Abstract in English / The aim of this study was to find out what constituted in Zulu the phenumenon which in the Bantu languages is generally known as the Causative. A corpus of 50 arbitrarily chosen sentences was gleaned :from two Zulu novels. Most of these sentences contained a verb which displayed formatives that are usually considered to be those which bring about the causative derivation. To complete the corpus verbs containing other formatives were also included, mainly on the grounds of a hunch by the author that they might be causative derivations. These verbs and sentences were then put to a threefold test: morphological,syntactical and semantic. In each case a criterion was first worked out and then the verbs in the corpus were one by one measured against the respective yardstick. Morphologically the criterion consists in large parts of a ·transcription forrnula which is :made up of the subject concord of the doer-substantive plus the superordinate of all Zulu verbs i.e. -enza, plus the conjuctive-noun 'to be' i.e. ukuba plus the second concord of the done to-substantive plus subjunctive stem of the base form of the verb under test. Syntactically the criterion needed a newly-introduced subtantive replacing the subject of the basic sentence to become the object of the derived sentence. The state or process contained in the basic verb must however still be ascribed to the now new object of the derived sentence, whereas the derived verb must still be ascribed to the new subject. Semantically the criterion calls for a verb which is inherently a state or a process to be changed into an action-process. Verbs which are action-processes from the outset naturally do not fit the criterion. Of importance here was also the semantic features of agent, patient etc. which substantatives have, and the relation in which such nouns have with the verb. The outcome of these 3 tests, in each case led to the same 32 verbs being pointed out as causatives. A significant conclusion reached was that only intransitive verbs could be be made, causative by means of a derivative formative. A further conclusion was that there are no exclusively causative formatives in Zulu. The causative is determined by a special semantic-syntactic interrelationship between the derived verb and the substantitives in the sentence , A causative sentence must contain an agent, a agent as object and a derived verb which has been changed into an action-process from a base form which was inherently a state or a process / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

Doctor Educationis / It is rare in law and in other disciplines for a word or a phrase to appear to mean what it does not. This is, however, true when it comes to life imprisonment or life sentence. I Unlike sentences like the death penalty, there have been instances where even those who are expected to know the meaning of the sentence of life imprisonment have misunderstood it.2 This misunderstanding is compounded by the fact that even dictionaries that have always helped us to understand the meaning of the words are of little help when it comes to the definition of life imprisonment. The Oxford Advanced Leamer's Dictionary, for example, defines life sentence to mean 'the punishment by which [some body] spends the rest of their life in prison." It goes ahead to define a 'lifer' as 'a person who has been sent to The ambiguity of life imprisonment could partly explain why the campaign prison for their whole life." to abolish the death penalty and substitute it with life imprisonment has option to choose between the death penalty and life-imprisonment,

The South African economy experienced slowing economic growth in the late 1970s, as a result of the international economic recession and the oil crisis of the early 1970s, and the system of apartheid was declared a crime against humanity in 1973. The 1970s saw the country experiencing renewed industrial and collective mass action, most notably the Durban strikes of 1973 and the student uprisings of 1976. The Wiehahn Commission was established in 1977 to respond to African labour militancy through a reconstruction of the then dual labour relations framework. The Commission’s stated goals were the stabilisation of labour relations and the facilitation of economic growth. This reform process led to the liberalisation of labour legislation in South Africa and additionally to the inclusion of African trade unions into the state collective bargaining system, provided these unions registered. By positioning itself within the ‘School of Continuity’, the paper disputes the notion of the discontinuation of colonialism as a result of the ‘Democratic transition’ of 1994, by proposing that this transition was but a logical progression of colonial social engineering achieved through the co‐optation of African labour in the 1970s. The research proposes that the Wiehahn Commission succeeded in creating a Black middle class that continues to act as a buffer from the rest of the African population. In addition, the long‐term objectives of the apartheid state were fulfilled with the institutionalisation of the Growth, Employment and Redistribution macroeconomic policy of 1996. / Mini Dissertation (MSocSci (History))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation / Historical and Heritage Studies / MsocSci (History) / Unrestricted

