We are constantly building new roads and are trying to make them safer and more efficient. This thesis has looked into how the benefits and disadvantages has been described with building new roads and specifically bypass roads. The thesis has also explored on how the handling of the citizens have been made from the municipal part and from the side of the Swedish Transport Administration. The analysis in this study has been made with a directed content analysis, this means that the previous scientific research and theories have been used to form the framework used in the coding scheme. Documents from the municipalities and planning documents from the Swedish Transport Administration have been used in the coding scheme. In total 10 documents combined have been analyzed from Skellefteå, Söderköping and Linghem connected to the building of bypass roads in the localities.  The study has shown that in all the localities there are negative effects on the environment, landscape and land that is being used, but in all the cases the Swedish Transport Administration and the municipalities argue that the roads have more positive benefits than negative, the bypass roads lead to a higher traffic safety, less emissions and a better accessibility in the central parts of the localities. Regarding the communications it’s clear that the municipalities prioritize the inhabitants and are constantly working to improve it. The Swedish Transport Administration works with communication in all the stages in the planning process. Both the municipalities and the Swedish Transport Administration describe that they value the public interest higher than the private. But with how the Swedish Transport Administration works with communicative planning it could be concluded that they only follow the necessary steps that they are legally required to.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Bandeira Guimarães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:42:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_DalianaDamacenoGilde_M.pdf: 964791 bytes, checksum: 7035668583ec53d4289bd006d1fa2a90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Os estudos de implantação do Trecho Norte dos empreendimentos Rodoanel e Ferroanel, com traçados próximos, pode potencializar e viabilizar uma série de ações conjuntas, como o compartilhamento das plataformas de terraplenagem em alguns segmentos, otimizando as interferências, drenagem, tratamentos de solos moles, contenções, obras de proteção ambiental, remanejamento de interferências, adequações funcionais dos sistemas viários lindeiros e áreas de apoio, além de procurar minimizar as necessidades de desapropriações e reassentamentos complementares aos previstos para o Rodoanel, reduzindo de forma significativa os custos em relação a hipótese dos empreendimentos a serem implantados independentemente. Este trabalho, utilizando como suporte metodológico o estudo de caso, estuda a integração dos modais rodoviários e ferroviários e a apresenta as alternativas das implantações nas formas isoladas e faz um comparativo da possibilidade de compatibilização das implantações das linhas férreas com a rodovia. E apresenta como resultado, uma opção para os problemas de infraestrutura de transporte no Brasil, a possibilidade de se pensar em uma integração na construção dos vários modais básicos / Abstract: The implantation studies of road and rail ring roads in São Paulo can enhance and facilitate a series of joint actions , such as sharing of earthwork in some segments platforms , optimizing interference , drainage, soft soil treatment , containment , protection works environmental , relocation interference , functional adaptations of the bordering road systems and support areas , and seek to minimize the needs of expropriation and resettlement complementary to that provided to the Beltway , significantly reducing costs in relation to the hypothesis of projects to be implemented independently . This work , using as methodological support the case study examines the integration of road and rail modes and presents alternative deployments in isolated forms and makes a comparison of the possibility of compatibility between implementations of the railways with the highway . And as a result has an option for the problems of transportation infrastructure in Brazil , the possibility of thinking about integration in the construction of several basic modes / Mestrado / Transportes / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka olika algoritmer som kan användas för attlösa ruttplaneringsproblemet och handelsresandeproblemet. Ruttplaneringsproblemetoch handelsresandeproblemet är problemet som uppstår när den kortaste sträckan skahittas mellan olika körpunkter och problemet är löst efter att den kortaste sträckan blivitfunnen. Observationer och intervjuer hos återvinningsföretaget Gotland Recyclinggjordes för att undersöka hur heuristiker som är metoder, tumregler som kan användasför att få fram resultat som är bra men inte alltid helt optimala kan användas för att kortaner körruterna. Arbetet gjordes med hjälp av företaget Gotland Recycling som idag harcirka 500 kunder per år och äger två sopbilar samt två lastbilar. Företaget har under enlängre tid förstått att deras ruttplaneringssystem har kunnat förbättras därav har företagetintresserat sig för att testa nya metoder för att förbättra sina egna rutter samt olikametoder för att validera de metoder som redan används för ruttplanering och körning.Google Maps och Microsoft Excel användas i denna studie för att applicera de olikaruttplaneringsmetoderna och kunna analysera de olika rutterna. Med hjälp av GoogleMaps har kostnader i form av körsträcka i meter och kilometer tagits fram genom attapplicera algoritmerna på olika körnings områden. Med hjälp av Google Maps ochMicrosoft Excel har fordonens körningsmönster blivit kartlagda och registrerade itabeller där de olika algoritmerna blivit applicerade för att bygga upp nya rutter ochmäta de nya rutternas körsträcka. Litteratur och artiklar har även samlats ihop för dennastudie och användes för att analysera olika ruttplanering och handelsresandeproblemsmetoders olika svagheter och styrkor. Resultatet från testerna och litteraturen visade attdet finns en potential att olika lösnings metoder som undersökts i denna studie kanminska på körsträckan. Olika lösningsmetoder har olika förutsättningar, styrkor ochsvagheter beroende på situationen som de appliceras inom. I två tester av tre medanvändning av någon av den utvalda ruttplanerings metoder minskade körsträckan imeter för rutten jämfört med företagets egen ruttplanering. Både testerna och litteraturenpåvisade att ibland förekommer mycket oberäkneliga hinder inom vissa områden somgör det meningslöst att applicera ruttplanering och handelsresandemetoder inom dessaområden och att mer avancerade system krävs för att hantera situationen. / The aim with this paper was to study how different kinds of heuristics for the routeplanning and traveling salesman’s problem could affect the route, potentially decreasethe driving costs and make it easier for companies and vehicles to plan their routes. Toinvestigate