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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF JESSE MILLER, for the Master of Science degree in PLANT, SOIL, and AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, presented on May 13, 2016 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: THE EFFECTS OF STARTER FERTILIZER ON SOYBEAN INFESTED WITH FUSARIUM VIRULIFORME OR RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Jason Bond Fusarium virguliforme (Aoki), the fungus that causes sudden death syndrome of soybeans (SDS), is prevalent in most of the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) production regions throughout the United States. Sudden death syndrome management has been limited to cultural practices and host resistance. Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn) is a fungus responsible for pre-emergence and post emergence damping off. Control methods include seed treatments and cultural practices. Several companies have advocated the use of in-furrow starter fertilizers in soybean production. Promoting root growth and emergence are a couple of the alleged benefits. It is unknown if the increased fertility in the root zone may actually increase or decrease the severity of root or seedling diseases. An objective of this study is to determine if the starter fertilizers (2-6-16), (7-12-11), (3-10-13) Nachurs Alpine Solutions™ impacts seedling disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani and soybean yield. A second objective is to determine if starter-fertilizer influences the incidence and severity of SDS and soybean yield. One trial was infested with R. solani at the rate of 0.9 g of inoculum/30.5 centimeters of row. A second trial was infested with F. virguliforme at the rate of 2.25 g/30.5 centimeters of row. Inoculum consisted of sterilized white sorghum inoculated with either pathogen. Plots were 3.04 meters wide by 6.1 meters in length with row spacing of 0.76 meters. Trials took place during the growing season of 2014 and 2015. In 2014, a randomized complete block design consisted of 4 treatments that were replicated 6 times and planted into 4 row plots. Treatments consisted of treated (Metalaxl™, Fluxapyroxad™, Pyraclostrobin™, and Imidacloprid™) or non-treated seed (‘Asgrow 4730’) combined with either fertilizer (2-6-16) or non-fertilizer. Across both trials, there were no seed treatment and fertilizer rate interactions. In the R. solani trial, stand counts were similar between the fertilizer and non-fertilizer treatments. Stand counts were higher when the seed treatment was used. There was no significant difference in soybean yield regardless of treatment. In the F. virguliforme trial, stand counts were reduced in the fertilizer treatment when compared to the non-fertilizer treatment. Foliar symptoms of SDS and soybean yield were not affected by treatment. In 2015, there were changes in treatment structure due to additions of fertilizer treatments 7-12-11 and 3-10-13. Seed treatments and randomized complete block design remained for 2015. Stand counts were higher in plots that received fertilizer treatments in the R. solani trial. Stand counts were lower in R. solani plots with treated seed. Yield was not influenced by seed treatment but was increased by 3-10-13 and 7-12-11 fertilizer treatments. For the F. virguliforme trial, reduced stand counts were found in the plots with seed treatments. Seed treatments did not influence yield. Fertilizer did not impact stand or yield. Foliar symptoms of SDS were not influenced by seed treatment or fertilizer.

No description available.

Submitted by NATÁLIA CAROLINA VIEIRA null (vieira_naty@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-21T18:33:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado - Natália Carolina Vieira.pdf: 4489683 bytes, checksum: bb278e0db97defa0e9b2982e4b2a0703 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-22T18:08:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_nc_me_araiq.pdf: 4489683 bytes, checksum: bb278e0db97defa0e9b2982e4b2a0703 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T18:08:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_nc_me_araiq.pdf: 4489683 bytes, checksum: bb278e0db97defa0e9b2982e4b2a0703 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cada ano vem crescendo a busca por novas fontes de produtos naturais, na qual os micro-organismos recebem uma grande atenção, sendo eles de extrema importância na descoberta de compostos bioativos e promissores a novos fármacos. Esse trabalho teve como foco o estudo de fungos filamentosos da rizosfera de Senna spectabilis. Foram testadas suas viabilidades e após esse processo, dez fungos foram escolhidos para esse