Solid waste management in South Africa has been focussing on the technical issues of waste disposal with little attention paid to the social and economic aspects of households. It is important to find out the impact of the attitude and perception of households on solid waste management, especially in low-income areas to be able to deal with the deplorabe domestic solid waste management in such areas. The quantity of solid waste generated in low-income areas is often assumed to be less than the solid waste generated in high-income neighbourhoods. In most of the townships of low-income households in Cape Town, the residents live next to mountains of solid waste which is not the case in middle and high income areas. This clearly has a negative effect on the environment and human health. Tafelsig is one of the low-income Cape Flats townships where the open spaces and green areas are dumping areas. The small yard that people own is often unclean. The aim of the study was to examine how households residing in the low-income neighbourhood (Tafelsig, Mitchell's Plain) view domestic solid waste and its management. The study explored the perceptions, attitudes and behaviour of these households towards the production and management of sold waste. Issues relating to the degradation of their environment and to solid waste mismanagement were also examined.

Solid waste management in South Africa has been focussing on the technical issues of waste disposal with little attention paid to the social and economic aspects of households. It is important to find out the impact of the attitude and perception of households on solid waste management, especially in low-income areas to be able to deal with the deplorabe domestic solid waste management in such areas. The quantity of solid waste generated in low-income areas is often assumed to be less than the solid waste generated in high-income neighbourhoods. In most of the townships of low-income households in Cape Town, the residents live next to mountains of solid waste which is not the case in middle and high income areas. This clearly has a negative effect on the environment and human health. Tafelsig is one of the low-income Cape Flats townships where the open spaces and green areas are dumping areas. The small yard that people own is often unclean. The aim of the study was to examine how households residing in the low-income neighbourhood (Tafelsig, Mitchell's Plain) view domestic solid waste and its management. The study explored the perceptions, attitudes and behaviour of these households towards the production and management of sold waste. Issues relating to the degradation of their environment and to solid waste mismanagement were also examined.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissVSA.pdf: 3391390 bytes, checksum: 3803c077fb65e4d71788e0cd1fffe81b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-10-31 / Special solid waste has been observed at Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), campus of São Carlos, and the types of waste have been classified under the following categories: dry recyclable waste (DRW), construction and demolition waste (CDW), yard solid waste (YSW) and laboratorial chemical waste (LCW). It was intended to offer the necessary support in order to achieve a proper management of those types of waste, based on the Agenda 21 and on specific local features. First, data was collected from the specialized literature. Then, field research was held at various Brazilian universities, as well as direct inquiry with the people in charge. Finally the present waste management situation at UFSCar was diagnosed, by identifying the generation sections, and the collection, transportation, treatment and disposal procedures applied at the site. Those procedures or the ones being installed at present were analyzed in order to spot their flaws. Results showed that, although CDW is 4properly collected, it is disposed at dumps around the town without special treatment, causing environmental impacts. DRW, paper specially, is collected to be recycled, but the system presents various management flaws. LCW presented a cumulative stock that should be eliminated by a project in implementation phase, consisting in the proper packing and transportation for incineration. Regarding the LCW to be generated, its management must follow source minimization and prevention procedures before being sent to the Waste Control Center serving the whole campus. YSW is partially used at the university restaurant boiler and as forage at the vegetable garden. The remains are disposed at the rural area of the campus. To improve the special solid waste management at UFSCar, it is necessary to increase the quality on the DRW selective collection, to find better methods of packing and possible recycling to CDW, as well as the complete implementation of the project to minimize and treat LCW. / Este trabalho avaliou a questão dos resíduos especiais em universidades, visando fornecer subsídios para uma gestão com base na Agenda 21 e em características específicas locais tendo como objeto empírico a Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), campus de São Carlos. Os resíduos considerados foram os recicláveis secos (RRS), os de construção e demolição (RCD), os de poda e capina (RPC) e os químicos de laboratório (RQL). O trabalho desenvolveu-se em cinco etapas. Numa primeira, fezse o levantamento de dados na literatura especializada. Em seguida, foram feitas consultas diretas e visitas a algumas universidades brasileiras. Na etapa posterior, foi elaborado um diagnóstico da situação atual daqueles resíduos na UFSCar, identificando-se as fontes geradoras e as formas de coleta, de transporte, de tratamento e de disposição final. Foram avaliados os procedimentos existentes e em implantação, detectando-se suas possíveis falhas. