Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Les oligopyridine-dicarboxamides et les oligoquinoline-carboxamides sont des oligomères synthétiques capables d’adopter des conformations hélicoïdales stables et bien définies. Les premiers sont comparables à des ressorts moléculaires qui peuvent s’étirer puis s’autoassembler pour former des doubles hélices artificielles. L’étude structurale d’oligopyridines de différentes tailles par diffraction des rayons X et RMN a permis d’éclaircir les principes de l’hybridation en double hélice. Par exemple, nous constatons que la stabilité du duplex est d’autant plus grande que l’oligomère est long mais la cinétique de l’hybridation décroit avec la taille des hélices. Ces propriétés sont modulables en fonction de divers paramètres tels que le solvant ou les substituants des pyridines. Les seconds forment de simples hélices moléculaires stables dans les solvants organiques mais aussi dans l’eau. Nous avons développé leur synthèse sur support solide afin de disposer de séquences variées, à l’image des alpha-peptides. Des études par RMN suggèrent que l’introduction d’unités aminométhylpyridines au sein d’un oligoquinoline hydrosoluble apporte de la flexibilité sans perturber sa structure hélicoïdale. Cela témoigne de la stabilité de ces structures secondaires dans les solvants protiques. Par ailleurs, certains de ces peptidomimes s’avèrent capables de reconnaitre et stabiliser des motifs structuraux particuliers de l’ADN : les G-quadruplex. Etant donné que ces architectures se forment à des endroits clés du génome impliqués dans des cancers, ces hélices moléculaires font figure de potentiels agents antitumoraux d’un nouveau genre. / Oligopyridine-dicarboxamides and oligoquinoline-carboxamides are synthetic oligomers able to fold into stable and well defined helical conformations. The first ones are comparable to molecular springs which can extend then associate to form artificial double helices. A structural study of oligopyridines of various sizes by X-ray diffraction and NMR provided a better understanding of the hybridization process. For example, we noticed that the stability of the duplex is all the higher as the oligomer is long but the kinetics of hybridization decrease with length. These properties depend on diverse parameters such as the solvent or the substituants of pyridine rings. The second family forms stable single helices in organic solvents and also in water. We adapted their synthesis on solid support to promote accessibility to a variety of sequences, just like for alphas-peptides. NMR studies suggested that the introduction of aminomethylpyridine units within a hydrophilic oligoquinoline strand brings some flexibility without disrupting its helical structure, showing the high stability of these secondary structures in protic solvents. Besides, some of these peptidomimetics turn out to be capable of recognizing and stabilizing a particular DNA motif: G-quadruplex structure. Given that these architectures form in critical places of the genome involved in cancers, these molecular helices may represent a new class of potential antitumoral agents.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-09-06T12:10:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Paulo Pitasse Santos.pdf: 13320307 bytes, checksum: b714828ac2a5d9a1d2ab188470e04e9a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-06T12:10:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Paulo Pitasse Santos.pdf: 13320307 bytes, checksum: b714828ac2a5d9a1d2ab188470e04e9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / Chagas disease was studied and described by the Brazilian sanitarist and physician Carlos Chagas in 1909. It is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and presents complex clinical manifestations. However, since its discovery, little progress has been made in the chemotherapeutic treatment of Chagas' disease. The only available drug for its treatment (benzonidazole) is not completely efficient and is associated with the development of several side effects. From the knowledge of the antiparasitic activity of the natural amidic alkaloid piperine, this work focused on the proposition of new structurally-similar molecules with trypanocidal potential. From the principles of bioisosterism, a series of new 1,2,4-oxadiazoles were proposed. Its synthesis was designed from the corresponding 3-arylacrylic acids to give the respective acyl chlorides by reaction with oxalyl chloride. The subsequent step involves O-acylation of the properly substituted benzamidoxime following the cyclization reaction of the oxadiazolic ring, which occurs in solid support (silica gel) using microwave irradiation. The characterization of the products was done by determination of melting points, 1H and 13C NMR, infrared espectrometry and high and low resolution mass spectrometry. The present work also presents information about the biological activity profile of the molecules synthesized against epimastigote forms of the