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Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) constitutes a global pandemic, and South Africa forms part of the region known to house over two-thirds of HIV infected individuals worldwide. In the early stages of infection, the C-C chemokine receptor type five (CCR5) is the major HIV-1 co-receptor. The importance of this receptor in HIV infection and disease progression was recognised with the discovery of the CCR5 delta 32 (Δ32) allele. Individuals homozygous for this mutation lack functional CCR5 receptors. Consequently, they are almost completely resistant to HIV infection, while the absence of CCR5 has minimal effects on health. Heterozygous individuals display decreased cell surface CCR5 which slows disease progression. Phenotypic expression of CCR5 is heterogeneous and its relation to genetic mutations in the CCR5 gene is not currently known for the South African population. This together with the effect of CCR5 expression on HIV infection provided the rationale for investigating both the phenotypic and genotypic distribution of CCR5. The aim of this study was therefore 1) to investigate CCR5 phenotypic expression on cluster differentiation four (CD4) T-lymphocytes in a group of South African individuals and 2) to analyse the genetic variation in a South African cohort. Flow cytometric methods were used to measure the phenotypic distribution of CCR5 in 245 individuals by assessing both the percentage of CD4+CCR5+ T-cells and CCR5 density. Sixty five individuals, mostly found within the lower CCR5 receptor density range were selected for DNA sequencing. The study found considerable variability in CCR5 expression with South African individuals expressing relatively high CD4+CCR5+ T-cell percentages. Ethnicity was established as a significant variable affecting CCR5 expression with Black African individuals displaying higher (p <0.05) CD4+CCR5+ T-cell percentages and densities than Caucasians. Genotypic data revealed 70 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), four insertions and the ∆32 deletion. Results showed that Black African individuals have greater genetic diversity with 39 mutations exclusive to this group. The ∆32 mutation was not detected in the Black African group but was identified in the Caucasian group at a frequency of 18.6 %. Twelve novel mutations were identified in this study with two in the open reading frame (ORF). It is evident from the data that the variability in CCR5 phenotypic expression is difficult to correlate with specific mutations in the gene. This thesis provides information on CCR5 distribution and diversity in the South African population which will be of value to patients, clinicians and health policy officials. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Immunology / Unrestricted

Current literature reflects escalating concerns regarding the potential organisational damage that can result from overloaded and under loaded workforces. Overloaded and under loaded workforces have been linked to poor employee well-being, reduced productivity, dissatisfaction and higher turnover rates. This study aimed to develop a scale for the measurement of workload within South African organisations. The initial scale contained six dimensions and a total of 71 items. These items were then sent to subject matter experts in order to determine their content validity. The survey was then completed by 224 employed individuals. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed and six factors were indicated. The overall reliability of the scale was highly satisfactory with inter-correlations between scale items. The results suggest that the South African Workload Scale (SAWS) is a promising instrument for the measurement of workload within South African organisations. Copyright 2010, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Myburgh, T 2010, A workload inventory for South African Organisations, MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02212012-115206 / > C12/4/64/gm / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

This dissertation deals with the minimum age of criminal capacity (which is currently set at 10 years in terms of the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008). It deals in particular with the question of whether the minimum age of criminal capacity should be raised and if so, whether the presumption of doli incapax should be retained. A consideration of the relevant international instruments shows that the situation as it currently stands in South African law is not internationally acceptable. South Africa is failing to comply with the obligations which it incurred through the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and with the current international practice pertaining to the minimum age of criminal capacity. The current minimum age of criminal capacity is simply too low. The question of whether the presumption of doli incapax should be retained is also dealt with. The problems that are being experienced by its application in practice (inter alia the difficulties in the assessment of criminal capacity by mental health professionals and the possibility of an over reliance on prosecutorial discretion) leads to the conclusion that the “protective mantle” which the presumption was intended to provide no longer exists. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Private Law / unrestricted

