Orientador: João Batista Fogagnolo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T06:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alcatrao_MaurodosSantos_M.pdf: 3580618 bytes, checksum: b8c15735174b64bdbb58cb26181043c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A grande expansão da malha de duto terrestre que vem ocorrendo nos últimos anos no Brasil, principalmente com a construção de linhas únicas para o escoamento de gás natural, representa um novo desafio às equipes de manutenção. A interrupção do fornecimento de gás, devido à parada para manutenção pode representar o colapso de muitas cidades. Situações programadas de paradas operacionais são muito comuns porem envolve recursos humanos e financeiros vultosos, nem sempre disponíveis. Os riscos envolvidos no preparo e condicionamento para a retirada de operação de um gasoduto ou oleoduto, alem dos mesmos cuidados ao retorno normal às atividades requer planejamento minucioso. Nas aplicações envolvendo processos de soldagem sobre o duto em operação, isto é , com fluxo interno na forma gás ou liquido, é necessário garantir a ausência de vazamento de produto, ou seja, onde se tenha o produto totalmente confinado no interior da linha, viabilizando a execução de soldagem e, portanto, não ocorrendo à possibilidade de ignição do produto nela contido. Em uma soldagem executada diretamente sobre uma tubulação com fluxo interno é necessário considerar-se dois tipos de riscos de origem antagônica: Perfuração e trincas a frio. O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir a aplicação do processo de soldagem MAG mecanizado com transferência metálica por curto-circuito com controle de corrente, alternativo ao comumente utilizado, eletrodo revestido, com intuito de obtenção de maior segurança nas aplicações para baixas espessuras na parede do duto, além de almejar maior produtividade e qualidade das soldagens / Abstract: The great expansion of the onshore pipeline grid that has been occurring in recent years in Brazil, especially with the construction of single lines for the flow of natural gas, represents a new challenge to the maintenance teams. The interruption of gas supply due to maintenance downtime can represent the collapse of many cities. Scheduled stops operating situations are very common however involve financial and human resources heavily, not always available. The risks involved in the preparation and conditioning for the withdrawal of operation of a pipeline or pipeline, besides the same care to return to normal activities require careful planning. In applications involving welding process on the pipe in operation, ie, internal flow with the gas or liquid form, it is necessary to ensure no leakage of product, ie, where the product has completely confined within the line, allowing performing welding and therefore not occurring the possibility of ignition of the product contained therein. In welding performed directly on a pipe with internal flow is necessary to consider two types of risks antagonistic source: Drilling and cracking cold. The objective of this study and discuss the application of mechanized MAG welding process with metal transfer short-circuit with current control, alternative to the commonly used electrode coated with the aim of achieving greater safety in applications for low thicknesses in the duct wall , and aim for higher productivity and quality of the welds / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Antonio Jose Ramirez Londono / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T15:16:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_TiagoFelipedeAbreu_D.pdf: 110699747 bytes, checksum: 6759b8c1d313c0a5ec2220e3fd107447 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Juntas consolidadas a topo com penetração completa, livres de defeitos, foram obtidas usando a técnica de soldagem por atrito com pino não consumível em chapas de 6 mm de espessura para os aços inoxidáveis duplex UNS S32101 e S32205 e os superduplex UNS S32750 e S32760. Testes de dobramento de raiz indicaram a penetração completa e a ausência de trincas bem como inspeção por líquido penetrante. A penetração completa foi atingida quando o aporte energético aumentou de 0,89 kJ/mm para 1,43 kJ/mm. Os testes de tração na junta soldada evidenciaram a falha no MB e o aumento da resistência mecânica da junta associada à uma boa ductilidade, exceto para o UNS S32760. Mapas de dureza mostraram o aumento da dureza em toda junta soldada em relação ao metal de base. Avaliação microestrutural mostrou um pronunciado refinamento do tamanho de grão médio de ambas as fases (ferrita e austenita) na junta soldada para os materiais estudados. A avaliação por microscopia de transmissão indicou a evolução de arranjos celulares formando contornos de grão na ferrita corroborando o mecanismo de recuperação e rescristalização dinâmica contínua. Análise por meio da técnica de EBSD mostrou elevada fração de contornos de grão do tipo 'sigma' na 'gama' indicando a recristalização dinâmica descontínua desta fase. Os AID S32205, S32750, S32760 mostraram sutis alterações na resistência à corrosão para meios com diferentes concentrações de cloretos (3,5% NaCl e 1 M NaCl). Porém, para concentrações mais altas o AISD S32760 exibiu importante decréscimo de resistência a corrosão. Este comportamento foi associado à maior fração de ferrita e a precipitação do nitreto de cromo na junta soldada. O AID S32101 mostrou diminuição da resistência à corrosão na condição como soldado / Abstract: Fully consolidated and full penetration butt joints were produced using friction stir welding (FSW) on 6 mm thick plates of UNS S32101 lean duplex stainless steel (LDSS), S32205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) and S32750 and S32760 superduplex stainless steels (SDSS) with heat input of 1.43 kJ/mm. Liquid penetrant inspection showed the full penetration obtained in the welded joints which was corroborated with the bending tests. Transverse tensile tests of the welded joints failed at the base metal revealing an overmatching weld metal. Moreover, longitudinal tensile tests of the welded joints presented an increase of the yield and tensile strength for all joints together with the elongation, but for UNS S32760, which showed a ductility reduction. Microhardness revealed a hardness increase for all the joints, while the SDSSs presented a more homogeneous hardeness areas of joint. Microstructural evaluation indicated a pronounced grain refinement in the welded joints for all the studied materials achieving down to 1 ?m grain size. Transmission electron microscopy and EBSD indicated dislocation cells evolving towards grain boundaries that corroborates the occurrence of dynamic recovery followed by continuous dynamic recrystallization for ferrite. Austenite exhibited high fraction of high angle grain bondaries associated with 'sigma' boundaries indicating the discontinuous dynamic recrystallization. DSS UNS S32205, SDSS UNS S32750, and S32760 showed good corrosion behavior for 3.5% NaCl and 1 M NaCl environments. However, with the increase of chlorides concentrations, the SDSS UNS S32760 exhibited strong decrease of corrosion performance. This behavior was associated with a combination of high ferrite fraction and chromium nitride precipitation. DSS S32101 exhibited a decrease of corrosion performance when welded / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Master’s thesis in the theoretical part analyses the heating factor (Q), which has significant share on quality of a solder joint. The practical part describes the design and production of test PCB and setting temperature profiles, SMD resistors soldering by using BiSn solder paste. Shear tests of SMD solder joints were realised and evaluated including isothermal ageing samples. At the end of master’s thesis solder joints visual aspects and defects were evaluated, measurement thickness of intermetallic compound by not only optical microscope but also SEM, discussion about results and Q was evaluated.