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os RCD são coletados adequadamente, porém lançados em bota-fora na cidade, sem qualquer tratamento e gerando impactos. Os RSS, em especial os papéis, estão sendo coletados seletivamente, entretanto o sistema apresenta várias falhas de gerenciamento. Os RQL apresentam um passivo que necessita ser eliminado, já havendo um projeto em implantação, que prevê seu acondicionamento adequado e tratamento. Os RQL que vierem a ser gerados deverão obedecer a procedimentos de prevenção e minimização de resíduos na fonte, e somente então deverão ser encaminhados a uma Central de Processamento de Resíduos, que atenderá a todo o campus. Os RPC estão sendo em parte reaproveitados na caldeira do restaurante universitário e como forragem na horta, sendo o restante depositado na área rural do campus. Como subsídios para a gestão dos resíduos especiais na UFSCar, foram propostas medidas de ampliação e de melhoria no gerenciamento da coleta seletiva de RRS; melhores formas de acondicionamento e possível reutilização dos RCD; e, com relação aos RQL, efetiva implantação das medidas já previstas, tanto de minimização quanto de tratamento.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MELARE_Angelina_2014.pdf: 7214965 bytes, checksum: 0a549fed6693f7ace615043919463fb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-15 / The population growth combined with the industrial development and the increasing consumption caused several problems related to the solid waste management such as inadequate disposal. Due to global pressures and new polices such as the Solid Waste National Policy, managers need to find solutions to reduce, reuse and recycle waste. The Information and Communication Technologies and the Geographic Information Systems are worldwide used in solutions for waste management. Some of these proposals show that the appropriate disposal increases due to the proximity between the population and the disposal points. This thesis presents a computational tool, called AcheSeuEcoponto, which seeks to assist the population to properly allocate their solid residues. This tool was developed using Geo and Web technologies in a fourth-module architecture. The tool offers to citizens querying the nearest disposal point and disposal points by type of residue . Also, AcheseuEcoponto provides map visualization of the disposal points and directions from a starting point to a disposal point. The social network module allows us to disseminate the tool and as a consequence the disposal points. In addition, the tool provides to managers strategic reports related to poor areas of disposal points, the most popular points and the public profile. As part of this work, we answered questions that measure the scope of the tool, the influence of Web technologies on the dissemination of tool, and the public profile including their knowledge about disposal points. For this purpose, data were collected and analyzed using a questionnaire filled out via the tool, and a Web analytics service. Some results were expected, but the percentage of people who showed lack of knowledge of disposal points was beyond expectation, highlighting the importance of researches within the context of solid waste management. / O crescimento populacional aliado ao desenvolvimento industrial e ao aumento do consumo gerou diversos problemas relacionados à gestão dos resíduos sólidos, como o da destinação inadequada. Devido às pressões mundiais e as novas políticas públicas, como da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, os gestores precisam encontrar soluções objetivando a redução, reutilização e reciclagem dos resíduos. As Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação e os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica são mundialmente empregadas em soluções para os problemas de gestão de resíduos. Algumas dessas propostas mostram que a destinação adequada pode aumentar com a proximidade dos pontos de descarte com o munícipe. Nessa dissertação de mestrado é apresentada a ferramenta computacional AcheSeuEcoponto, que procura auxiliar a população a destinar corretamente seus resíduos sólidos. Essa ferramenta foi desenvolvida com o emprego das geotecnologias e das tecnologias Web em uma arquitetura de quatro módulos. A ferramenta permite a população realizar consultas para encontrar os ecopontos mais próximos ao local de origem e encontrar o ecoponto adequado para o tipo de resíduo que deseja descartar. O AcheseuEcoponto, também, permite a visualização geoespacial dos ecopontos e do trajeto até o ecoponto desejado. O módulo de redes sociais permite a difusão da ferramenta e, portanto, dos pontos de descarte. A ferramenta ainda permite aos gestores obter relatórios estratégicos das áreas carentes de ecopontos, dos ecopontos mais pesquisados e relatório do perfil do público que acessa a ferramenta. Como parte deste trabalho, foram respondidas questões para mensurar o alcance da ferramenta, a influência das tecnologias Web na difusão da ferramenta, e o perfil do público que utiliza a ferramenta, incluindo seu conhecimento sobre os pontos de descarte. Para isto, foram coletados e analisados dados de duas formas, por meio de um questionário preenchido via ferramenta e pelo uso de um serviço de análise de domínios Web. Alguns resultados apresentados já eram esperados, mas o percentual de pessoas que mostraram desconhecimento dos pontos de descarte foi além da expectativa, destacando a importância de pesquisas dentro desse contexto de Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos.

The geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) such as compressibility, shear strength and stiffness are of prime importance in design and construction of landfills. However, it is not well clear how the stress-strain and strength characteristics vary with time as the biodegradation of waste continues in the landfill. There is also a need to address the variability of MSW properties and their role in landfill design. The present thesis proposes models for the analyses of stress-strain response of MSW in undrained and drained conditions. The proposed models are based on critical state soil mechanics concept and the modified cam clay model is extended to consider the effects of creep and biodegradation. The models are examined with reference to experimental data and published results of MSW in the form of stress strain response. In addition, the experimental results and the data from published literature are also compared with predictions from hyperbolic model. The proposed models are able to capture the stress strain response of MSW in undrained and drained condition adequately. The applicability of proposed model is presented in terms of shear strength ratio, stiffness ratio and settlement for typical landfill cases. In order to examine the influence of model parameters on shear strength, stiffness ratio and settlement, multilinear regression equations are developed based on response surface method (RSM) for different coefficients of variation (COVs). The effect of variability associated with model parameters is examined using reliability analysis. For better understanding, the present thesis is divided into following seven chapters. Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter, in which the need for use of the constitutive models and its use in engineering response analysis of MSW is presented. Further, the organization of thesis is also presented. Chapter 2 presents various studies with regard to the engineering properties of MSW available in the literature. Different models and approaches proposed by various researchers for the prediction of stress-strain response, time dependent behavior and settlement analysis of the MSW are presented. The uncertainty associated with engineering properties and available methods for reliability analysis and the use of response surface method are presented. Finally, based on the literature review, the scope of the thesis and summary of chapter are presented at the end. Chapter 3 presents composition of MSW, detailed description of the sample preparation, methods adopted in the experimental program and test results of one dimensional compression and consolidated undrained tests. Based on the experimental observations, a constitutive model for municipal solid waste for undrained condition in the framework of modified cam clay model considering mechanical creep and biodegradation mechanisms is proposed. It also provides detailed description of the selection of the input parameters required for the proposed model. Further, the detailed derivation of proposed model and the discussion on evaluation of the input model parameters from triaxial and consolidation tests are presented. The model is examined with reference to the experimental data and published results. The stress strain behavior of MSW is compared with the prediction of stress strain response from hyperbolic model. The comparison of stress strain response is well captured using proposed model for all levels of strain. The major conclusions from the study are presented at the end. Chapter 4 presents experimental results of consolidated drained tests. A constitutive model for MSW for drained condition in the framework of modified cam clay model considering mechanical creep and biodegradation mechanisms is proposed. The model is examined with reference to the experimental data and data from published literature. In addition, stress strain behavior of MSW is compared with the predictions from hyperbolic model. The comparison of stress strain response is well captured using proposed model for all levels of strain. The major conclusions from the study are presented at the end. Chapter 5 presents the applicability of proposed models in terms of shear strength ratio and stiffness ratio for a typical landfill condition. Based on response surface method (RSM), multilinear response surface equations are developed for different variables ( M, λ.b.c.d.Edg ) for different percentages of strain for 10 and 20% COVs of the model parameters. The effect of variability of model parameters is presented in terms of results of reliability analysis for specified performance functions. The major conclusions from the study are presented at the end. Chapter 6 presents an approach for the settlement evaluation of MSW for a typical landfill case of 30 m high. Based on RSM, multilinear response surface equations are developed for the calculation of MSW settlement for 30 years for 10 and 20% COVs. The effect of variability of model parameters is evaluated in term of reliability index for performance function specified in terms of landfill capacity. The major conclusions from the study are presented at the end. Chapter 7 presents a brief summary and conclusions from the various studies reported in the present thesis.

