This study traces the evolution of the anti-apartheid movement from its emergence in the radical diaspora politics of the 1940s through the civil rights and black power eras and its maturation in the 1980s into a national movement that transformed US foreign policy. Chapter one traces the emergence of this counter-hegemony discourse in the radical African Diaspora politics of the 1940s and its repression through government intervention. Chapter two takes a close look at the government's efforts to reestablish discursive hegemony in the United States by co-opting African-American leaders and organizations through “enlightened paternalism” that included covert and overt CIA funding and the establishment of anticommunist journals. Chapter three examines the re-emergence of anti-apartheid sentiment during what became known as the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Chapters four and five look at the radicalization of the black freedom movement and the development of an anti-apartheid discourse and culture in the 1970s. Chapter six examines the emergence of TransAfrica—the black lobby for Africa and the Caribbean and its challenge to Reagan's “constructive engagement” policies. Chapter seven examines the Free South Africa Movement and the revival of direct action to pressure Congress to pass anti-apartheid sanctions. Chapter eight looks at role of the Congressional Black Caucus in passing sanctions against South Africa over President Reagan's veto. And finally chapter nine examines the impact of sanctions on the release of Nelson Mandela and his colleagues from prison and his eventual election as the first democratically elected president of South Africa.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Johannesburg 2018 / The calculation of reactor-specific fission Q-values is important for the safety analyses of nuclear reactors. The recoverable energy from the fission Q-value is used to normalise reactor quantities to the total power of the reactor. In this work, a detailed recoverable energy from fission Q-value and spatial heat deposition calculations are presented for the SAFARI-1 nuclear reactor. The fission Q-value is composed of the energy released in a fission event by fission products, neutrons, prompt and delayed gamma rays, beta particles and neutrinos. The energy released by neutrinos is not recoverable; however, part of it is recovered by the gamma and beta radiation from the decay of activated materials. We present two methods to calculate the recoverable energy released per fission. The first one uses the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP5) code. MCNP is a probabilistic transport code that has the capability of calculating most of the heating contributions due to particle interactions with matter. The second method uses the Evaluated Nuclear Data File, ENDF/B-VII and ENDF/B-VII.1 data libraries. The ENDF data libraries contains the information required to calculate all the fission Q-value components, excepttheenergyreleasedfromradiativecapture, sincethisquantity depends on the reactor materials. To calculate this, we use the radiative capture reaction rate in MCNP5 and the binding energy of the product of the activation. We obtained a final Q-value of 200.8±0.6 MeV/fission for SAFARI-1. Using the fission Q-value result, we obtained the spatial heat distribution for SAFARI-1 by ii calculating the heating rates of the Q-value components. It was established that 97% of the heat produced is deposited in the fuel and 3% is deposited in the surrounding region of the reactor. / XL2019

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Creative Writing, 2017 / MT2018

This set of experiments evaluated the physiological responses of intensively managed ostriches to L-carnitine. In experiment 1, 32 female and 16 male Zimbabwean Blue Neck and South African Black Neck breeders (n=48 of each sub-species; eight years old), were investigated in 16 breeder units of two females and one male (Trio), in a completely randomised design within four treatments and four replicates over an 8-month period during the breeding season. The same basal diet was fed supplemented with 0 (T0, control), 125 (T125), 250 (T250) or 600 (T600) mg/kg L-carnitine. T600 improved the egg production percentage, egg fertility percentage and the hatchability of set eggs for Black-Necks and Blue-Necks, respectively, and the hatchability of fertile eggs in Black Necks. L-carnitine did not affect egg shape index, defective eggs, egg weight, embryonic and post-hatch mortality. In experiment 2, 12 Black Neck males (5.5 years old) were allocated to three treatments (T0, T250 and T500) and four replicates. Semen samples were collected once a month over three months. L-carnitine had a significant effect on semen volume, sperm motility, live sperm percentage and sperm count, but had no significant effect on abnormal sperm percentage. In experiment 3, 32 day-old Black Neck ostrich chicks were allocated to treatments T0, T125, T250 and T600 with four replicates of two chicks. Chicks were vaccinated against inactive Newcastle Disease (ND) vaccine at day 30 as primary, and at day 51 as booster immunisation. ND antibody responses in the sera were monitored over three phases at 51, 70 and 80 days. Anti-NDV antibodies were detected using a modified chicken anti-NDV enzyme-like immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The treatments and the time periods and their interactions influenced ND antibody responses. T125 and T250 had the highest level of ND antibody response compare to the other groups. There were no differences in ND antibody response between T0 and T600 as well as T125 and T250. The highest ND antibody responses were recorded at day 70. Experiment 4 was designed the same as 3, to determine chicks’ growth responses over the 60-day period. Live weight and live weight gain values of T125 and T250 did not differ from those of T0. T600 had the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the total period. Feed intake (FI) was reduced in the T125 and T600 treatments compared to T0 and T250 over the total period. T125 gave the lowest FI and FCR responses over the total period, whereas there was no difference between T0 and T250. These results suggest that dietary T600 can have a beneficial effect on egg production, fertility and hatchability in the Black and Blue Neck breeders and T250 might improve sperm quality in males. In ostrich chicks T125 and T250 had positive effects on immune responses and T125 can improve the performance by decreasing the FCR. In contrast, the suppressive effect of a high inclusion level (T600) might indicate that ostrich chicks are sensitive to high inclusion levels that could cause adverse effects. / gm2013 / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Unrestricted