T. cruzi protozoan and against primary mammalian cells, allowing the calculation of their selectivity indexes. Investigations about the possible mechanisms of action of the derivatives on T. cruzi indicate that there are no influences on the enzymatic action of the protease cruazain, on the cell cycle of the parasite or on the biosynthesis of membrane sterols catalyzed by the enzyme CYP51. The developed sinthetic methodology can be applied in the expansion of the series of analogues derivatives. The perspectives of this work also include the biological evaluation against amastigote and trypomastigote forms of the parasite. / A doen?a de Chagas foi estudada e descrita pelo m?dico sanitarista e cientista brasileiro Carlos Chagas, em 1909. ? causada pelo protozo?rio Trypanossoma cruzi, apresentando manifesta??es cl?nicas complexas. No entanto, desde sua descoberta, pouco se avan?ou no tratamento quimioter?pico da doen?a de Chagas, sendo o f?rmaco dispon?vel (benzonidazol) pouco eficiente e associado ? manifesta??o de diversos efeitos colaterais. A partir do conhecimento da atividade antiparasit?ria da amida natural piperina, este trabalho focou-se na proposi??o de novas mol?culas estruturalmente semelhantes com potencial tripanocida. A partir dos princ?pios do bioisosterismo, foi proposta uma s?rie de novos 1,2,4-oxadiaz?is diferentemente substitu?dos. Sua s?ntese foi concebida partir dos ?cidos 3-arilacr?licos correspondentes, obtendo-se os respectivos cloretos de acila, atrav?s da rea??o com cloreto de oxalila. A etapa posterior envolve a O-acila??o da benzamidoxima adequadamente substitu?da, seguida do fechamento do anel oxadiaz?lico, que se d? em em suporte s?lido (s?lica-gel) empregando-se irradia??o de micro-ondas. A caracteriza??o dos produtos foi feita atrav?s de ponto de fus?o, RMN 1H e 13C, espectrometria no infravermelho e espectrometria de massas de alta e baixa resolu??o. O presente trabalho ainda traz informa??es quanto ao perfil de atividade biol?gica das mol?culas sintetizadas frente a formas epimastigotas do protozo?rio Trypanosoma cruzi e frente a c?lulas prim?rias de mam?feros, permitindo que se calculasse o seu ?ndice de seletividade. Investiga??es quanto a poss?veis mecanismos de a??o dos derivados sobre o T. cruzi indicam n?o haver influ?ncias sobre a a??o enzim?tica da protease cruza?na, sobre o ciclo celular do parasito, nem sobre a bioss?ntese de ester?is de membrana, catalisada pela enzima CYP51. A metodologia qu?mica desenvolvida poder? ser aplicada na s?ntese de outros an?logos. As perspectivas deste trabalho incluem ainda a avalia??o biol?gica frente a formas amastigota e tripomastigota do parasito

<p>An efficient and versatile non-destructive method to analyze the progress of solid-phase glycoconjugate synthesis with gel-phase ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy is described. The method relies on use of fluorinated linkers and building blocks carrying fluorinated protective groups. Commercially available fluorinated reagents have been utilized to attach the protective groups. </p><p>The influence of resin structures for seven commercial resins upon resolution of gel-phase ¹⁹F NMR spectra was investigated. Two different linkers for oligosaccharide synthesis were also developed and successfully employed in preparation of α-Gal trisaccharides and a n-pentenyl glycoside. Finally, reaction conditions for solid-phase peptide glycosylations were established.</p>

New methods have been developed for the synthesis of bicyclic β-lactams and 2-pyridinones by combining acyl Meldrum’s acids and Δ2-thiazolines. The 2-pyridinones were synthesised both in solution using conventional heating or microwave assisted heating as well as by solid supported chemistry. The compounds (pilicides) were designed to interfere with the assembly of pili in uropathogenic E. coli by inhibiting the periplasmic chaperones. The affinity of the pilicides to the chaperones was investigated with surface plasmon resonance technique (Biacore) and with relaxation-edited 1H NMR spectroscopy experiments. Finally, the pilicides were investigated for their ability to inhibit pili formation in uropathogenic E. coli in a hemagglutination assay, where members of the 2-pyridinone family proved to be able to cause depiliation.

An efficient and versatile non-destructive method to analyze the progress of solid-phase glycoconjugate synthesis with gel-phase 19F NMR spectroscopy is described. The method relies on use of fluorinated linkers and building blocks carrying fluorinated protective groups. Commercially available fluorinated reagents have been utilized to attach the protective groups. The influence of resin structures for seven commercial resins upon resolution of gel-phase 19F NMR spectra was investigated. Two different linkers for oligosaccharide synthesis were also developed and successfully employed in preparation of α-Gal trisaccharides and a n-pentenyl glycoside. Finally, reaction conditions for solid-phase peptide glycosylations were established.