Solid Waste Management is one of the essential services provided by local bodies to keep the urban areas clean. Often it is poorly rendered as it is unscientific, out-dated and inefficient. With the rapid increase in population, livening standards, the generation rates of solid waste are increasing drastically. The landfill waste includes both organic and inorganic wastes as it is not often effectively segregated before disposal. The problem is acute in developing countries such as India. Bangalore city, with a population of about 10.18 million and more than 2000 industries, generates about 4,500 TPD of municipal solid waste. Of this Presently, various municipal solid waste processing units in Bangalore can handle only about 2100 TPD of waste. Mavallipura landfill developed and operated by M/s. Ramky Environmental Engineers, located 40 km away from Bangalore, is being used for disposing of about 1000 TPD, the installed capacity being only 600 TPD of waste. There are also a few dumps in around Bangalore due to historical reasons and insufficient capacity of various designated landfills. To reclaim the old dump sites/closed landfill sites for infrastructural development, it is necessary to know their geotechnical characteristics. Within the Landfill, the characteristics of the waste may change with depth due to degraded wastes as it has been dumped over a period of time. The physical parameters, chemical properties as well as the geotechnical behaviour of the waste change with depth. MSW is known to be a heterogeneous material of varying constituent types and dimensions, containing elements that degrade with time. To consider MSW as a geo-material to support the foundation of structures such as buildings and pavement, an analysis of the bearing capacity of the foundation and further long-term settlement of MSW is essential. The MSW samples are retrieved from a Mavallipura landfill site, Bangalore and analysed for important geotechnical properties such as compaction characteristics, shear strength, permeability, compressibility behaviour and dynamic properties of MSW using ultrasonic and cyclic triaxial tests. This research thus aims to provide valuable information about landfill sites for reclamation, closure and infrastructural development after the closure of landfills. Scanty data are available on the geotechnical properties of waste from landfill sites with varying degrees of degradation. This landfill site is selected as there is a huge environmental concern regarding the soil and groundwater contamination in the area and also can represent a typical landfill scenario in tropical regions. Quantification, quality assessment, consequent treatment and management of leachate have become a monstrous problem world over. In this context, the present study envisages to study the physicochemical and biological characterization of representative urban municipal landfill leachate and nearby water bodies and attempts to figure out relationships between the various parameters together with understanding the various processes for chemical transformations. The analysis shows intermediate leachate age (5-10 years) with higher nutrient levels i.e. 10,000 - 12,000 mg/l and ~2,000 - 3,000 mg/l of carbon (COD) and nitrogen (TKN) respectively. Elemental analysis and underlying mechanisms reveal chemical precipitation and co-precipitation as the vital processes in leachate pond systems resulting in accumulation of trace metals in these systems. The microbial analysis also correlated with specific factors relevant to redox environments that show a gradient in nature and the abundance of biotic diversity with a change in leachate environment. Finally, the quality and the contamination potential of the sampled leachate were performed with the help of potential leachate index (LPI) analysis and water quality index (WQI) analysis for surrounding water bodies (namely surface pond and open well) of Mavallipura landfill site. A geotechnical testing program has been drawn to evaluate the engineering properties of municipal solid waste samples retrieved from a landfill at Mavallipura at various depths through augur within the landfill dumped area. Laboratory studies included are composition, moisture content, particle size analysis, compaction, permeability, direct shear test, consolidation, triaxial compression test. For the laboratory tests, we had considered maximum particle sizes of less than 4.75 mm only. Standard Proctor Compaction tests yielded a maximum dry density of 7.0kN/m3 at 50% optimum moisture content. The permeability of MSW results shows in the range of 4x10-4 cm/sec. Compression index of MSW is 0.46980 and recompression index of MSW is 0.09454. Results obtained from the rectangular hyperbola method are compared with Casagrande and Taylor methods to prove that this method is reliable equally, and results are reasonably accurate. Based on direct shear tests, the MSW sample exhibited continuous strength gain with an increase in shear strain (16%) to define strength. The cohesion of MSW was 10kPa and friction angle is 34°. Based on the elastic constants results obtained from the direct shear test found to be very soft material. In the triaxial test, the MSW sample exhibited continuous strength gain with an increase in axial strain. The frictional component is increased due to sliding and rolling of fibrous particles over one another resulting in the development