferentes isolados e densidades de inóculo de R. solani, assim como da resposta instável em diferentes tipos de solos, podem ser fatores limitantes à utilização dos isolados de Bacillus spp. no tratamento de sementes de caupi em condições de campo.

Fungi in the genus Trichoderma have been characterized as biocontrol agents of plant pathogens since the 1930s. The use of biologicals for disease management has increased in recent years, typically marketed as a safer alternative to chemical applications. However, biologicals often lack consistent control across varying environmental conditions. To overcome the loss in efficacy due to environmental conditions, biologicals can be combined with common fungicide seed-treatments to provide improved control. Additionally, the presence of a biological organism could slow the development of a pathogen population. Greenhouse trials were conducted to determine the baseline root colonization of three Trichoderma spp. used in conjunction with five commonly used seed treatments. In field trials, a stand-alone treatment of the Trichoderma isolates was assessed for management of Rhizoctonia root rot (caused by Rhizoctonia solani) and frogeye leaf spot (caused by Cercospora sojina). The greenhouse trial provided evidence that isolates of T. virens and T. hamatum can colonize the roots of plants in which seeds were treated with metalaxyl + prothioconazole + penflufen or metalaxyl + prothioconazole + penflufen + fluopyram. Surprisingly, in the Rhizoctonia root rot trials, the soybean seedlings treated with Trichoderma spp. had significantly reduced stand compared to the R. solani inoculated control. For the frogeye leaf spot trial, an application of T. virens conidial suspensions as a foliar treatment significantly (P ≤ 0.10) reduced frogeye leaf spot severity of soybean compared to a non-treated control. Future research is warranted to better understand the potential efficacy in additional environments and the mechanism(s) of action used by the Trichoderma isolates evaluated in these experiments.

Typescript. / Includes bibliographical references. / 193 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Pathology, 1965

Three pages of addenda pasted inside back cover. Bibliography: leaves 166-189. Rhizoctonia solani is a complex species comprising morphologically basidiomycetous imperfect fungi. This study aimed to determine genetic diversity within R. solani AG-3 causing rhizoctonia disease of potato in South Australia. For this purpose, pectic zymogram, PCR, DNA fingerprinting and RFLP techniques were used in conjunction with traditional plant pathology procedures.

Il est encore difficile de prédire et de contrôler le développement des maladies telluriques qui sont à l'origine de nombreux dégâts dans les systèmes de culture. Ce travail interdisciplinaire en épidémiologie a pour objectif de comprendre et de modéliser le développement spatio-temporel des épidémies telluriques afin d'identifier des leviers de gestion pour ces maladies. En se basant sur le pathosystème betterave sucrière - Rhizoctonia solani, la thèse se focalise sur trois problèmes. Dans un premier temps, en alliant mesures expérimentales de la dispersion du pathogène et simulations d'un modèle stochastique spatialement explicite, nous montrons que la croissance de l'hôte peut induire un changement dans le comportement du système qui, dans certains cas, devient invasif alors qu'il était initialement non-invasif. Dans un second temps, sur la base de mesures expérimentales nous proposons un modèle âge-dépendant de la distribution de la période d'incubation qui est utilisé pour relier les infections cachées et les observations de maladie. Le comportement cryptique des épidémies est ensuite étudié par simulation d'un modèle spatial hiérarchique qui intègre la période d'incubation. Dans un troisième temps, un modèle spatialement implicite est utilisé pour estimer les taux d'infection à partir de données temporelles de maladie et pour analyser les effets de la biofumigation sur les épidémies. Ces paramètres sont ensuite utilisés pour prédire le développement stochastique des épidémies à partir d'un modèle spatial individu-centré. Les résultats confirment que la biofumigation ne permet qu'un contrôle partiel des épidémies mais suggèrent que ce contrôle biologique diminue l'incertitude autour du développement cryptique de la maladie. Pour finir, les résultats de ces travaux sont discutés et les perspectives qu'ils suscitent sont présentées.

Fusarium solani is a soil-borne pathogen devastating agricultural crops throughout the world. While most pathogens are host specific, the fusaria are able to infect both plants and animals. In 2004, an outbreak of Fusarium occurred in association with contact lens wear. Several species of Fusarium were involved but F. solani and F. oxysporum were most prominent. In this work, we have identified a MAP kinase (MAPK), highly similar to fmk1 in F. oxysporum, belonging to the YERK1 subfamily of extracellular regulated kinases. Directed disruption of fmk1 in F. solani AFR4 (FSSC 1) affected several aspects of fungal growth and pathogenicity. Colonies of AFR4„½fmk1 displayed pigmented colony-like formation as opposed to the cottony-white diffuse growth observed with the wild-type strain. Mutants displayed changes in morphology and conidiation patterns with AFR4„½fmk1 mutants producing increased amounts of macroconidia vs. microconidia. AFR4„½fmk1 germ tube emergence was similar to that of wild-type AFR4 and wet weight growth was equivalent but germinules were not able to sense nutrient in chemotropic assays. The disruption of fmk1 increased spore surface hydrophobicity leading to a decrease in association with commercially available hydrogel contact lenses. FMK1 did not affect unworn lens penetration in phosphate buffered saline as both wild-type and mutant strains were able to penetrate commercially available silicone hydrogel contact lenses. AFR4 displayed increased penetration of silicone lenses and this is likely due to: increased spore/lens association, and the inability of AFR4„½fmk1 macroconidia to germinate in phosphate buffered saline. Diminished invasive growth was also noted with disruption of fmk1. Wild-type AFR4 was detected throughout the eye after conidial microinjection while AFR4„½fmk1 was limited to the vitreous fluid. The reduced invasive growth seen is attributed to the loss of chemotropism. The ability to sense and respond to the environment is essential for pathogenicity. MAPK has been deemed essential for plant pathogenicity and now, with its affect on chemotropism, appears to be necessary for animal pathogenicity. FMK1 plays a conserved role in the pathogenicity of Fusarium.

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In this study, we have demonstrated that inoculation of bean seeds with non-pathogenic binucleate Rhizoctonia (np-BNR) at sowing protected bean seedlings from infection of R. solani. Using quantitative real-time RT-PCR (QRT-PCR), transcript levels of defense genes encoding 1,3-beta-glucanase (GLUC), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS) in one-week old bean seedlings was monitored during np-BNR and R. solani interaction. The results revealed that protection effect of np-BNR correspond to a systemic suppression of these three defense genes' expression from significant higher level elicited by R. solani to the level of non-infected plants. This indicates that bio-protection by np-BNR isolates is not correlated to activation of these three defense genes' expression. Similar suppression was achieved for pre-colonization of bean seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) Glomus introradices on GLUC gene expression, although the AM fungus did not significantly reduce rot symptoms. Possible mechanisms implicated in down-regulation during plant-pathogen and np-BNR or AM interaction are discussed.