Near surface structures across the Brevard fault zone are studied using the refraction and reflection arrivals recovered from the Appalachian Ultradeep Core Hole (ADCOH) regional seismic Line 1. In using refracted arrivals, a new processing approach is introduced that translates refracted first arrivals from multifold seismic data into a refraction stack of two-way delay time sections. Reprocessing of reflected arrivals has improved shallow reflectors and allowed better imaging of the Brevard fault zone. Following processing of refraction and reflection arrivals independently, both data sets are combined into a <u>composite stack</u> section. The composite stack section displays one bright refractor interpreted as the boundary between the weathered layer and high velocity crystalline rocks. This refractor is continuous in the Inner Piedmont with occasional vertical offsets. The continuity of the refractor diminishes across the Brevard fault zone. In the eastern Blue Ridge, the refractor is discontinuous with high angle truncations. On the composite stack section, the Brevard fault zone can be traced from the surface to 6 km (2 s) where it appears to splay from the Blue Ridge thrust. Different from previous interpretations, the Brevard fault zone is imaged as having both an upper and a lower boundary surface as well as a group of reflectors within the zone. This reflection package initially thickens to 2 km at 3 km depth, then thins as it reaches the Blue Ridge master decollement. The Blue Ridge thrust is as shallow as 1.5 km (0.5 s) at the northwest end of the Line l. A deeper decollement is interpreted below the Blue Ridge thrust. The depth of this deeper thrust is 3 km (1 s) at the northwest end of the line, and also joins to the Blue Ridge thrust at 6 km depth making the structures below the Brevard fault zone more complex than previously published. / Master of Science

A new interpretive slow-varying (long-wavelength) static estimation method is introduced to remove the effects of static anomalies caused by lateral variations in near-surface velocity. The application becomes critical where the wavelength of the variation of statics is larger than the maximum offset between source and receiver (spreadlength) used during data acquisition. The method used in this study utilizes the reflection and refraction arrival times from the shallowest reflector or refractor to determine the statics variations. The study include reprocessing of 12 seismic reflection data sets from the Savannah River Site area, near Aiken, South Carolina. The same data sets were also used to extract the refracted arrivals by the refraction stack processing. Application of the estimated slow-varying statics enhanced the S/N ratio, lateral continuity, and coherency for deep as well as shallow data and allowed to better determine the geometry of faults in the Coastal Plain sediments, which penetrate from the basement. Interpretation of the enhanced seismic reflection and generated seismic refraction sections helped to constrain the depth of upward penetration of the faults imaged in the seismic data. Refraction stack sections were used to obtain better definition of the delineation of the upward penetration of the faults at shallower depths. Despite the smoothing effect that is incorporated in the refraction stacks due to long refracted paths they exhibit clear-cut termination and offset on some of the lines in spatial zones where the Pen Branch fault can be projected in the shallow sediments. The seismic data indicate that the Coastal Plain sediments dip and thicken toward the southeast in the area. The basement top provides a high acoustic impedence contrast, and has a regional dip towards the southeast. The Pen Branch fault is one of the longest faults in the area, that acts as a basin bounding fault separating the Paleozoic crystalline basement from the Triassic basin fill. Other faults such as the Steel Creek and A TT A have also been discerned by the seismic data in the area. Small antithetic faults appear to join the Pen Branch and the A TT A fault. The offset of the Pen Branch fault (15 ms; 32 m) is relatively higher then the offsets observed for the ATTA (11.5 ms; 24.5 m) and Steel Creek (13 ms; 27.5 m) faults. The delineation of the upward depth of penetration of the Pen Branch fault is imaged best on lines 28 and 2EXP where the reflections at 0.18 to 0.2 s exhibit termination with amplitude changes, thereby suggesting the presence of the fault at that level. The offset associated with the A TT A fault can be traced up to 0.16 son line 27. The expression associated with the Steel Creek fault does not seem to go above 0.2 s. On the basis of the result from the interpretation of line 27, the upward depth of penetration of the A TT A fault in the Coastal Plain sediments reaches to a higher level then that of the Pen Branch fault. On the basis of the reflection and refraction data it is interpreted that the reactivation of the Pen Branch and the A TT A fault is as young as the age of the shallow reflector at 200 ms (top of Cretaceous?). / Master of Science

Seismic hazard calculations for sites in eastern North America have traditionally assumed a Poisson process to describe the temporal behavior of earthquakes and have employed the Gutenberg-Richter relationship to define the frequency distribution of earthquake magnitude. For sites in areas where geological information indicates recurrent, large earthquakes, however, such data imply a rate for large events which often exceeds that predicted by the Gutenberg-Richter relationship. One way in which this discrepancy can be reconciled is to assume that the larger events occur as a time-dependent, or renewal, process and possess a "characteristic earthquake" magnitude distribution. The main purpose of this study is to make a quantitative comparison of seismic hazard estimates for Charleston of the influences of 1) the Poisson temporal model assuming the Gutenberg-Richter and characteristic earthquake magnitude recurrence relationships with 2) the renewal temporal model assuming the characteristic magnitude recurrence relationship. Other issues that are examined are the sensitivity of uncertainties of hazard model parameters such as maximum magnitude and seismic source delineation. Probabilistic seismic hazard calculations for the next 50 years were performed at Charleston for all potential seismic sources. The highest estimate of seismic hazard was obtained with the Poisson temporal model and characteristic earthquake recurrence relationship. The lowest hazard was obtained with the renewal temporal model and characteristic magnitude recurrence relationship. The results of this study are in good agreement with hazard estimates for Charleston in the most recent national seismic hazard maps. / Master of Science

An increasing number of adults are plagued with weight problems in the United States. Approximately 34.9%, or 78.6 million, in the United States is obese.Obesity and overweight cost the United States about $150 billion, which is 10% of the annual budget. The Health Belief Model was used as a framework for the study.The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of 10 obese or overweight adults in Columbia, South Carolina. Participants were purposefully selected and interviewed face to face and recorded based on the phenomenological approach. NVivo11 for Windows was used for data coding, organization, and analysis. All 10 participants had a general idea of what society perceives as 'healthy' Data were coded and analyzed to reveal three themes: changing food culture, experiencing physical activities, and understanding overall well-being. Findings may be used to develop preventive measures to improve obese and overweight individuals' quality of life.