The South African tax system currently provides for wealth transfer taxation by virtue of estate duty in terms of the Estate Duty Act and donations tax in terms of Part V of the Income Tax Act, which are primarily levied on the transferor. At the outset, this study investigates the conceptual justification for this type of taxation in the South African context, especially in view of the fact that some countries have recently abolished their wealth transfer taxes. It is concluded that the arguments against wealth transfer taxation are not compelling enough to justify its abolition from the South African tax system. It is also submitted that the levying of capital gains tax on the death of a wealth holder cannot act as a substitute measure to tax wealth transfers in the South African system. It is, however, explained that the levying of both taxes reflects a scenario of double taxation on a deceased estate and that the equity criterion supports the taxation of wealth transfers in the hands of the recipient. The possibility of merely including inheritances and gifts in the “gross income” of a beneficiary is explored, but is submitted that such a move would be politically and administratively unlikely. After having come to the conclusion that wealth transfer taxation is indeed justifiable for the South African tax system, two key issues are explored in the study. The first issue relates to the lack of integration that exists between the taxation of inter vivos transfers (under the donations tax regime) and the taxation of transfers on death (under the estate duty regime). After having compared the systems in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Ireland, it is concluded that it is conducive to equity, neutrality and tax administration that the rules relating to the jurisdictional basis, double taxation relief, tax rates and valuation rules apply (in general) equally to inter vivos transfers and transfers on death. It is evident, however, that it remains necessary to distinguish between the two types of transfers, because this creates a flexible platform to accommodate special circumstances and differences. A number of measures to improve integration under the current regimes are recommended, but it is suggested that, ideally, the Estate Duty Act and Part V of the income Tax Act should be replaced by a single integrated statute. The second issue deals with the question whether or not the well-established estate duty and donations tax regimes should be replaced by a recipient-based system, especially in view of its theoretical appeal. After having shown that a recipient-based wealth transfer tax offers more appropriate solutions to some of the problem areas common to wealth transfer taxation in general (such as the accommodation of third-party life insurance benefits, limited interests and a special regime for discretionary trusts), it is concluded that the current regimes should be replace by a recipient-based wealth transfer tax, which may even be accommodated as a separate schedule to the existing income Tax Act in much the same way as capital gains tax. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