trabalho e submetidos aos testes biológicos como citotóxico, anticolinesterásico e antifúngico e também foram obtidos seus perfis cromatográficos e químicos por CLAE-DAD e RMN, além da identificação filogenética. Após esses resultados iniciais, dois fungos foram escolhidos para desenvolver o método de desreplicação, sendo eles Fusarium solani e F. oxysporum. Esses fungos apresentaram atividade antifúngica contra C. cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermun e também apresentaram atividade anticolinesterásica, além disso, F. oxysporum apresentou também atividade antitumoral contra câncer do colorretal. Através das técnicas CG-EM, CLAE-EM, CLAE-EM/EM e RMN foram propostas estruturas moleculares interessantes para substâncias produzidas por esses micro-organismos, sendo que para o extrato de Fusarium solani foram identificados 12 metabólitos: ácido fumárico, ácido málico, tirosol, ácido p-hidroxibenzóico, ácido azelaico, ácido fusárico, (-)-ácido jasmônico/ácido (+)-7-iso-jasmônico, 10-hidroxicaptotecina, C-16-esfinganina, xestoaminol C, armilarina/armilaripina e beauvericina e para o extrato do fungo Fusarium oxysporum foram observados 14 metabólitos: ácido succínico, ácido phidroxibenzóico, ácido hexadecanóico, ácido octadecanóico, ácido fusárico e três de seus derivados, integracídeo C, fusagerina C/D, C-16-esfinganina, xextoaminol C, armilarina/armilaripina e beauvericina. Além desses compostos, outros 5 metabólitos comuns às espécies solani e oxysporum foram observados, mas não puderam ser estruturalmente caracterizados por CLAE-EM/EM, no entanto, suas massas moleculares já foram relatadas para espécies de Fusarium. / The search for new sources of natural products has been increasing to the rational exploration of microorganisms as great sources for the discovery of bioactives and promising compounds as well as new drugs. This work focused on the study of filamentous fungi, isolated from Senna spectabilis’s rhizosphere from which were tested its viabilities. Thereon, ten fungi were chosen for this work and were submitted to biological tests, such as cytotoxic, anticholinesterase and antifungal. In addition, their chemical profiles were obtained for HPLC and NMR, besides phylogenetic identification. Finally, two fungi were chosen to develop dereplication method, being them Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum.These fungi howed anticholinesterase activity and antifungal activity against C. cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermun. Additionally, F. oxysporum showed antitumor activity against colorectal cancer. Through the GC-MS, HPLC-MS, HPLC-MS/MS and NMR, we were able to obtained interesting molecular chemotypes for these microorganisms; for F. solani we identified 12 metabolites, fumaric acid, malic acid, tyrosol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, azelaic acid, fusaric acid, (+)-7-iso-jasmonic acid/(-)-jasmonic acid, 10- hydroxycamptotecin, C16-sphinganine, xestoaminol C, armillarin/armillaripin and beauvericin and for F. oxysporum was observed 14 metabolites, succinic acid, phydroxybenzoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, fusaric acid and its three derivatives, integracide C, fusagerin C/D, C-16-sphinganine, xestoaminol C, armillarin/armillaripin and beauvericin. Besides these compounds, others 5 metabolites common to both species (solani and oxysporum) couldn’t be structurally characterized thorough LC-MS/MS, but they were accounted in several Fusarium species.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-17T15:25:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-03-27. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-09-17T15:46:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000845926_20170101.pdf: 227536 bytes, checksum: 2a191bf5d74671d97251e88e7f0145ba (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2017-01-02T15:03:51Z: 000845926_20170101.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-01-02T15:05:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000845926.pdf: 1072676 bytes, checksum: cad2ff92580278b3dac67dc96e267389 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O fungo Rhizoctonia solani, é um fitopatógeno que ataca diversas culturas, provocando o tombamento de plântulas. Há vários estudos visando o combate deste micro-organismo, no entanto, não há relatos da composição química de sua biomassa. De acordo com a literatura a biomassa fúngica pode ser uma fonte promissora de moléculas para aplicação em ensaios biológicos. A partir disso, um estudo inédito da composição química da biomassa do R. solani, principalmente em relação aos polissacarídeos, foi realizado. O micro-organismo foi cultivado em meio mínimo