交通事故每日無時無刻在世界各地發生，每次之交通事故均產生一連串椱雜之處理程序，該程序常涉及多方之關係人，包括消費者、保險公司、車禍處理人員、理賠人員、汽車修理廠與汽車製造商等。交通事故所致之汽車損壞，其處理程序，其實是相當值得觀察的，包括賠案登錄、損失金額之認定、賠款之處理與賠案之稽核等，均須耗費龐大之人力。 　　於台灣，汽車損失金額之認定，傳統上均由汽車修理廠師傅依其主觀判斷加以衡量，因為缺乏客觀標準與不夠精確，因此常導致消費者、汽車修理廠與保險人間之糾紛。由於估價不夠精確，因此影響汽車保險之經營甚劇。歐美先進國家產險業者，為達到汽車製造商要求之水準，保障被保險人行車安全，常以共同危險團體管理人自居，力求汽車修理成本之控制，保障被保險人之權益；而為了消弭理賠糾紛、提升保險公司服務品質與商譽，更致力於保險理賠的電腦化、標準化、數位化，以期提供公正、客觀、高效率之理賠。有鑑於此德國Audatex公司早在六○年代便極力發展此種電腦估價系統，運用電腦之資料處理簡化車輛估價之理念。 　　台灣地區汽車保險業務十年來平均占產物保險業總業務之59%，汽車保險理賠問題嚴重且持續，一套正確、客觀、有效率之估價系統，可以真實反映損失狀況，對於公平合理之費率釐定有重大之意義。 　　本文乃從實務角度探討Audatex電腦估價系統在台灣產險市場運用之可行性及其效益分析，比較英國、日本等先進國家之經驗，並發現該系統之運作不但對保險公司經營汽車保險有極大之助益，對消費者權益之維護亦有相當大之幫助。於後並建議於引進Audatex電腦估價系統之前，應先成立汽車修理研究中心，使兩者之能夠相輔相成，期能為業界提供決策與方針，加強管理技術，提供消費者更完善之服務。 / Road traffic accidents occur every day and spark a sequence of complex claim settlement procedure to consumers, motor insurers, accidents managers, loss assessors, repairers, motor manufacturers and many other related parties. In each claim of motor damages, a few linked stages need to be observed, i.e. claim registration, estimating and approving the repair cost, completing the repair work, auditing and invoicing claim settlement. 　　In Taiwan, it is conventional that car repairers estimate motor damages by their individual discretion and opinions case by case. Given lack of objectiveness and accuracy, it often causes a lot of arguments and conflicts among consumers, motor insurers and car repairers. Under such a circumstance, it calls for a need for an end-to-end and comprehensive system to manage the above procedure. 　　The Audatex system, a computerized estimating and integrated claims management system, is adopted in many developed countries to assist motor insurers in claim handling and cost estimating more efficiently. It could not only reduce duplication and errors, but also improve authorization turnaround time. All estimates are calculated and validated through the system, with the rate and terms of business agreed between individual repairers and work providers. Based on the most up-to-date parts and labor information, a fully cost assessment, is automatically sent to the work provider in the approved format. 　　This paper is to examine the feasibility of introducing the Audatex to the motor insurance market in Taiwan. The main theme of this paper is to examine the feasibility of the Audatex in Taiwan motor insurance market. It analyzes the cost of establishing such a system and compares the experiences in certain countries, such as Japan and U.K. It observes that a computerized estimating system would be invaluable both for repairers and work providers. It is suggested that Taiwan shall firstly have a motor vehicle repair research center in place and then a computerized estimating system such as the Audatex.

The functionality of the transportation network following an earthquake event is critical for post-earthquake response and long-term recovery. The likely performance of a transportation network can be evaluated through a detailed seismic risk assessment. This paper presents an assessment of the seismic risk to the transportation network in the City of Charleston and the surrounding counties to support emergency response and the development of mitigation strategies and emergency planning efforts (such as lifeline selections). This study includes an inventory analysis of the 375 bridges in the Charleston area, and convolution of the seismic hazard with fragility curves analytically derived for classes of bridges common to this part of the country, damage-functionality relationships, and replacement cost estimates using relevant region-specific data. Using state-of-the-art tools, the distribution of potential bridge damage and functionality is evaluated for several scenario events, in order to aid in the identification of emergency routes and assess areas for investment in retrofit. Additionally, a sensitivity study is conducted to determine the criticality of a few of the different input models. Initial estimates of economic losses are assessed and preliminary recommendations for prioritizing retrofit are presented.