how different heuristics can affect the route planning, observations andinterviews has been made in a company named Gotland Recycling. Gotland Recyclingis a recycling company which operate on the island Gotland. Today the company has500 customers per year and owns four truck vehicles. The company has understood thatfor a long time their route planning system can be improved and has taken an interest intesting new methods to improve their own route planning and validate the methodswhich they are already using for route planning and driving. To analyze the differentroutes Google Maps and Excel was used. With the help of Google Maps and Excel costsin the form of driving length in meter and kilometer has been produced by applying thechosen algorithms on different driving areas. With the help of Google Maps and Excel,the driving pattern has been charted and registered in different tables. Differentalgorithms have then been applied to construct new routes and measure their mileage.Theory in the form of literature and articles has been collected for this study to analyzeand compare different strengths and weaknesses of different route planning andtraveling salesman problem solving methods. The result from this study shows there is apotential for different solution methods to make the mileage smaller. Different solvingmethods had different qualifications, strengths and weaknesses which depended on thesituations which they were applied. In two of the three tests which were made thechosen solving methods produced routes which were shorter than the route produced bythe company. Both testing and the literature also showed that for some situations thereare so many random obstacles in driving areas which make it meaningless to apply anytype of route-planning method and more advanced systems are required.

The cost of a road construction over its service life is a function of design, quality of construction as well as maintenance strategies and operations. An optimal life-cycle cost for a road requires evaluations of the above mentioned components. Unfortunately, road designers often neglect a very important aspect, namely, the possibility to perform future maintenance activities. Focus is mainly directed towards other aspects such as investment costs, traffic safety, aesthetic appearance, regional development and environmental effects. This doctoral thesis presents the results of a research project aimed to increase consideration of road maintenance aspects in the planning and design process. The following subgoals were established: Identify the obstacles that prevent adequate consideration of future maintenance during the road planning and design process; and Examine optimisation of life-cycle costs as an approach towards increased efficiency during the road planning and design process. The research project started with a literature review aimed at evaluating the extent to which maintenance aspects are considered during road planning and design as an improvement potential for maintenance efficiency. Efforts made by road authorities to increase efficiency, especially maintenance efficiency, were evaluated. The results indicated that all the evaluated efforts had one thing in common, namely ignorance of the interrelationship between geometrical road design and maintenance as an effective tool to increase maintenance efficiency. Focus has mainly been on improving operating practises and maintenance procedures. This fact might also explain why some efforts to increase maintenance efficiency have been less successful. An investigation was conducted to identify the problems and difficulties, which obstruct due consideration of maintainability during the road planning and design process. A method called “Change Analysis” was used to analyse data collected during interviews with experts in road design and maintenance. The study indicated a complex combination of problems which result in inadequate consideration of maintenance aspects when planning and designing roads. The identified problems were classified into six categories: insufficient consulting, insufficient knowledge, regulations and specifications without consideration of maintenance aspects, insufficient planning and design activities, inadequate organisation and demands from other authorities. Several urgent needs for changes to eliminate these problems were identified. One of the problems identified in the above mentioned study as an obstacle for due consideration of maintenance aspects during road design was the absence of a model for calculating life-cycle costs for roads. Because of this lack of knowledge, the research project focused on implementing a new approach for calculating and analysing life-cycle costs for roads with emphasis on the relationship between road design and road maintainability. Road barriers were chosen as an example. The ambition is to develop this approach to cover other road components at a later stage. A study was conducted to quantify repair rates for barriers and associated repair costs as one of the major maintenance costs for road barriers. A method called “Case Study Research Method” was used to analyse the effect of several factors on barrier repairs costs, such as barrier type, road type, posted speed and seasonal effect. The analyses were based on documented data associated with 1625 repairs conducted in four different geographical regions in Sweden during 2006. A model for calculation of average repair costs per vehicle kilometres was created. Significant differences in the barrier repair costs were found between the studied barrier types. In another study, the injuries associated with road barrier collisions and the corresponding influencing factors were analysed. The analyses in this study were based on documented data from actual barrier collisions between 2005 and 2008 in Sweden. The result was used to calculate the cost for injuries associated with barrier collisions as a part of the socio-economic cost for road barriers. The results showed significant differences in the number of injuries associated with collisions with different barrier types. To calculate and analyse life-cycle costs for road barriers a new approach was developed based on a method called “Activity-based Life-cycle Costing”. By modelling uncertainties, the presented approach gives a possibility to identify and analyse factors crucial for optimising life-cycle costs. The study showed a great potential to increase road maintenance efficiency through road design. It also showed that road components with low investment costs might not be the best choice when including maintenance and socio-economic aspects. The difficulties and problems faced during the collection of data for calculating life-cycle costs for road barriers indicated a great need for improving current data collecting and archiving procedures. The research focused on Swedish road planning and design. However, the conclusions can be applied to other Nordic countries, where weather conditions and road design practices are similar. The general methodological approaches used in this research project may be applied also to other studies.