Hermit crabs form an important component of the marine benthos and globally more than 1,200 species have been described. In the unique bioregion of South Africa, hermit crabs are poorly known, and the last taxonomic revision of the group was that of K. H. Barnard in 1950, who recorded only 32 species. This study combines morphological taxonomy, threedimensional (3D) micro-computed tomography (µCT) visualisations, and molecular barcoding to add to, revise, and provide an updated listing of, the regional fauna. The first section of the thesis comprises four chapters, each giving a detailed account of a species either new to science, or to the region. The pagurid hermit crab Goreopagurus poorei, a new species and genus record to the country, is reported and described from deep sea habitats along the Agulhas Shelf, extending the distribution by >10,000 km across the Indian Ocean. Furthermore, three species are described as new to science, one each from the three most common families. The first of these, a deep-water species from a genus of the family Parapaguridae that was previously unknown to South Africa, Paragiopagurus atkinsonae n. sp., is fully described and illustrated, and compared with two other parapagurids that each play a dominant role in the regional benthic offshore invertebrate community. The other two species new to science, Diogenes n. sp. from the family Diogenidae, and Pagurus n. sp. from the family Paguridae, inhabit coastal reefs in subtidal waters off southern KwaZulu-Natal. For the first time in crustacean taxonomy, species descriptions, particularly the one of Pagurus n. sp., are informed by, or based on, µCT imagery of calcified body parts. Following on this technique, Chapter 6 is a short presentation of the 3D raw dataset of seven µCT scans of types and rare museum specimens used in this thesis, which is made publicly available for download. The taxonomic use of the scanning method, with disseminating volumetric data of hermit crabs, is discussed briefly. The final section investigates the fauna as a whole. In Chapter 7, 194 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene segments (COI ‘barcodes’) of 43 nominal species plus 12 additional putative species (n = 55 species-like units) were used to validate morphological identifications. Testing this dataset revealed high barcoding efficacy, with nearly 99% identification success rates, and with the best Kimura 2-parameter distance to safely delimit species of hermit crabs of about 3.5%. Chapter 8 updates the regional fauna and provides taxonomic accounts for 62 nominal species which have either been added subsequent to the previous monographic review, or which have undergone taxonomic revision since that time. Of these, 12 are added for the first time here, increasing the number of known South African hermit crab species to 72, an expansion of 56% since Barnard, and about 20% since a recent species list published by W. Emmerson in 2016. Because colour images are provided for 51 out of 72 species, Chapter 8 can also be used as a preliminary guide. However, this study has shown that the hermit crabs of South Africa are by far more diverse than originally thought, and the summary, which includes only the 72 nominal taxa and none of the additional 10 putative species included in the barcoding dataset, is speculated to be only 60–70% complete. Future taxonomic work, especially in the genera Diogenes and Paguristes, will most likely result in many more species descriptions. Therefore, this current study is to be seen as important step towards a fully illustrated taxonomic catalogue on the South African hermit crabs to be produced in the near future.

At the centre of discourse of Dance in South Africa is the notion of Other. The form and approach in Contemporary Dance in South Africa in the 21st century has been shaped by cultural forces such as apartheid and colonialism. This thesis sets out a phenomenological study of Othering in Dance in South Africa through a hermeneutical unpacking of 'Older dancing'. Its critical question grapples with the notion of age as a new marker of alterity in Dance and asks: How does dancing the Other bring new ways of seeing bodies? The lived experiences of four categories in Older dancing: dancers, choreographers, directors and dance critics, in and outside of South Africa since the 2000s, will be analysed. My own position in each of the categories above has allowed me to participate in Contemporary Dance and the performing arts field in South Africa for over 45 years. A partial history of Contemporary Dance in South Africa is explicated in order to provide paradigmatic frames for this study. The philosophical enquiry of this thesis has foregrounded Dance Studies as a discrete research field in order to highlight dance and the body itself, and to reassert an enviable position of dancing bodies as research instruments and knowledge producers. A hermeneutical narrative analysis was deployed following twelve interviews that were conducted over 4 years (2012-2014). Seven South African and five non-South African 'voices' were analysed and coded against four primary lines of enquiry in Experience: notions of cultural inscription and dancing bodies as blank slates; questions of (in)visibility and frailty of older persons, wisdom and (in)dependent older dancers and the ontologies of marginalisation for Older dancing within concert theatre Dance. This suggested a thesis of wider Body-space reading and continuum for Dance that could be useful in understanding epistemology of prejudice. Recommendations that flow from this study will relate to Dance Studies in South Africa that is already moving away from its anthropological roots in tribal dances, experimentations with multicultural dance, towards unpacking intersectionality, public art and the contested label African dance. It provides Body-space as a further theoretical tool with which to observe dancing and bodies as states of becoming that will be of interest to Dance Studies, Performance Theory and Cultural Studies.