A lower resting energy expenditure (REE) has been suggested to partially explain the disproportionate prevalence of overweight/obesity among black African women, yet no studies have investigated the REE of South African (SA) children. Similarly, physical activity (PA) as a modifiable factor related to childhood energy expenditure is under-researched in the local context. The study determined the relationship between sex and population group (determinant factors), on the one hand, and REE and PA (outcomes) of 6–9-year-old SA children attending two primary schools in the City of Tshwane metropolitan area, on the other, taking phenotypic characteristics as confounders (mediating factors) and the study context into account. In a cross-sectional study with quota sampling, the REE of 6–9-year-old children attending two urban schools in SA was measured with indirect calorimetry (IC), and PA with a pedometer. Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to assess body composition (BC) (fat-free mass [FFM], FFM index, fat mass [FM] and FM index). Multivariate regression was used to calculate REE and PA adjusted for phenotypic confounders (z-scores of weight-for-age, height-for-age and body mass index-for-age, and BC). Sex and population differences in REE and PA (measured and adjusted) were determined with two-way ANOVA. Ninety-four healthy children (59.6% girls; 52.1% black African) with similar socio-economic status and access to PA participated in the study. Despite variations in BC, sex differences in REE were not significant (41 kcal/day ≈ 172 kJ/day; P = 0.375). The REE in black African participants was significantly lower than in their white counterparts (146 kcal/day ≈ 613 kJ/day; P = 0.002). When adjusting for BC, population differences in REE declined, especially after adjustment for FFM (91 kcal/day ≈ 382 kJ/day; P = 0.039), but remained clinically significant. Average steps/day in girls (10212 [9519;10906]) was lower than in boys (11433 [10588;12277]) (P = 0.029), and lower in black African (9280 [8538;10022]) than in white (12258 [11483;13033]) (P < 0.001) participants. No significant relationship (r = 0.05; P = 0.651) was observed between REE and PA. Within the context of a similar SES and PA environment, the REE and PA of black African children was lower than white. Differences in REE between sexes were not significant, but girls had a lower PA than boys. / Thesis (PhD (Dietetics))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / South African Sugar Association project No. 260 / Human Nutrition / PhD (Dietetics) / Unrestricted

The Internet has evolved as a major medium of information and communication; broadband connection especially enhances Internet's capacity as a virtual platform for social, economic, political and civil activities. The problem is there is a limited and skewed access to the Internet in South Africa. The slow growth of household Internet and fixed broadband is problematic for a country that aspires to be "an advanced information society in which information and ICT tools are key drivers of economic and societal development" (South African Broadband Policy 2010). This dissertation investigates the pattern of Internet penetration in South Africa. Largely, I explore the pattern of Internet penetration amongst university students; data were collected from 10 universities located in both rural and urban areas with other demographic qualities that are representative of the student population in South Africa. Following Mossberger, Tolbert & McNeal's (2008) use of the concept of digital citizenship, I rearticulate the concept as a citizenry with the fulfilled rights to regular and flexible access to the Internet—implicitly individual and household forms of access, the skills to use the Internet, and regular use of the Internet for participation in all spheres of society. I then develop a theoretical framework of digital citizenship by identifying five key elements, namely: citizenship rights, Internet access, Internet use, Internet/digital skills, and policy. These elements are used as measures to investigate the pattern of Internet penetration in South Africa. I conducted a survey amongst students, interviewed officials in government agencies in the communications sector, studied selected policy documents, and carried out digital skill experiments. From the findings, I argue that digital citizenship is largely nonexistent in South Africa, particularly amongst the university students. I claim that most of these students are partially digital . A partially digital person has limited access to the Internet, inadequate skills to apply this technology and as a result cannot efficiently use the Internet to participate effectively as a citizen in society. The study also reveals the skewed access to the Internet replicates the existing pattern of social inequalities in the country, often analyzed in terms of rural-urban inequalities, inequalities based on gender of household heads, family income, racial and population groups. I also claim that students from households that bear the brunt of social inequalities in South Africa are further deprived by the lack of access to the Internet, particularly household access, and the inability to effectively use the Internet. This deprivation means that their rights and abilities to participate in society as citizens using digital means are compromised. In conclusion, I offer recommendations towards achieving digital citizenship.

The problem examined in this research is that South Africa practices a system of education that sorts people in a way that makes Blacks receive unequal and separate education. The closer people are to the white power structure, the better their education and the farther away they are, the poorer their access to opportunities for a quality education on equal terms. In other words, it seems that the more white you are, the more opportunities and benefits you receive. This system of education does not appear to help students, especially black children and youth, learn at high levels of accomplishment. Rather, it creates long lasting problems in people's lives and as such may need to be restructured in a way that permits students of all backgrounds to receive a quality education on equal terms. The purpose of the study was to understand reasons selected black South Africans seem to oppose their education system. More specifically, perceptions of these black people were helpful in suggesting the directions in which educational reform in South Africa ought to go. Specifically, the study was guided by two major research questions: (1) What are the perceptions selected black South African adults in the United States have toward their experiences in the apartheid education system in South Africa? (2) What are the recommendations of selected black South African adults in the United States for improving the education system for children and youth in South Africa? To answer these questions, interviews were used to collect data. Seven black South African adults were interviewed and their responses were analyzed, organized and thematically presented. One finding of the study is that apartheid education seems responsible for making respondents feel inadequate, incapable, less human, unable to think critically, inferior, anxious to venture in life beyond school, helpless, uneasy, and dubious to participate in class related activities. The findings of the study show that the education of black people in South Africa deserves speedy attention and major reform. The study concludes that apartheid education is an intolerable system of education that should be eliminated. The form of education to be created is a matter for intense discussion and wise decision making which may lead to quality education for all South Africans. The study recommends that black people should understand their historical underpinnings to help restore their confidence, to dispel negative fabrications, and to become contributors in the development of quality education in South Africa.