Recent debates as to the place of Old South symbols and institutions in the South of the new millennium are evidence of a changing order in the South. I examine -- from a rhetorical perspective informed by Kenneth Burke's theory of identification and division -- four debates that have taken place in the South and/or about the South over roughly the past decade, 1995 to the present. In this decade, Southerners and interested others have debated such issues as 1) admitting women to the Virginia Military Institute and the Citadel; 2) integrating displays of public art in Richmond to feature Confederates and African Americans side by side; 3) continuing to fly the Confederate battle flag in public spaces such as the South Carolina Capitol or including it in the designs of state flags such as those of Georgia and Mississippi; and 4) allowing Mississippi Senator Trent Lott, who seemed to speak out in support of the South's segregated past, to continue in his position of Senate leadership. Looking at each of these debates, it is clear that at issue in each is whether the ruling order of the South should continue to be one of division or whether that order should be supplanted by identification. Judging from the outcomes of the four debates analyzed here, the order of division seems to be waning just as the order of identification seems to be waxing in influence over the turn-of-the-millennium South. But a changing South is no less a distinctive, continuing South. I argue that a distinctive Southern culture based on a sense of order has existed and continues to exist amidst the larger American culture. If some form of "Southernism" is to continue as a distinctive mindset and way of life in the twenty-first century, Southerners will need to learn to strike a balance between their past, with its ruling order of division, and the present, with its ruling order of identification.

No description available.

The functionality of the transportation network following an earthquake event is critical for post-earthquake response and long-term recovery. The likely performance of a transportation network can be evaluated through a detailed seismic risk assessment. This paper presents an assessment of the seismic risk to the transportation network in the City of Charleston and the surrounding counties to support emergency response and the development of mitigation strategies and emergency planning efforts (such as lifeline selections). This study includes an inventory analysis of the 375 bridges in the Charleston area, and convolution of the seismic hazard with fragility curves analytically derived for classes of bridges common to this part of the country, damage-functionality relationships, and replacement cost estimates using relevant region-specific data. Using state-of-the-art tools, the distribution of potential bridge damage and functionality is evaluated for several scenario events, in order to aid in the identification of emergency routes and assess areas for investment in retrofit. Additionally, a sensitivity study is conducted to determine the criticality of a few of the different input models. Initial estimates of economic losses are assessed and preliminary recommendations for prioritizing retrofit are presented.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--College of William and Mary, Dept. of History, 2005. / Microfiche of typescript. UMI Number: 32-01118. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the World Wide Web to subscribers to Proquest dissertations and theses, full text.

This study investigated attitudes toward personal use of premarital contraception among sexually active adolescent males and females. All students within the selected classrooms were asked to complete questionnaires assessing attitudes toward contraception, contraceptive knowledge, and sociodemographic and sex-related life history variables. Subjects were rated with regard to their effectiveness of contraception (high, moderate, or low). Separate univariate analyses indicated the following: The low effectiveness group was more likely to perceive responsibility for contraception as belonging to the "opposite gender." Contraception attitudes and knowledge were positively related. Females were more knowledgable about contraception and has more favorable attitudes than males.

Legal induced abortion is a safe option for terminating a pregnancy for women of reproductive age in the United States (U.S.), though access has varied since the Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton cases in 1973. Information is lacking on women’s attitudes toward and perceptions of abortion as well as on related constructs such as pregnancy attitudes and contraceptive use. Exploring these constructs is important in that it can provide much needed context to women’s reproductive life planning. This research aimed to explore perceptions of abortion access and safety and examine the potential associations between attitudes toward abortion access and pregnancy avoidance and contraceptive use, respectively, among women living in Alabama and South Carolina. Secondary data were from two representative, statewide surveys of reproductive-aged women (18-44 years) living in Alabama and South Carolina. This mixed-methods research used thematic analysis to categorize open-ended responses regarding perceptions of abortion access and safety and bivariate (χ2 tests) and multivariate analyses to assess the relationships between abortion attitudes and pregnancy avoidance and contraceptive use, respectively. In Study 1, half of women (50.0%) thought that an abortion was very or somewhat easy to obtain and less than half women (41.2%) perceived abortion as very or somewhat safe in their state. The most common open-ended response themes were abortion legality and restrictions and abortion as similar to any medical procedure. In Study 2, women who were ambivalent about pregnancy avoidance or who found it unimportant to avoid pregnancy were less likely to agree that safe, effective, and affordable methods of abortion care should be available to women in their community compared to those who found it important to avoid pregnancy (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR), 0.53 and 0.55, respectively). In Study 3, contraceptive users were more likely to agree that safe, effective, and affordable methods of abortion should be available to women in their community than contraceptive non-users (aOR, 1.43). There are clear opportunities for key stakeholders in reproductive health and health policy to unite in efforts to create woman-centered practices, programs, and policies to meet the reproductive health needs of the women they serve.