No abstract available. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Commitment is the passion that individuals have toward work roles or personal goals (Schreuder&Coetzee 2007). Teachers’ experience of identity plays a vital role in the ways in which they conduct their work, as well as their level of commitment (Jepson&Forrest, 2006). As a moral self-relevant self-regulatory emotion, pride can motivate individuals to obtain positive self-evaluations that facilitate the development of a congruent sense of self (Tangney 2003). Self-conscious emotions such as pride are essentially emotions of self-regulation. Thus, pride has the potential to shape an individual’s identity and to regulate their behaviour. In this study I argue that pride can enhance the strength of commitment by enhancing the development of a congruent sense of self. Tracy and Robins (2008) refer to two facets of pride namely: Authentic and hubristic pride. Authentic pride is socially desirable, achievement-orientated and related to accomplishment, confidence, productivity and self-worth. On the other hand hubristic pride is narcissistic and coupled with arrogance and conceit (Tracey&Robins 2007; Tracy, Cheng, Robins&Trzesniewski 2009). In the present study I consider the role that pride play in motivating the individual to select behaviours that will tend to lead to an increase in self-coherency and commitments. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Background: Morphological changes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus lipodystrophy syndrome (HIV LDS) are said to be the new face of HIV / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) which may negatively influence the adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). Methods of assessing HIV LDS vary among researchers and practitioners who make it difficult to compare incidence and prevalence figures among clinics in South Africa. Instruments available in other countries to assess HIV LDS are costly and time consuming for the clinical setup. A standard, objective and practical instrument is needed for the South African clinical setup to address this problem. Objectives: The primary objective of the study was to assess the agreement between methods routinely used to classify HIV LDS in the clinical setup (i.e. National Cholesterol Education Programme [NCEP] criteria, subjective self-reporting and routine anthropometry) to a published, objective case definition using diagnostic testing. The secondary objective was to develop and cross-validate a classification instrument for HIV LDS utilising parameters from the studied test methods. Design and sample: The study was a cross-sectional, analytical and non-experimental analysis of 1421 HIV positive adult patients (69% female) enrolled on HAART. Of the 283 subjects who met the inclusion criteria, 253 consented to participate. Purposeful sampling was performed dividing the study population into a case (n=79) - and control (n=73) group according to a screening process. The dichotomous outcome (HIV LDS (+) or – Ө) of the tests – and reference method was statistically analysed by means of diagnostic testing. The new classification instrument was developed using logistic regression on all the variables and validated with a cross-validation technique. Setting: Outpatient clinic at Kalafong Hospital, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Results: Primary objective: The diagnostic properties (sensitivity, specificity, Kappa coefficient and p-value for McNemar’s test respectively) of the test methods were as follows: NCEP criteria: (45%, 83%, 0.29 and 0.54); subjective self-reporting (74%, 59%, 0.26 and 0.00); Kotler anthropometry (71%, 52%, 0.18 and 0.00); routine anthropometry (62%, 54%, 0.12 and 0.00); and Dong&Hendricks anthropometry: (10%, 88%, 0.00 and 0.00). Secondary objective: A new, simple classification instrument (with limited blood samples) had the following diagnostic properties: (sensitivity 81% [71% validated], specificity 79% [75% validated], Kappa 0.54 [0.41 validated], McNemar’s test of symmetry p=0.00, and the area under the receiver operating curve [AUC] was 0.88). A classification instrument without blood samples had a sensitivity of 69%, specificity of 67%, Kappa = 0.310, McNemar’s p= 0.00 and AUC= 0.75). Conclusion: In a resource limited setting the NCEP criteria appears to be the “best” among the methods tested for identifying HIV LDS. Two newly developed instruments showed even better diagnostic properties. Use of these might lead to an accurate, consistent detection of HIV LDS in the typical South African setting. However, practical implications to the individual and the health care system still need to be investigated further. The results can also be used in longitudinal studies. / Dissertation (MDietetics)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Human Nutrition / unrestricted

Most research on the consumer decision-making process has been conducted on literate adults. More that 20% of the adult population in South Africa is classified as being functionally illiterate, lacking the numeric and language skills required to perform basic retail tasks. Research examining the challenges faced by functionally illiterate consumers is practically nonexistent. With the lack of research on the shopping behaviour of such consumers in grocery stores, retail marketing decisions are likely to be based on implicit assumptions about literate consumers. Furthermore, this leads to a lack of understanding of how functionally illiterate consumers can be empowered in the grocery store environment. The main purpose of this study was to examine how functionally illiterate consumers in South Africa make decisions to accomplish marketplace activities and also to investigate the coping mechanisms they used in the marketplace. The study specifically examined these issues in the context of grocery shopping. This study therefore aims to assist consumer behaviour researchers to compare the traditional consumer decision-making process with that of functionally illiterate consumers. At the same time, this study attempts to enlighten marketers about the characteristics of a significant proportion of the South African consumer market. A qualitative inquiry, specifically semi-structured interviews, was used to gather data amongst twelve adult literacy learners. The study reveals that functionally illiterate consumers are faced with difficulties in grocery stores. These difficulties are either related to the actual store environment or product choice. Functionally illiterate consumers make purchase decisions differently from commonly held perspectives. The major difference is the fact that functionally illiterate consumers make purchase decisions based on a single product attribute, disregarding other attributes. Functionally illiterate consumers employ coping mechanisms to complement their deficient literacy skills. In this study, a total of 18 coping mechanisms were identified. A number of these mechanisms are behavioural strategies that aid these consumers to solve the problems of satisfying their needs in the marketplace. The coping mechanisms reveal that these consumers have varying levels of literacy. In other words, functionally illiterate consumers are not a single homogeneous group of individuals. This further substantiates the notion that literacy is not static whereby an individual is either literate or not. Literacy implies a range of skills that demand competency in specific contexts. Some of these participants are ready to fight the shame of illiteracy by empowering themselves; this includes asking for help which improves their subsequent shopping experience. The participants that are free to talk to other people seem to have reasonably gained confidence. However, there are still some participants who prefer to hide their limited literacy skills and who tend to experience the same recurring problems. An implication for consumer behaviour research is that existing consumer decision models do not adequately reflect the decisions of functionally illiterate consumers. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Marketing Management / MCom / Unrestricted