de Vogel com glucose como fonte de carbono. A biomassa resultante de vários cultivos foi tratada consecutivamente com etanol (1:20 m/v, 78 °C, 12h, 1x), e água destilada a quente (1:20 m/v, 100 °C, 4h, 4x). O extrato aquoso foi submetido a ciclos de congelamento e descongelamento de maneira a separar o material insolúvel da fração solúvel que foi precipitada em etanol e denominada PEH2O (precipitado etanólico do extrato aquoso). A fração solúvel foi analisada por GPC, cujos resultados indicaram a necessidade de purificação adicional. A cromatografia de filtração em gel Sepharose CL-6B, a pressão normal, separou o PEH2O em cinco frações distintas, denominadas de PI a PV, eluídas em ordem decrescente de suas massas moleculares. A análise cromatográfica para verificar o grau de homogeneidade de cada pico (GPC) indicou que tanto PIII quanto PV estavam puros e aptos a serem quimicamente caracterizados. A hidrólise ácida e os resultados das análises de metilação e ressonância magnética nuclear uni e bidimensional mostraram que PIII é uma β-D-glucana com cadeia principal formada por ligações (1→3), (1→6) e parcialmente substituída em O-6 por cadeias laterais β-D-glucopiranosídicas e PV uma fucomanogalactana com a cadeia principal formada por resíduos α-D-galactopiranosídicos (1→6) ligados, parcialmente substituídos em O-2 por unidades... / The Rhizoctonia solani is a phytopathogenic fungus that attacks various crops, causing the tipping of seedlings. There are several studies related to the combat this microorganism, however, no reports of its biomass chemical composition. According to the literature the fungal biomass can be a promising source of molecules for the use in biological studies. Then a novel study of the chemical composition from R. solani biomass, mainly in relation to the polysaccharides, was conducted. The microorganism was grown in Vogel minimal salts medium with glucose as carbon source. Biomass resulting from various cultivations was treated consecutively with ethanol (1:20 w/v), 78 °C, 12h, 1x) and hot distilled water (1:20 w/v, 100 °C, 4h, 4x). The aqueous extract was subjected to freezing and thawing cycles in order to separate the insoluble material. The soluble fraction was precipitated in ethanol and named PEH2O (ethanolic precipitated from aqueous extract). That fraction was analyzed by GPC and the results indicated that an additional purification procedure would be necessary. Gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B at normal pressure, separated the PEH2O in five distinct fractions named PI to PV, which eluted in decreasing order of their molecular weight. The chromatographic analysis to verify the homogeneity degree of each peak (GPC) indicated that both PIII as PV were pure and able to be chemically characterized. The results from acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis and uni- and bidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance experiments showed that PIII is a glucan with β-D-Glcp(1→3), (1→6)-linked main chain, partially substituted at O-6 by β-D-Glcp side chains and PV a fucomannogalactan with a main chain composed by (1→6)-linked -D-Galp partially substituted in O-2 by non-reducing end-units of α- L-Fucp and α-D-Manp. Some Galp units from main chain were partially methylated at OH-3. Both...

Orientador: Ian Castro-Gamboa / Banca: Isabele Rodrigues Nascimento / Banca: Flávia Talarico Saia / Resumo: A cada ano vem crescendo a busca por novas fontes de produtos naturais, na qual os micr o - organismos recebem uma grande atenção, sendo eles de extrema importância na descoberta de compostos bioativos e promissores a novos fármacos. Esse trabalho teve como foco o estudo de fungos filamentosos da rizo sfera de Senna spectabilis . F oram testadas suas viabilid ad es e a pós esse processo, dez fungos foram escolhidos para esse trabalho e submetidos a os testes biológicos como citotóxico, anti colinesterásico e antifúngico e t ambém foram obtidos seus perfis cromatográficos e químicos por CLAE - DAD e RMN, além da identificação filogenética. A pós esses resultados iniciais, dois fungos foram escolhidos para desenvolver o método de desreplicação, sendo eles Fusarium solani e F . oxysporum . Esses fungos apresentaram atividade antifúngica contra C. cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermun e também apresentaram atividade anticolinesterásica, além disso, F. oxysporum apresentou também atividade antitumoral contra câncer do colorretal. Através das téc n icas CG - EM, CLAE - EM, CLAE - EM/EM e RMN foram propostas estruturas moleculares interessantes para substâncias produzidas por e sses micro - organismos, sendo que para o extrato de Fusarium solani foram identificados 1 2 