För att minska framtida problem med läckor på våra ledningsnät är det viktigt att man förnyar dessa. Planeringen av denna förnyelse kallas för förnyelseplanering. En metod i förnyelseplaneringen är så kallad ”riskbaserad förnyelseplanering”. Denna metod syftar till att hitta de ledningar som innebär störst risk. Med hög risk menas: en ledning som har hög sannolikhet för brott, samtidigt som konsekvensen av att ett brott uppstår är stor. Tekniska Verken i Linköping ansvarar för vattenledningsnätet i Linköpings kommun. I sin förnyelseplanering arbetar man på att få fram ett nytt verktyg, kallat ”Knappen”. Ambitionen med ”Knappen” är kunna hitta sina riskledningar med ”endast ett knapptryck”. ”Knappen” är en beräkning som baseras på en mängd indata om sannolikhet och konsekvens. En av faktorerna som ska användas i beräkningen är en uppskattning av reparationskostnaden läckan medför. Denna undersökning har resulterat i en formel för beräkning av denna kostnad. Formeln är baserad på data om tidigare läckor från 2011. De faktorer som formeln visade sig bero på är: vilken marktyp läckan har skett i, hur långt avståndet är, vilken reparationsmetod man måste använda samt ledningens material och diameter. För en läcka i en segjärnsledning med dimensionen 150 mm som måste lagas med en infällning blir reparationskostnaden enligt formeln 118 740 kr om den inträffade i en villagata. Om samma förutsättningar gäller för en läcka i en gjutjärnsledning med dimensionen 100 mm som tätas med en repmuff blir reparationskostnaden enligt formeln 62 060 kr. / Water is an essential resource that we today take for granted. The distribution of drinking water is done with pipes in our water distribution network. These pipes have a limited lifetime and at some point they will rupture, with a leak as a result. The leak can lead to major consequences. Some examples are: disturbance in traffics, damage to property, as well as private individuals and businesses that are without water. Another consequence is the cost itself of repairing the leak, which sometimes is the most severe consequence. To avoid future problems with water leaks, it is important to renew the pipe network. The planning of this renewal is called renewal planning. A method in renewal planning is so-called “risk-based renewal planning”. This method aims to find the pipes that carry the highest risk. A pipe with high risk is a pipe that has high probability of rupturing, at the same time as the consequence of a rupture is great. Tekniska Verken in Linköping is in charge of the water distribution network in Linköping municipality. In their renewal planning they are working on a new tool, called “Knappen”. The ambition with “Knappen” is to be able to find pipes with high risk with “just one touch of a button”. “Knappen” is a calculation based on a variety of input data on probability and consequence. One of the factors to be used in the calculation is an estimate of the repair cost that the leak causes. This study has resulted in a formula for calculating this cost. The formula is based on data about past leaks from 2011. The factors that the formula turned out to depend on is: in which land type the leak has occurred, how far the distance is, which repair method has to be used and also the material and dimension of the pipe.