Mucin is a term used to describe a large family of heavily glycosylated proteins which are present on the surfaces of secretory epithelial cells and are overexpressed by many carcinomas. Membrane-bound mucin MUC1 is of special interest. Its backbone consists of repeating units of twenty amino acids with five potential glycosylation sites. These sites are expanded to structures like the T (Galβ(1-&gt;3)GalNAcα-Ser/Thr) and Tn (GalNAcα-Ser/Thr) antigens by the action of various glycosyltransferases. In different types of carcinomas these epitopes are being terminated by sialic acid residues to form among others: 2,3-sialyl-T and sialyl-Tn structures due to the elevated levels of different sialyltransferases. Solid-phase synthesis of the selected antigens derived from the mucin MUC1 has been developed and optimized. A chemoenzymatic approach has been used to effectively prepare 2,3-sialyl-T and 2,6-sialyl-Tn glycopeptides. The formation of intramolecular sialic acid lactones in presence of acetic acid was investigated. The stability of lactones formed from 2,3-sialyl-T towards water was studied using NMR spectroscopy and it appeared that 1''-&gt;2' lactone displayed remarkable strength to hydrolysis and it was suggested as a candidate for cancer vaccine. Gel-phase 19F NMR spectroscopy is known to be a very good tool to characterize resin-bound products using fluorinated protecting groups and linker molecules. The hydrophobic peptide LLLLTVLTV, which is a fragment from the MUC1 signal sequence, was prepared using solid-phase synthesis according to a modified Fmoc protocol with more active coupling reagent, stronger base, and the isopropylidene dipeptide Fmoc-Leu-Thr-(ΨMe,Mepro)-OH. Gel-phase 19F NMR spectroscopy was used to evaluate peptide chain aggregation and coupling and deprotection efficiency. A carbamate linker strategy proved to be effective in solid-phase synthesis of serine-based neoglycolipids with terminal amino functionality. Neoglycolipids were covalently bound to secondary amines in microtiter plates using squaric acid ester methodology. These arrays have potential to study the interactions between carbohydrates and e.g. proteins and microbes. The new fluorinated α-amino protective group [1-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl] Fde was developed. This group is cleaved with hydrazine in DMF solution. By using amino acids protected with this group, it was possible to quantify the efficiency of peptide coupling using gel-phase 19F NMR spectroscopy.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Les nanomatériaux combinant des fonctions de ciblage, d'imagerie, de thérapie et de détection font l'objet de nombreuses recherches dans le domaine de la santé. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse concernent la multi‐fonctionnalisation de nanoparticules (NPs) par un procédé de synthèse supportée. Le support solide développé dans cette étude est constitué d'un matériau poreux en verre sur lequel sont greffées de manière temporaire des nanoparticules de silice. La fonctionnalisation de la surface des nanoparticules a été réalisée de façon automatisée par une chimie de synthèse dite aux phosphoramidites. Dans un premier temps, cette technique a permis d'obtenir des densités de greffage de l'ordre de 5000 à 7000 oligonucléotides par nanoparticule, ce qui représente une fonctionnalisation 10 à 20 fois supérieure à celles obtenues par des méthodes de greffage en solution. Les brins d'ADN synthétisés sur les NPs ont montré une bonne accessibilité pour l'hybridation avec un brin d'ADN complémentaire, ouvrant la voie à des applications thérapeutiques ou à l'intégration de ces objets dans des systèmes de détection. La deuxième partie de ces travaux est consacrée à la vectorisation d'une protéine thérapeutique, le G‐CSF (facteur de croissance de colonies de granulocytes), par des nanoparticules présentant également des propriétés d'imagerie. Ces nanovecteurs thérapeutiques ont montré des propriétés de stimulation cellulaire in vitro et de ciblage de la rate, organe réservoir de neutrophiles, in vivo. Enfin il a été démontré que la modification de NPs sur support ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour la préparation d'assemblages complexes de nanoparticules (dimères et NPs dissymétriques) / Nanomaterials combining targeting, imaging, therapy and sensing properties are of growing interest for biomedical applications. The work reported in this thesis concerns nanoparticle (NP) multifunctionalization by solid phase synthesis. The solid support developed in this study is composed of a porous glass material on which silica NPs are temporarily grafted. Nanoparticle surface functionalization was performed by automated synthesis using phosphoramidite chemistry. Firstly, high surface loadings from 5000 to 7000 oligonucleotides per NP were achieved, representing a functionalization 10 to 20‐fold greater than those obtained by coupling methods in solution. DNA strands synthesized on NPs showed a good accessibility for hybridization with a complementary DNA strand, paving the way for therapeutic applications or integration of these objects in detection systems. The second part of this work was devoted to the vectorization of a therapeutic protein, GCSF (Granulocyte‐Colony Stimulating Factor) by nanoparticles that also exhibited imaging properties. These therapeutic nanocarriers showed cell stimulating properties in vitro and spleen targeting, which is a reservoir of neutrophils, in vivo. Finally, it was demonstrated that the solid phase modification of NPs opens interesting perspectives for the production of complex nanoparticle assemblies (dimers and asymmetric NPs)