of apparent cohesion due to antiparticle bonds within the MSW material. Landfills are an integral part of waste management, and disastrous consequences can happen if seismic vulnerability of these landfills is not considered. Dynamic properties of MSW are required to perform seismic response analysis of MSW landfills, but there is no good understanding of the dynamic shear strength of MSW in literature. A comprehensive laboratory cyclic triaxial testing program has been taken up to determine the properties at different densities, confining pressures and shear strains. MSW degrades with time, and its shear modulus and damping are expected to vary with time and degradation. For the density of 6 kN/m3 the dynamic shear modulus values for MSW varied from 0.68 MPa to 5.38 MPa and damping ratio varied from 20% to 40% for MSW. For the density of 7 kN/m3 the dynamic shear modulus values for MSW varied from 1.8 MPa to 7.5 MPa and Damping ratio varied from 23% to 40% for MSW. For the density of 8kN/m3 dynamic shear modulus values for MSW varied from 2.46 MPa to 8.00MPa and damping ratio varied from 16% to 33% for MSW. Also, the ultrasonic testing method was used for determining the dynamic properties at low strains. The Ultrasonic test results indicated that with an increase in density of the sample and with decreased void ratio, the pulse propagation velocity (Vp) increases. With an increase in the density, the shear wave velocity and elastic constants (elastic modulus and shear modulus) increase. The elastic constant values obtained from the ultrasonic test are higher compared to values obtained from unconsolidated-undrained triaxial tests. Also, the carbon stored in the buried organic matter in Mavallipura landfill is estimated. Total organic carbon increases steeply with an increase in depth and is significantly high at a depth of 6 m. Subsurface properties cannot be specified but must be analysed through in-situ tests. The in-situ testing that are carried out in a landfill are boring, sampling, standard penetration test (SPT), dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT) and plate load tests (under static and cyclic condition). A correlation between corrected SPT ‘N’ values and measured using shear wave velocities has been developed for Mavallipura landfill site. Results show that the corrected SPT- N values increase with depth. Corrected N-values are used in the landfill design, so they are consistent with the design method, and correlations are useful. The results obtained from the dynamic cone penetration tests shows lower value when to compare with standard penetration test. The unit weight profile with depth ranged from a low unit weight of 2.48 kN/m3 near the surface to a highest value of approximately 9.02 kN/m3 at a depth of 6 m. The highest temperatures for landfills were reported at mid-waste elevations with temperatures decreasing near the top. The bearing pressure-settlement curves for plate size 75cm and 60cm presented similar behaviour while the plate size of 60cm curve presents a lesser settlement of 70mm, compared to with plate size of the 75cm curve with the settlement of 80mm and failure mode could be classified as punching shear. The cyclic plate load test with plate size of 60cm and 75cm were carried out on the soil cover. The elastic constants were found to be 73.87 and 96.84 kPa/mm and for 60 and 75cm plates respectively. Geophysical testing may not be as precise but has the benefit of covering large areas at small costs and sometimes can locate features that might be missing by conventional borings. Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) is an indirect geophysical method used in the landfill for the characterization of the municipal solid waste site. The Mavallipura landfill was surveyed up to the length of about 35m at the top level. A series of one-dimensional and two-dimensional MASW surveys used active seismic sources such as sledgehammer (5kg) and propelled energy generator (PEG-40) was used. This hammer was instrumented with geophones to trigger record time. All the testing has been carried out with geophone spacing of 1m and recorded surface wave arrivals using the source to first receiver distance as 5m with recording length of 1000 millisecond and the recording sampling interval of 0.5 milliseconds (ms) were applied. Results shows that the PEG-40 hammer can generate the longest wavelength with a maximum depth of penetration. The shear wave velocity varies from 75 to 155 m/s with an increase in depth of about 27.5m. Based on the site characterization at the landfill site, it was found that the Mavallipura landfill site can be categorized as very loose, and it is still in a continued stage of degradation. Shear wave and P-wave velocity profile for eight major locations in the study area were determined and variation of waste material stiffness corresponding to the in-situ state with depth, was also evaluated. Also, MASW survey has been carried out to develop dispersion curve on another landfill site at Bhandewadi, Nagpur. MASW system consisting of 24 channels geode seismograph with 24 geophones of 4.5Hz capacity is used in this investigation. The seismic waves were created by sledgehammer with 30cmx 30cmx2cm size hammer plate with ten shots. These waves were captured by the geophones/receivers and further analyzed by inversion. The results indicated that near surface soils(less than 3m