This dissertation positions South African "colored" author Bessie Head as a political novelist. The dissertation also explores the nature of Head's art-form and content situating her achievements in the context of African traditions. The dissertation further highlights elements which distinguish Head as a political writer who both participates in and resists male-defined political discourse. Head's work appears to be an exploration of the possibility of defining "a new code of honour which all nations can abide by." This venture, which she seems to approach from an original angle in every text, leads her to embrace a redemptive kind of politics which is not readily recognizable as "political" writing because of its reliance on African spirituality. A Question of Power in particular, as this dissertation proposes, reveals what I have named the concept of consciousness-invasion, a notion which seems to be informed by African spirituality. Additionally, the thesis analyzes the critical reception accorded Head in the last two decades. It explains two discoveries: that, in general the attempts of Headian scholars to articulate the author's novelistic vision has yielded limited results because they have not seen her work as primarily political; that the view of Head's texts as political exposes the complexity of her canon as represented by her ability to simultaneously depict, with a fine balance, colonialism, racism, sexism, tribalism, and the self-interest which lies in every character who champions these oppression devices. In its redefinition of "political" writing the dissertation further argues that Head's novels exhibit the power dynamics of "macropolitics" in relation to those apparent in "micropolitics" and in "metapolitics". ("Macropolitics" and "micropolitics" are terms adopted from the work of linguist Robin Tolmach Lakoff while "metapolitics" is my own coinage.)

Current research into language change and evolution focuses on native varieties of English, Schneider’s (2007) settler strand, but we have little knowledge concerning diachronic changes in non-native varieties of English, Schneider’s (2007) indigenous strand. Such a theory must take into account language contact as well as theories pertaining to Second Language Acquisition. This dissertation describes the diachronic changes which occur in one feature of Black South African English (BSAE), namely the progressive aspect. Current synchronic research on BSAE suggests that the progressive aspect is overextended to include stative verbs. This dissertation aims to evaluate the value of this hypothesis, and determine whether there is evidence of this overextension in diachronic data. In order to observe instances of language change, a diachronic corpus of BSAE was complied. This corpus consisted of data from letters, fiction, and newspapers ranging from the 1870s until the 2000s. Using this corpus, analyses were performed in order to determine the frequency of progressive use, the distribution of aktionsart categories, and which temporal meanings were denoted by stative verbs and activity verbs used in the progressive aspect. These analyses were then repeated for data taken from the historical corpus of White South African English (WSAE), in order to ascertain whether changes in BSAE developed parallel to WSAE, or if it follows its own trajectory of change. One further analysis was conducted on BSAE: the aspectual categories of 71 state verbs were analysed in order to determine whether speakers of BSAE indeed do overextend the –ing progressive form onto stative verbs describing states and qualities. The results indicate that the frequency of verbs used with the progressive aspect increases for BSAE, but decreases for WSAE. The comparison of aktionsart distribution indicates that BSAE has a higher overall frequency of communication verbs and accomplishments, while WSAE has a higher frequency of activity verbs, verbs denoting the future, and stative verbs. Achievements are used as expected by both varieties. The analysis of the temporal meanings of stative verbs indicates that speakers of WSAE denote the prototypical short duration associated with the progressive aspect for 74.83% of the verbs, while BSAE uses an extended temporal meaning for 46.86% of the verbs, indicating that speakers of BSAE more likely to overextend the temporal duration of stative verbs than WSAE speakers. The temporal meanings for activities were the same for both varieties; the prototypical short duration is denoted by 77.83% of the total activities in BSAE, and 77.11% of the activities in WSAE. The extended duration in both varieties may be due to language change in general, while the additional temporal meanings for statives in BSAE are a result of substrate transfer. / MA (English)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2015