metabólitos: ácido fumárico, ácido málico, tirosol, ácido p - hidroxibenzóico, ácido azelaico, ácido fusárico, ( - ) - ácido jasmônico/ácido (+) - 7 - iso - jasmônico, 10 - hidroxicaptotecina, C - 16 - esfinganina, xestoaminol C, armilarina/armilaripina e beauvericina e para o extrato d o fungo Fusarium oxysporum foram observados 14 metabólitos: ácido succínico, ácido p - hidroxibenzóico, ácido hexadecanó i co, ácido octadecanóico, ácido fusárico e três de seus derivados, integracídeo C, fusagerina C/D, C - 16 - esfinganina, xextoaminol C, armila rina/armilaripina e beauver i cina . Além desses... / Abstract: T he search for new sources of natural products has been increasing to the rational exploration of microorganisms as great sources for the discovery of bioactives and promising compounds as well as new drugs. This work focused on the study of filamentous fungi, isolated from Senna spectabilis's rhizosphere from which were tested its viabilities. Thereon, ten fungi were chosen for this work and were s ubmitted to biological tests, such as cytotoxic, anticholinesterase and antifungal. In addition, their chemical profiles were obtained for HPLC and NMR, besides phylogenetic identification. Finally, tw o fungi were chosen to develop dereplication method, being them Fusarium solani and F . oxysporum. Th ese fungi howed anticholinesterase activity and antifungal activity aga in st C. cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermun . Additionally, F. oxysporum showed antitumor activity against colorectal cancer. Through the GC - MS, HPLC - MS, HPLC - MS/MS and NMR, we were able to obtained interesting molecular chem o types for these microorganisms; for F. solani we identified 12 metabolites, fumaric acid, malic acid, tyrosol, p - hydroxybenzoic acid, azelaic acid, fusaric acid, (+) - 7 - iso - jasmonic acid/( - ) - jasmonic acid, 10 - hydroxycamptotecin, C16 - sphinganine, xestoaminol C, armillarin/armillaripin and beauvericin and for F. oxysporum was observed 14 metabolites, succinic acid, p - hydroxybenzoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, fusaric acid and its three derivatives, integracide C, fusagerin C/D, C - 16 - sphinganine, xestoaminol C, armillarin/armillaripin and beauvericin . Besides these compounds, others 5 metabolites common to both species ( solani and ox y sporum ) couldn't be structurally characterized thorough LC - MS/MS, but they were accounted in several Fusarium species. / Mestre

Memoria para optar al título profesional de: Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: Sanidad Vegetal / El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la capacidad biocontroladora de cepas mejoradas de Trichoderma spp. obtenidas a través de fusión de protoplastos y aplicación de N-metil-N-nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidinio (NG) en cepas silvestres previamente caracterizadas y seleccionadas por su buena capacidad biocontroladora en Rhizoctonia solani. Se evaluó su efecto in vitro a través de antagonismo directo en cultivos duales, metabolitos volátiles y metabolitos difusibles en dos cepas de Rhizoctonia solani (509 (GA 2-1) y 618 (GA 4)). Las pruebas de antagonismo se realizaron a la temperatura y pH óptimo de crecimiento del patógeno. Las cepas ThF 2-1, ThF 2-18, ThF 3-3, ThF 4-15 y la cepa ThF 5-8, presentaron los mejores porcentajes de inhibición. También se evaluó la capacidad biocontroladora de las cepas antes indicadas, bajo condiciones de invernadero en plántulas de tomate de los cultivares 92.95 y Góndola susceptibles. En la prueba de inocuidad se evaluó altura, peso fresco y seco de las plántulas. Todas las cepas resultaron inocuas. Para evaluar la capacidad biocontroladora, las cepas se aplicaron en forma de pellets de alginato de sodio (1,7 g pellet/ L suelo) al suelo en macetas, previamente inoculado con el fitopatógeno en suelo estéril y se compararon con un tratamiento testigo (sólo Rhizoctonia solani) y con un tratamiento a base del fungicida pencycuron. Se evaluó peso fresco y seco de las plantas, cancrosis, desarrollo radical y mortalidad. La cepa mejorada ThF 4-15 fue el mejor agente de biocontrol en el cultivar de tomate Góndola, cuando se evaluó el nivel de cancrosis comparado con sus genotipos silvestres. En cuanto al desarrollo radical de las plantas los tratamientos que incluyeron a las cepas mejoradas, no tuvieron diferencias. También se estudió la viabilidad y sobrevivencia de las cepas bioantagonistas formulados como pellets en dos suelos (Antumapu y La Palma) a tres temperaturas de almacenaje (22ºC, 5ºC y temperatura ambiental de laboratorio (18,6-25°C)) determinándose su capacidad antagónica sobre el fitopatógeno a los 30, 60 y 90 días, observándose que las cepas biocontroladoras se mantuvieron viables en los suelos Antumapu y La Palma, al menos hasta los 90 días a las temperaturas estudiadas. Se determinó también que ellos conservan su capacidad antagónica