This diploma thesis deals with increasing the service life of parts intended for soil cultivation. The work evaluates the current possibilities of increasing the utility value of spare parts. Practical tests will provide recommendations for the most appropriate method to increase durability. The work examines uncharted methods of testing soldered joint. The results are evaluated in terms of quality and economic profitability. All results from this work are based on the basis of practical tests of plowing machine in rocky soil.

The work deals with research and development of a new method for ball-attach process, resp. reballing process of solder bumps on package with solder ball terminals (BGA, CSP, SOP, etc.), based on research and optimization of the parameters of the final terminals. The output is specially modified templates designed for placement of solder balls before reflow soldering. Three materially different templates were investigated in the work, in addition to the commonly used stainless steel, two other newly designed templates, which used ceramic materials (96% Al2O3a AlN) with thick-layer resistance heating. Proven advantages of the method using templates directly heated by electric current are the reduction of the thermal load of BGA packages in the first soldering process, as well as the creation of a better connection between the metallization of the case and the solder ball after final soldering to the printed circuit board. During the research, development and optimization of the method, tests of the created solder bumps were performed from the point of view of mechanical strength and internal structure. In the next part of the work, a research of solder bumps soldered using infrared heaters was performed in order to determine the influence of the heat flow direction in the process of reflow soldering. The heaters were successively placed in three positions, i.e. heating from the bottom of the housing, heating from the top and both heaters simultaneously. After sample preparation, metallographic cuttings and etching, the analysis of the internal structure of the entire solder ball and the intermetallic layer at the interface of the solder and the solder pad was performed. The work represents not only a new method of soldering solder bumps, but also new knowledge to create their internal structure, which contributes to meeting the increasingly demanding requirements to achieve the required reliability and quality.

This diploma thesis aims to verify the properties of lead-free solders, which are subjected to accelerated aging by thermal cycling. The theoretical part describes in detail the most used lead-free solders and their characteristics. The next section describes fluxes and their important functions in the soldering process. Intermetallic compounds are also mentioned, which significantly affect the quality and service life of the soldered joint. In the practical parts, the test motif was on two different substrates - corundum ceramics and the widely used substrate FR-4 (Glass fiber fabric saturated with epoxy resin). SAC solder was chosen as the reference solder for the experiment, followed by solder containing bismuth (Sn42 / Bi58) and lead solder (Sn62 / Pb36 / Ag2). Accelerated aging by thermal cycling was performed in the temperature range from -20 ° C to 125 ° C, followed by performing a test of the mechanical strength of the soldered joint by means of a shear test. SnBi solder shows higher mechanical strength at the beginning of testing than SAC solder and lead solder, during temperature cycles, it significantly loses its mechanical properties, this is caused by increasing oxidation of the alloy. SAC solder seems to be promising, which has an almost constant decrease in mechanical strength during all temperature cycles on both corundum and FR-4 substrates.

This work deals with issues of the wetting forces during soldering and evaluates material and procedural effects on the soldering process. The aim is to set the technology operations to get best quality of soldered joints.

This thesis mainly deals with the prediction of temperature on the components and the PCB during reflow soldering. The theoretical part describes the particular solder reflow process, types of heat transfer and temperature profiles. The practical part is divided into forecasting temperatures if the conveyor is stopped and the temperature predictions when the conveyor is in motion. In both parts of the measured temperature is compared with the predicted temperatures, which show the success rate of prediction. The last part of this work is part of the simulation, which helps in proper understanding of the issues discussed.

The project deals with the overall design and construction of equipment called the desiccators for brazing in a protective atmosphere. The device was designed and manufactured cooling and heating element. For the soldering various temperature profiles have been defined and adjusted, as for SnPb as well for lead-free solders. There was a realization of samples were measured and analyzed. Finally were realized micro sections for lead free solder.

This master´s thesis deals with problems of wave soldering and application methods Design of Experiments for the new product production. Summarizes the basic knowledge of soldering technology, of solder alloys and Design of Experiments methods. Design of Experiments method has been applied to product to find the optimal for wave soldering setting.