Xenophobia is a fear or contempt of that which is foreign or unknown, especially of strangers or foreign people. It comes from the Greek words ξένος (xenos), meaning "foreigner," "stranger," and φόβος (phobos), meaning "fear." The term is typically used to describe a fear or dislike of foreigners or of people significantly different from oneself.1 On 11 May 2008 foreigners, mainly black people who lived in poor areas were attacked by South African citizens in South Africa; the attacks started in Alexandra, Johannesburg and spread to other areas in the country.2 Due to the occurrence 62 people were officially confirmed dead; 342 foreigners‟ shops were looted and 213 burnt down.3 Forty one foreigners were killed during the incident; such kinds of xenophobic attacks against foreigners had taken place in the country before, having reached their peak in May 2008.4 Further, „at least 670 people were wounded, and over 100 000 displaced.‟ / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Henry Onoria of the Faculty of Law, University of Makerere. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Women have been portrayed in advertising in stereotypical roles for years. Typical stereotypes include the nurturing mother or the alluring seductress. Since the social climate and the roles of females have evolved through the years, the appropriate portrayal of women in today’s media has become debatable. Findings from previous advertising research studies indicate that women are generally not depicted in powerful roles. This may limit the perceptions of women as it does not reflect their abilities and positions of power that they hold in real life. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the roles portrayed by women in magazine advertisements and television commercials in South Africa. Several secondary research objectives were set including inter alia the incidence of female models in advertisements and commercials, the ethnic representation of women in advertisements and commercials, and the types of products and services advertised using female models. Data were collected from full-page and double-page advertisements appearing in nine consumer magazines as well as commercials broadcasted during prime time on the four free-to-air television channels. The research method used was content analysis, which focused on the visual elements in advertisements and commercials - particularly the female model. The sample included 203 magazine advertisements and 245 television commercials. The results indicated that 55 per cent of magazine advertisements and 40 per cent of television commercials featured women. The findings also indicated various roles portrayed by women. The most prevalent role portrayal in magazine advertisements was that of a physically decorative woman (27%), typified as a woman that symbolises the physical ideal. In television commercials, women were most often depicted as product users, with 25 per cent of the portrayals showing a woman actually using or preparing to use the advertised product. The less prevalent portrayals included career woman, homemaker, mother, mannequin, romantic, sex object, social being, background elements as well as various “other” categories. From the “other” portrayals, the study has also identified new roles that had not been specifically identified in previous studies. The new roles identified in magazines were leisure woman and sportswoman, and in television commercials, customer and spokesperson. The results further revealed that women are used as visual attention-attracting focus points in advertisements across a range of different product or service categories. The product category that most often featured women in both media was personal care products (41% for magazine and 26% for television advertisements). The implications of the study are that South African advertisers need to consider the suitability of the models that are used to attract attention to their advertisements, as well as the fit between the role portrayal and the brand image. From a practical perspective, the study provides insight to advertisers regarding the relevance of female portrayals in advertising. One of the recommendations is that future research should be conducted to determine women’s opinions on female portrayals in advertisements. The study contributes to the available literature on this topic in several ways. Firstly, current female roles in South African magazine and television advertising have been identified. Moreover, a number of new role portrayals were also identified and described. The information gained in the study could be utilised by other researchers as a basis for future studies. / Thesis (DCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Marketing Management / DCom / Unrestricted

No abstract available. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Chemistry / unrestricted

Besides the introduction and conclusion, this thesis is comprised of six independent chapters. In this thesis we provide an in-sample and out-of-sample assessment of how the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) sets its policy rate, post 2000 inflation targeting regime, in the context of both linear and nonlinear Taylor-type rule models of monetary policy.<p. Chapter 2 provides the theoretical foundations and the case study discussion. The literature has shown that the Taylor (1993) rule has gone through many modifications since the last decade of the 20th century. The modifications of the Taylor rule include interest rate smoothing, backward and forward looking versions, and nonlinear approximations. Furthermore, there has been increasing debate on whether central banks should respond to asset prices and financial variables. Despite some disagreements, economists seem to agree on the role of the financial market in determining inflation and economic performance. As far as South Africa is concerned, a stable financial system is one of the mandates of the central bank. Chapter 3 discusses the research methods used in the thesis. First, the chapter provides an overview on the Hodrick-Prescott Filter used to detrend some series. Second, more focus is oriented on a class of estimators, used in this thesis, called Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimators. GMM is important in that it can be applied to several estimation contexts besides the linear model. In fact, GMM can provide a simple alternative to other estimators, especially when it is difficult to write down the maximum likelihood estimator. Chapter 4 is aimed to provide the source of data, to show the transformation made to some of them and to explore the data for preliminary results. The Augmented Dickey- Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP), GLS transformed Dickey-Fuller (DFGLS) and Kwiatkowski, et. Al. (KPSS) tests suggest that all the series follow a stationary process. The chapter also reveals that the financial conditions index measured as an equal weight average of its components yields a smallest AIC than other alternative suggested herein. Furthermore, the chapter shows that the models that consider coincident business cycle indicator, rather than industrial production, perform better in terms of goodness of fit. Given the controversial debate on whether central banks should target asset prices for economic stability, chapter 5 investigates whether the SARB pays close attention to asset and financial markets in their policy decisions. The main findings are that the SARB policy-makers pay close attention to the financial conditions index when setting interest rate. In the same chapter, it is also found that nonlinear Taylor rule improves its performance with the advent of the financial crisis, providing the best description of insample SARB interest rate setting behaviour. The 2007-2009 financial crisis witnesses an overall increased reaction to inflation and financial conditions. In addition, the financial crisis saw a shift from output stabilisation to inflation targeting and a shift, from a symmetric policy response to financial conditions, to a more asymmetric response depending on the state of the economy. Although one could have expected that the SARB’s response of monetary policy to output during the crisis to increase, the response has dropped significantly. These results show the concern over the high level of inflation observed during the second semester of 2008.<p. In chapter 6, we test the concept of Opportunistic Approach to monetary policy. The findings support the two features of the opportunistic approach. First, we find that the models that include an intermediate target that reflects the recent history of inflation rather than a simple inflation target improve the fit of the models. Second, the data supports the view that the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) behaves with some degree of non-responsiveness when inflation is within the zone of discretion but react aggressively otherwise. Recursive estimates from the preferred model reveal that overall there has been a subdued reaction to inflation, output and financial conditions amidst the increased economic uncertainty of the 2007-2009 financial crisis. Chapter 7 compares forecast performance of linear and nonlinear monetary policy rules estimated in the two previous chapters but rewritten in their backward looking versions. Recursive forecasts values are computed for 1- to 12-step ahead for the out-of-sample period 2006:01 to 2010:12. For the nonlinear models we use bootstrap method for multi-step ahead forecasts as opposed to point forecasts approach used for linear models. The aim is to evaluate the performance of three competing models in an out of-sample forecasting exercise. Overall ranking reveals the superiority of the nonlinear model that distinguishes between downward and upward movements in the business cycles in closely matching the historical record. As such, forecasting performance tests reveal that the SARB pays particular attention to business cycles movements when setting its policy rate. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Economics / unrestricted