depth) approximately the to 5mm, and with 85% of dry weight basis of waste particles with sizes less than 10mm, the shear wave velocity varies from 75 to 140 m/s (frequency ranges from 30 to 23Hz). With the increase in 6.5m depth, the shear wave velocity ranged from 140 to 225m/s (frequency ranges 23 to 13Hz). Overall, the results of the study showed that seismic surveys have the potential to capture the changes in dynamic properties like shear wave velocity and Poisson’s ratio of the depth of MSW landfill to infer the extent of degradation and provide dynamic properties needed for seismic stability evaluations. Based on the in situ and laboratory results of this study and a review of the literature, the unit weight, shear wave velocity, strain-dependent normalized shear modulus reduction and material damping ratio relationships for Mavallipura landfill are developed and also validated using semi-empirical methods. Finally, seismic response analysis of Mavallipura landfill has been carried out using the computer programs like SHAKE 2000 and DEEPSOIL. Results show that the unit weight is increased with depth in response to the increase in overburden stress. The proposed material damping ratio and normalized shear modulus reduction curve lie close to the profile given in the literature for landfills composed of waste materials with 100% particles sized less than 20mm. Peak spectral acceleration at 5% damping value is 0.7g for 0.07 sec in SHAKE 2000 and peak spectral acceleration at 5% damping value is 0.63g for 0.04 sec in DEEPSOIL. Amplification ratio is 6.11 at 1.1l Hz in SHAKE2000 and 4.65 at 2.67Hz in DEEPSOIL. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) for the landfill site, it is observed PGA has decreased from 0.3g to 0.15g in DEEPSOIL and PGA has decreased from 0.33g to 0.15g in SHAKE2000. The studies presented in the thesis brought out the importance of characterization of municipal solid waste leachate regarding metabolism and treatment/degradation of Mavallipura landfill leachate. For municipal solid waste of with sizes ranging from 0.08 coefficient of permeability being about 10-4 cm/sec, the compression index was about 0.47. A more reliable method of calculating the coefficient of consolidation has been recommended. Correlations between shear wave velocity and SPT-N values has been developed for the Mavallipura landfill site. The results showed that the dynamic cone penetration tests values are lower than indicated by standard penetration tests. The cyclic plate load tests carried out with plate sizes of 75cm and 60cm showed that elastic constants of 96.84 kPa/mm and 73.87kPa/mm respectively. MSW properties evaluated in this thesis are compared with those of soft clays. The MSW properties showed higher values (strength and SBC) and lower values of compressibility, compared with those of soft clays. Thus foundation improvement on MSW is less challenging than foundations on soft soils. Also stabilization of MSW with other solid wastes such as fly ash can be considered as an economical option. Based on detailed studies the importance of unit weight, shear wave velocity, strain-dependent normalized shear modulus reduction and material damping ratio relationships for landfill waste have been developed. Based on the site characterization, the waste landfill has been categorized as very loose material, which is still in a degradation process. SHAKE2000 software shows higher PGA value comparing with DEEPSOIL.

The object of this research was to analyze the waste management of health services in hospitals located in the city of Aracaju/SE. Specifically, sought to describe the procedures for segregation, packaging, collection, storage, transportation, treatment and final disposal of the solid waste management, analyze the degree of officials knowledge of the hospitals on the management of such wastes and perform comparative analysis of management practices in hospitals RSS, verifying their compliance with Resolution No. 306/2004 of ANVISA. This is a descriptive and exploratory study, whose research strategy adopted was multiple case study. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured questionnaire application, on-site observation, with the help of script and document analysis. The research population consisted of 285 professionals from the clinical staff (doctors, nurses, technicians and nursing assistants) and hygienist of the three hospitals studied, defined by non-probability sampling by quotas. Data were analyzed with SPSS software, content analysis and triangulation of data. It was found that all healthcare facilities searched showed problems related to inadequate segregation of waste. The three hospitals surveyed have the same procedures with respect to segregation, packing, collection, storage, transportation, treatment and final disposal of the solid waste management. In two establishments, the locations used for external storage of waste do not meet current standards. Private hospitals had the solid waste management plan duly updated and structured and seek to meet current standards and their applicability correct. It was noted, however, that the respondents, in all hospitals, have low level of knowledge about issues related to the management of solid waste management held by health facilities. In general, it was found that establishments assessed implement a policy requiring training, using attractive and efficient mechanisms for training of professionals involved in the management of solid waste management. / O objeto central desta pesquisa é analisar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde (RSS) em unidades hospitalares localizadas na cidade de Aracaju/SE. Especificamente, busca: descrever os procedimentos de segregação, acondicionamento, coleta, armazenamento, transporte, tratamento e disposição final dos RSS; analisar o grau de conhecimento dos funcionários das unidades hospitalares sobre a gestão desses resíduos e efetuar análise comparativa das práticas de gestão dos RSS nas unidades hospitalares pesquisadas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritivo-exploratória, cuja estratégia de pesquisa adotada foi estudo de casos múltiplos. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de aplicação de questionário semiestruturado, observação in loco, com auxílio de roteiro e com análise de documentos. A população pesquisada é formada por 285 profissionais pertencentes à equipe clínica (médicos, enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem) e higienizadores dos três hospitais analisados, definidos através da técnica de amostragem não probabilística por cotas. As técnicas utilizadas para a análise dos dados foram o software SPSS, a análise de conteúdo e a triangulação dos dados. Verificou-se que todas as unidades de saúde pesquisadas apresentaram problemas com relação à segregação inadequada dos resíduos. Os três hospitais pesquisados apresentam os mesmos procedimentos com relação à segregação, acondicionamento, coleta, armazenamento, transporte, tratamento e disposição final dos RSS. Em dois estabelecimentos, os locais utilizados para o armazenamento externo dos resíduos não atendem às normas vigentes. Os hospitais privados apresentaram o PGRSS devidamente atualizado e estruturado e procuram atender às normas vigentes e sua correta aplicabilidade. Constatou-se, entretanto, que os profissionais entrevistados, em todos os hospitais, possuem reduzido grau de conhecimento sobre as questões relacionadas à gestão dos RSS realizada pelas unidades de saúde. De um modo geral, verificou-se que os estabelecimentos avaliados necessitam implantar uma política de capacitação, com utilização de mecanismos atrativos e eficientes para o treinamento dos profissionais envolvidos no manejo dos RSS.

Os principais problemas enfrentados pelas cidades em relação aos resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) estão associados à disposição irregular das enormes quantidades produzidas. O descarte clandestino dos RCD pode provocar a degradação dos ecossistemas água, ar e solo. O acúmulo de resíduos espalhados em diferentes locais das cidades leva à proliferação de vetores de doenças com danos à saúde pública. Além disso, provocam problemas nos sistemas de drenagem urbana. Do ponto de vista econômico, os custos de limpeza pública para remoção dos resíduos demonstram a não sustentabilidade do modelo corretivo. Essa situação pode ser explicada pela ausência de políticas específicas de gestão. Com a introdução do marco regulatório nacional para os RCD, vários municípios têm procurado implantar um modelo mais sustentável, mas as dificuldades para operação e manutenção têm inviabilizado sua continuidade. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os modelos de gestão dos resíduos de construção e demolição na Bacia Hidrográfica do Turvo Grande (BH-TG) pertencente a 15ª Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI-15) do Estado de São Paulo, bem como desenvolver um software para apoio à gestão municipal dos RCD - SISRCD. Ainda dentro da proposta do estudo, também são apresentados a situação dos RCD em Portugal e os resultados da experiência realizada em uma obra predial na cidade de Guimarães. Para estudo na UGHRI-15, foram coletados dados da situação dos entulhos nos 64 municípios integrantes, que permitiram fundamentar e sistematizar a metodologia. Os dados foram levantados nos anos de 2008 e 2009 com aplicação de questionário aos gestores e por meio de visitas aos municípios para levantamentos in loco das áreas de disposição final. Os principais itens avaliados foram os sistemas de manejo em operação, a produção de RCD, os custos com gestão, formas de tratamento e descarte. Com base nos resultados obtidos, dos municípios que fizeram parte desta pesquisa, foi possível concluir que apenas São José do Rio Preto possui um plano integrado de Gerenciamento de Resíduos da Construção Civil, conforme diretrizes da resolução n.º 307 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Por esta razão, a implantação do sistema de apoio à gestão municipal dos resíduos da construção civil - SISRCD - pode ser transformada em excelente ferramenta para orientação e auxílio no controle municipal dessas atividades. O SISRCD é uma proposta original de uma ferramenta computacional cuja principal característica é a simplicidade de utilização pelos usuários a qual, após validação poderá ter ampla aplicação nos mais diferentes municípios do país. / The main problems faced by the cities related to construction and demolition wastes (CDW) are associated to the illegal disposal of huge quantities produced. The illegal CDW discharge may cause water and soil degradation problems. The accumulation of wastes scattered in different city locations leads to diseases caused by vectors proliferation with damage to public health. Moreover, they