Cette thèse décrit la synthèse de nanoparticules de polymères à empreintes moléculaires (MIP, de l’anglais molecularly imprinted polymer) pour la reconnaissance de protéines, par une approche de synthèse en phase solide. Les polymères à empreintes moléculaires sont des récepteurs biomimétiques synthétisés sur mesure par un processus de nanomoulage du polymère autour de la molécule unique. Ils possèdent ainsi des cavités de reconnaissance spécifiques pour leur molécule cible. La technique de l'impression moléculaire pour les petites molécules cibles est bien établie, alors que l'impression de protéines reste encore un défi en raison de la flexibilité et complexité de leur structure native et de leurs nombreux sites fonctionnels, mais aussi en raison de leur faible stabilité dans des conditions inhabituelles. Par conséquent, une approche de synthèse en phase solide a été développée ici où la protéine est immobilisée sur un support avant la synthèse de nanoparticules hydrosolubles de MIP par polymérisation radicalaire. Les MIPs obtenus ont des affinités comparables à celles des anticorps, et des réactivités croisées faibles. Ils possèdent des avantages tels qu'une stabilité meilleure, un coût plus faible et peuvent potentiellement être régénérés et réutilisés, devenant ainsi des alternatives prometteuses aux anticorps naturels. Nous avons fabriqué des MIPs contre des protéases à sérine, telles la trypsine et la kallikréine, mais aussi contre un épitope peptidique de la protéine gp41 du VIH. Des nanogels de MIP thermosensibles ont été synthétisés dans un réacteur sous la forme d’une colonne thermostatée ou une boîte de Pétri, par polymérisation radicalaire initiée par voie thermique ou photochimique. Un simple changement de la température permet de libérer les MIPs de la protéine immobilisée. Ces MIPs sont hydrosolubles en fonction de la température et ont un diamètre inférieur à 100 nm. Leur affinité pour leur cible est élevée, avec un Kd du nano ou picomolaire. Ces 'anticorps synthétiques' ont été appliqués dans des tests d'adsorption sur microbalance à cristal de quartz, mais également comme 'chaperons synthétiques'. Des études préliminaires de la protection des protéines d'une dénaturation thermique ou par un pH défavorable ont été effectuées. L'utilisation d'un iniferter pour initier la photopolymérisation vivante du MIP a permis de synthétiser des nanogels de type core-shell. En introduisant des marqueurs fluorescents dans les MIPs, les tests d’immunoessai dans des fluides biologiques ont été démontrés, ce qui indique le grand potentiel de ces MIPs dans le diagnostic clinique. En conclusion, nous avons développé une nouvelle approche de synthèse de nanoparticules de MIP hydrosoluble ayant une haute affinité pour une protéine, utilisables à la place des anticorps dans des applications dans le monde réel tel que la détection de protéines biomarqueurs dans des échantillons complexes, et potentiellement comme principe actif in vivo. / This thesis describes the synthesis, by a solid-phase synthesis approach, of nanoparticles of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the recognition of proteins. Molecularly imprinted polymers are biomimetic receptors synthesized by a nanomolding process of the polymer around single molecules. They therefore possess specific recognition cavities for their target molecule. The technique of molecular imprinting for small target molecules is well established, while protein imprinting remains a challenge due to the flexibility and complexity of their native structure and functional sites, but also because of their low stability under unusual conditions. Therefore, a solid-phase synthesis approach has been developed where the protein is immobilized on a support before the synthesis of water-soluble MIP nanogel particles by radical polymerization. The MIPs obtained have affinities comparable to those of antibodies, and low cross-reactivities. They have advantages such as better stability, lower cost, and can potentially be regenerated and reused, thus becoming promising alternatives to real antibodies. We have synthesized MIPs against serine proteases such as trypsin, and kallikrein, but also against a peptide epitope of the HIV gp41 protein. Thermosensitive MIP nanogels were synthesized in a thermostated column-type reactor or a petri dish, by thermally or photo-initiated radical polymerization. Their thermosensitivity allows the MIPs to be released from the immobilized protein by a simple temperature change. They are water-soluble as a function of temperature and have a diameter of less than 100 nm. Their affinity for their target is strong, with a Kd in the nano or picomolar range. These 'synthetic antibodies' have been applied in binding assays with quartz crystal microbalance, but also as 'synthetic chaperones'. Preliminary studies of the protection of proteins from thermal denaturation or from denaturation by an unfavorable pH have been carried out. The use of an iniferter to initiate the living photopolymerization of MIP made it possible to synthesize nanogels of core-shell type. By introducing fluorescent markers into MIPs, immunoassay applications in biological fluids have been demonstrated, indicating the great potential of these MIPs in clinical diagnostics. In conclusion, we have developed a novel approach to the synthesis of soluble MIP nanoparticles having high affinity for a protein, usable in place of antibodies in real world applications such as the detection of biomarker proteins in complex samples, and potentially as an active principle in vivo.