Grapevine Leafroll disease (GLD), one of the most destructive diseases of grapevines, has been found in every country where grapevines are grown. Grapevine Leafroll associated virus type 3 (GLRaV-3), one of several viruses associated with GLD globally, is the most prevalent virus in South African grapevines and therefore control of GLRaV-3 takes high priority in any strategy aimed at control of GLD. GLD can be controlled through the use of an integrated strategy which includes using certified plant material, controlling insect vectors through use of systemic insecticides and the removal of infected vines by roguing. Infected individuals are identified each autumn, using either symptom display (in red cultivars, where infected individuals display interveinal reddening and downward rolling of leaves) or ELISA (in symptomless white cultivars). ELISA is laborious, time consuming and relatively insensitivity compared to molecular techniques and a simpler, more rapid and more sensitive means of indentifying GLRaV-3 infected vines is required. A simple RNA extraction procedure combined with a single-tube reverse transcriptase loop-mediated amplification (RT-LAMP) has been developed which allows for the rapid, simple detection of GLRaV-3. Using RT-LAMP, a viral target can be amplified in 2 hours under isothermal conditions. This GLRaV-3 specific RTLAMP uses hydroxy napthol blue (HNB), a colourimetric indicator that changes from violet to sky blue only where a positive RT-LAMP reaction has occurred, making results quick and easy to interpret. The sensitivity of this technique was compared to ELISA and nested PCR by pooling samples at varying ratios of healthy to infected plants. Using nested PCR and RT-LAMP 1 infected sample could be detected amongst 50 healthy individuals while ELISA could only detect 1 amongst 30 infected making RT-LAMP more sensitive than ELISA. Further RT-LAMP could be performed in 2 hours compared to nested PCR and ELISA’s 8 and 48 hours respectively. Based on these results, RT-LAMP is viable alternative for ELISA for the detection of GLRaV-3 in the field. RT-LAMP was also tested for its ability to detect GLRaV-3 in grapevine rootstocks where, due to low viral titres and erratic distribution, it is notoriously difficult to detect. The rootstocks which were used for testing of GLRaV-3 had been tested in a previous study and it was found that only 28% of samples tested positive after 33 months (post inoculation). Using RT-LAMP, 78% of samples tested positive for GLRaV-3. Although further testing must be done, RT-LAMP may also be a viable alternative for testing grapevine rootstocks for GLRaV-3 infection. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

This study is an application of the political theory of Michael Oakeshott aimed at enhancing understanding of the South African state. Oakeshott posits that the modern state is comprised of two separate modes of association, namely societas and universitas. Universitas refers to an association to attain a specific substantive purpose, while societas is an association based on common submission to the recognition of, and adherence to, prescribed formal laws. Each tends towards self‐destruction when the character of a given state is reflected by that mode of association exclusively. The presence of both modes of association in tension with each other produces a stable state. The South African state has been shown to reflect a dominantly universitas character, but, since a monopolar state cannot exist, it follows that the societas understanding of the state must also be present. In this study, the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, is assessed to determine whether it reflects a societas understanding of the state. Two formal conditions for a societas are identified in the work of Oakeshott, namely a system of rules and norms, and the recognition of this system as being authoritative. These formal conditions are employed as a benchmark against which to test the character of the South African Constitution. / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Philosophy / MPhil / Unrestricted

This dissertation examines the transmission of the past and how it is affected by context, source materials, and the individual with regards to opinion and inherent bias. The subject of this analysis is Jan Christiaan Smuts and how he has been portrayed over the last century. Various authors are analysed with W. K. Hancock forming a kind of watershed given the access to primary material. The dissertation includes a brief discussion of South African historiography as well as a brief biographical outline of Smuts's life. The main concern is however a literature analysis of selected material which will set out to illustrate how information is often "lost in transmission." / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Historical and Heritage Studies / MHCS / Unrestricted