cause problems in urban drainage systems. From an economic perspective, the costs of public cleaning services for waste removal have indicated the nosustainability of the corrective model. This can be explained by the absence of specific policies for CDW management. By introduction of the national regulatory framework for the CDW, several municipalities have attempted to implement a more sustainable model, however difficulties related tosystem operation and maintenance have not allowed its continuance. So, the purpose of this study was to evaluate models for the management of construction and demolition wastes in Turvo Grande Watershed (RTG) which is included in the 15th Water Water Resources Unit Management (UGRHI-15) of São Paulo State, as well as to develop a prototype system to support municipal management of CDW - SISRCD. The work also includes and overview of Portugal CDW situation and the results of an experience carried out on a building location at Guimarães city - Portugal. Information and data related to construction and demolition wastes from 64 municipalities members of UGRHI-15 were collected in order to support and optimize the methodology. The data were collected for the years 2008 and 2009 based on a questionnaire applied to municipal managers and also technical visits to municipalities along with surveys of final disposal areas. The main evaluated issues encompassed management systems in operation, production of the CDW, management costs, and treatment and disposal models. Based on the results, it appears that only Sao Jose do Rio Preto has an Integrated Waste Management of Construction Plan, in accordance to guidelines of in the resolution 307 of the National Environmental Council. Thus, the implementation of a prototype system to support the management of municipal construction waste - SISRCD - may become an important tool for guidance and assistance to the control of municipal activities. The SISRCD is an original proposal for a computer tool based on a simple user interface. The system after is validation may have a broad application at different municipalities around the country.

Se cuenta con estudios acerca del manejo de residuos sólidos, la sostenibilidad y la ecoeficiencia en hoteles, sin embargo, pocos analizan las acciones y decisiones tomadas por el área administrativa. Por ello, este estudio evalúa las acciones implementadas para una adecuada gestión integral de residuos sólidos por hoteles de 4 y 5 estrellas de Lima Metropolitana. El presente artículo, describe el contexto normativo e institucional de los hoteles para el manejo de sus residuos sólidos, analiza las acciones de gestión integral de residuos sólidos implementadas en los mismos, sus impactos y sus resultados tanto dentro como fuera de sus instalaciones. Asimismo, se describen los cambios y desafíos originados por la pandemia producida por el COVID-19. Para ello se realiza una revisión bibliográfica, normativa y una investigación cualitativa apoyada en entrevistas a profundidad a jefes de operaciones de hoteles en Lima. Se verifica que el abordaje de la gestión integral de residuos sólidos en la hotelería es fundamental dada la cantidad de residuos generados a diario, especialmente, los residuos orgánicos por el porcentaje que representan. En el sector hotelero se evidenció que falta internalizar algunos conocimientos y procesos básicos, operativos y técnico normativos para lograr una adecuada gestión integral de residuos sólidos. Si bien se aplican algunas políticas medioambientales y acciones orientadas a la gestión y el manejo de residuos sólidos, éstas no se realizan con un enfoque integral e integrador y pueden ser mejoradas a través de la implementación de planes y/o estrategias para cada tipo de establecimiento de hospedaje. / There are studies on solid waste management, sustainability and eco-efficiency in hotels, but few analyze the actions and decisions taken by the administrative area. Therefore, this study evaluates the actions implemented for an adequate integrated management of solid waste by 4 and 5 star hotels in Metropolitan Lima. This article describes the regulatory and institutional context of hotels for the management of their solid waste, analyzes the integrated solid waste management actions implemented in these hotels, their impacts and results both inside and outside their facilities. It also describes the changes and challenges caused by the pandemic produced by COVID-19. For this purpose, a bibliographic and normative review is carried out, as well as a qualitative research supported by in-depth interviews with hotel operations managers in Lima. It is verified that the approach to the integrated management of solid waste in the hotel industry is fundamental given the amount of waste generated daily, especially organic waste because of the percentage it represents. In the hotel sector, it was found that there is a lack of internalization of some basic, operational and technical-regulatory knowledge and processes to achieve adequate integrated solid waste management. Although some environmental policies and actions aimed at the management and handling of solid waste are applied, they are not carried out with a comprehensive and integrated approach and can be improved through the implementation of plans and/or strategies for each type of lodging establishment. / Tesis

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