<p>The cost of a road construction over its service life is a function of the design, quality of construction, maintenance strategies and maintenance operations. Unfortunately, designers often neglect a very important aspect which is the possibility to perform future maintenance activities. The focus is mainly on other aspects such as investment costs, traffic safety, aesthetic appearance, regional development and environmental effects.</p><p>This licentiate thesis is a part of a Ph.D. project entitled “Road Design for lower maintenance costs” that aims to examine how the life-cycle costs can be optimized by selection of appropriate geometrical designs for the roads and their components. The result is expected to give a basis for a new method used in the road planning and design process using life-cycle cost analysis with particular emphasis on road maintenance.</p><p>The project started with a review of literature with the intention to study conditions causing increased needs for road maintenance, the efforts made by the road authorities to satisfy those needs and the improvement potential by consideration of maintenance aspects during planning and design.</p><p>An investigation was carried out to identify the problems which obstruct due consideration of maintenance aspects during the road planning and design process. This investigation focused mainly on the road planning and design process at the Swedish Road Administration. However, the road planning and design process in Denmark, Finland and Norway were also roughly evaluated to gain a broader knowledge about the research subject. The investigation was carried out in two phases: data collection and data analysis. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews with expert actors involved in planning, design and maintenance and by a</p><p>review of design-related documents. Data analyses were carried out using a method called “Change Analysis”. This investigation revealed a complex combination of problems which result in inadequate consideration of maintenance aspects. Several urgent needs for changes to eliminate these problems were identified.</p><p>Another study was carried out to develop a model for calculation of the repair costs for damages of different road barrier types and to analyse how factors such as road type, speed limits, barrier types, barrier placement, type of road section, alignment and seasonal effects affect the barrier damages and the associated repair costs. This study was carried out using a method called the “Case Study Research Method”. Data was collected from 1087 barrier repairs in two regional offices of the Swedish Road Administration, the Central Region and the Western Region. A table was established for both regions containing the repair cost per vehicle kilometre for different combinations of barrier types, road types and speed limits. This table can be used by the designers in the calculation of the life-cycle costs for different road barrier types.</p>

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The demand for rail travel has increased over the years. As a result, it is becoming mandatory for railway industries to maintain very high availability of their assets to ensure that service levels are high. Railway industries require both their infrastructure and rolling stock assets maintained efficiently to sustain reliability. There has been on-going research on how maintenance can be carried out in a cost effective manner. However, the majority of this research has been done for infrastructure and the rolling stock maintenance has not been properly covered. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the maintenance sector of rolling stock for railway industries by developing a decision support model for rolling stock based on reliability and cost. The model is developed as an optimization problem of a system containing several components dependent on each other with different reliability characteristics. In this model, a mixed integer nonlinear problem is developed and solved using an exact method and metaheuristics methods. The Metrorail facility in Cape Town was chosen as a case study. Failure history and cost data were gathered from the facility and the information was applied to the model developed. The case study was investigated and different results were achieved using both exact and metaheuristics methods. The final result from the study is an optimal maintenance schedule based on reliability and cost. The developed model serves as a practical tool railway companies can adopt to schedule rolling stock maintenance to achieve a high level of reliability and at the same time maintaining minimum cost expenditure. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vraag na spoorvervoer het oor die jare toegeneem. Dus het dit belangrik geword dat die spoorweg se bates hoogs toeganklik moet wees om te verseker dat die vlak van dienslewering hoog bly. Die spoorweg industrie besef dat hulle infrastruktuur, lokomotiewe, waens ens. effektief in stand gehou moet word sodat dit betroubaar kan wees. Navorsing word nog steeds gedoen oor hoe instandhouding op ’n koste-effektiewe wyse gedoen kan word. Die meeste van hierdie navorsing gaan egter oor infrastruktuur en instandhouding word nie ordentlik gedek nie. Die doel met hierdie navorsing is om by te dra tot die instandhoudingsektor van die spoorweg deur om ’n besluit-ondersteunende model vir lokomotiewe, waens, ens wat op betroubaarheid en koste gegrond is, te ontwikkel. Die model is ontwikkel as ’n optimasie probleem van ’n sisteem wat verskillende komponente wat van mekaar afhanklik is maar oor verskillende betroubaarheidskenmerke beskik, inluit. In hierdie model word ’n gemengde, heeltal nie-lineêre probleem ontwikkel en met ’n eksakte metode en metaheuristiese metodes opgelos. Die Metrorail fasiliteit in Kaapstad is vir die gevalle studie gekies. Die geskiedenis van mislukkings en koste data is by die fasiliteit versamel en die inligting is op die model wat ontwikkel is, toegepas. Die gevalle studie is ondersoek, en verskillende resultate is met eksakte en metaheuristiese metodes bereik. Die finale uitkomste van die studie is ’n optimale instandhoudingskedule wat op betroubaarheid en koste gegrond is. Die model wat ontwikkel is dien as ’n praktiese instrument wat spoormaatskappye kan gebruik om die instandhouding van lokomotiewe, waens ens. te reël sodat ’n hoë vlak van betroubaarheid bereik kan word en kostes terselfdertyd tot ’n minimum beperk kan word.