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Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniera Agrónoma Mención Sanidad Vegetal / El control de Rhizoctonia solani y otros patógenos del suelo en el cultivo del tomate, se realiza fundamentalmente mediante fumigaciones con bromuro de metilo. En la búsqueda de alternativas de control amigables con el medio ambiente, se evaluó la efectividad de dos cepas mejoradas de Trichoderma harzianum sobre el biocontrol de Rhizoctonia solani en un cultivo comercial de tomates bajo invernadero. Las cepas utilizadas fueron: Th 12A 10.1, y Th F2-1, previamente seleccionadas como buenos biocontroladores del fitopatógeno. Ambas fueron aplicadas en forma de pellets de alginato de sodio (1,7 g / planta). Estas fueron comparadas con aplicaciones del biofungicida comercial Trichonativa (aplicado en dosis de 5 cc / L en pre-transplante y 1 L / Ha en post-transplante) y con una aplicación de bromuro de metilo (60 g / m2 , con 5 días de exposición). Los bioantagonistas fueron aplicados en 1 y 3 oportunidades. Se evaluó: rendimiento de frutos, peso fresco de plantas y nivel de daño causado por R. solani. Además se determinó la persistencia de la población y capacidad antagónica de los biantagonistas en estudio. En rendimiento total y de frutos de calibre primera, destacan los resultados de la cepa Th F2-1 aplicada en tres oportunidades en relación al tratamiento con una aplicación de la misma cepa mejorada. Mientras que no existieron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos en el peso fresco de las plantas. En cuanto al nivel de daño, la cepa Th F2-1 aplicada en tres oportunidades se diferenció del tratamiento testigo, sin embargo, los bajos niveles de la enfermedad no permitieron una buena apreciación de las características antagónicas de las cepas restantes. Trichoderma spp. en los suelos inoculados, persistió durante 3 meses en los tratamientos con aplicaciones de las cepas mejoradas de T. harzianum en tres oportunidades, destacando la cepa Th F2-1. En relación a la mantención de la capacidad antagónica de las cepas, los aislados de los tratamientos con aplicaciones de las cepas Th F2-1 y Th 12A 10.1 mantuvieron su capacidad antagónica durante el ensayo, no así las cepas aisladas desde los tratamientos con el biofungicida comercial. / The diseases caused by soilborne pathogens in tomato, such as R. solani, are usually controlled by soil fumigation. The aim of this research was to study the effectivity of the biological control of R. solani utilizing two Trichoderma harzianum improved strains (Th 12A 10.1 and Th F2-1) compared with Methyl Bromide and a commercial formulation of Trichoderma spp. in cropped under greenhouse in Chile. Fruit yield, fresh weight of plants and the canker level caused by R. solani were evaluated. The viability of improved strains of T. harzianum and their antagonistic activity on Rhizoctonia solani in tomatoes were also evaluated. For fruit yield, there were not differences between the treatments and the control, except the treatment with methyl bromide, which presented lower yield. In the parameter fresh weight of plants were not detected differences between treatments. For canker level the best treatment was the Th F2-1 strain applied in three times. The population viability of T. harzianum was of 3 months in the treatments with 3 applications of the improved strains. The treatments with Th F2-1 and Th 12A 10.1 applications kept theirs antagonistic effects on R. solani during the present research. The strains isolated of the treatments with applications of the commercial product, does not kept their antagonistic effects on R. solani.

Rhizoctonia solani causes damping-off, and root and crown rot of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and overwinters as sclerotia and mycelia. Research was conducted to determine how best to produce large quantities of sclerotia and mycelia in vitro, and compare their pathogenicity with traditionally used colonized barley grains to sugar beet in vitro and in vivo. The greatest number of sclerotia was produced on amended clarified V8 medium and sclerotia caused more disease compared to barley inoculum in the greenhouse. The bio-control potential of Penicillium pinophilum on R. solani AG2-2 on sugar beet was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that the presence of P.pinophilum with R.solani reduced damping-off by 75% and thus have the potential to be developed as a bio-control agent for this pathogen.