The cost of a road construction over its service life is a function of the design, quality of construction, maintenance strategies and maintenance operations. Unfortunately, designers often neglect a very important aspect which is the possibility to perform future maintenance activities. The focus is mainly on other aspects such as investment costs, traffic safety, aesthetic appearance, regional development and environmental effects. This licentiate thesis is a part of a Ph.D. project entitled “Road Design for lower maintenance costs” that aims to examine how the life-cycle costs can be optimized by selection of appropriate geometrical designs for the roads and their components. The result is expected to give a basis for a new method used in the road planning and design process using life-cycle cost analysis with particular emphasis on road maintenance. The project started with a review of literature with the intention to study conditions causing increased needs for road maintenance, the efforts made by the road authorities to satisfy those needs and the improvement potential by consideration of maintenance aspects during planning and design. An investigation was carried out to identify the problems which obstruct due consideration of maintenance aspects during the road planning and design process. This investigation focused mainly on the road planning and design process at the Swedish Road Administration. However, the road planning and design process in Denmark, Finland and Norway were also roughly evaluated to gain a broader knowledge about the research subject. The investigation was carried out in two phases: data collection and data analysis. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews with expert actors involved in planning, design and maintenance and by a review of design-related documents. Data analyses were carried out using a method called “Change Analysis”. This investigation revealed a complex combination of problems which result in inadequate consideration of maintenance aspects. Several urgent needs for changes to eliminate these problems were identified. Another study was carried out to develop a model for calculation of the repair costs for damages of different road barrier types and to analyse how factors such as road type, speed limits, barrier types, barrier placement, type of road section, alignment and seasonal effects affect the barrier damages and the associated repair costs. This study was carried out using a method called the “Case Study Research Method”. Data was collected from 1087 barrier repairs in two regional offices of the Swedish Road Administration, the Central Region and the Western Region. A table was established for both regions containing the repair cost per vehicle kilometre for different combinations of barrier types, road types and speed limits. This table can be used by the designers in the calculation of the life-cycle costs for different road barrier types.

The cost of a road construction over its service life is a function of the design, quality of construction, maintenance strategies and maintenance operations. Unfortunately, designers often neglect a very important aspect which is the possibility to perform future maintenance activities. The focus is mainly on other aspects such as investment costs, traffic safety, aesthetic appearance, regional development and environmental effects. This licentiate thesis is a part of a Ph.D. project entitled “Road Design for lower maintenance costs” that aims to examine how the life-cycle costs can be optimized by selection of appropriate geometrical designs for the roads and their components. The result is expected to give a basis for a new method used in the road planning and design process using life-cycle cost analysis with particular emphasis on road maintenance. The project started with a review of literature with the intention to study conditions causing increased needs for road maintenance, the efforts made by the road authorities to satisfy those needs and the improvement potential by consideration of maintenance aspects during planning and design. An investigation was carried out to identify the problems which obstruct due consideration of maintenance aspects during the road planning and design process. This investigation focused mainly on the road planning and design process at the Swedish Road Administration. However, the road planning and design process in Denmark, Finland and Norway were also roughly evaluated to gain a broader knowledge about the research subject. The investigation was carried out in two phases: data collection and data analysis. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews with expert actors involved in planning, design and maintenance and by a review of design-related documents. Data analyses were carried out using a method called “Change Analysis”. This investigation revealed a complex combination of problems which result in inadequate consideration of maintenance aspects. Several urgent needs for changes to eliminate these problems were identified. Another study was carried out to develop a model for calculation of the repair costs for damages of different road barrier types and to analyse how factors such as road type, speed limits, barrier types, barrier placement, type of road section, alignment and seasonal effects affect the barrier damages and the associated repair costs. This study was carried out using a method called the “Case Study Research Method”. Data was collected from 1087 barrier repairs in two regional offices of the Swedish Road Administration, the Central Region and the Western Region. A table was established for both regions containing the repair cost per vehicle kilometre for different combinations of barrier types, road types and speed limits. This table can be used by the designers in the calculation of the life-cycle costs for different road barrier types. / QC 20101112