<p>The cost of a road construction over its service life is a function of the design, quality of construction, maintenance strategies and maintenance operations. Unfortunately, designers often neglect a very important aspect which is the possibility to perform future maintenance activities. The focus is mainly on other aspects such as investment costs, traffic safety, aesthetic appearance, regional development and environmental effects.</p><p>This licentiate thesis is a part of a Ph.D. project entitled “Road Design for lower maintenance costs” that aims to examine how the life-cycle costs can be optimized by selection of appropriate geometrical designs for the roads and their components. The result is expected to give a basis for a new method used in the road planning and design process using life-cycle cost analysis with particular emphasis on road maintenance.</p><p>The project started with a review of literature with the intention to study conditions causing increased needs for road maintenance, the efforts made by the road authorities to satisfy those needs and the improvement potential by consideration of maintenance aspects during planning and design.</p><p>An investigation was carried out to identify the problems which obstruct due consideration of maintenance aspects during the road planning and design process. This investigation focused mainly on the road planning and design process at the Swedish Road Administration. However, the road planning and design process in Denmark, Finland and Norway were also roughly evaluated to gain a broader knowledge about the research subject. The investigation was carried out in two phases: data collection and data analysis. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews with expert actors involved in planning, design and maintenance and by a</p><p>review of design-related documents. Data analyses were carried out using a method called “Change Analysis”. This investigation revealed a complex combination of problems which result in inadequate consideration of maintenance aspects. Several urgent needs for changes to eliminate these problems were identified.</p><p>Another study was carried out to develop a model for calculation of the repair costs for damages of different road barrier types and to analyse how factors such as road type, speed limits, barrier types, barrier placement, type of road section, alignment and seasonal effects affect the barrier damages and the associated repair costs. This study was carried out using a method called the “Case Study Research Method”. Data was collected from 1087 barrier repairs in two regional offices of the Swedish Road Administration, the Central Region and the Western Region. A table was established for both regions containing the repair cost per vehicle kilometre for different combinations of barrier types, road types and speed limits. This table can be used by the designers in the calculation of the life-cycle costs for different road barrier types.</p>

The cost of a road construction over its service life is a function of the design, quality of construction, maintenance strategies and maintenance operations. Unfortunately, designers often neglect a very important aspect which is the possibility to perform future maintenance activities. The focus is mainly on other aspects such as investment costs, traffic safety, aesthetic appearance, regional development and environmental effects. This licentiate thesis is a part of a Ph.D. project entitled “Road Design for lower maintenance costs” that aims to examine how the life-cycle costs can be optimized by selection of appropriate geometrical designs for the roads and their components. The result is expected to give a basis for a new method used in the road planning and design process using life-cycle cost analysis with particular emphasis on road maintenance. The project started with a review of literature with the intention to study conditions causing increased needs for road maintenance, the efforts made by the road authorities to satisfy those needs and the improvement potential by consideration of maintenance aspects during planning and design. An investigation was carried out to identify the problems which obstruct due consideration of maintenance aspects during the road planning and design process. This investigation focused mainly on the road planning and design process at the Swedish Road Administration. However, the road planning and design process in Denmark, Finland and Norway were also roughly evaluated to gain a broader knowledge about the research subject. The investigation was carried out in two phases: data collection and data analysis. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews with expert actors involved in planning, design and maintenance and by a review of design-related documents. Data analyses were carried out using a method called “Change Analysis”. This investigation revealed a complex combination of problems which result in inadequate consideration of maintenance aspects. Several urgent needs for changes to eliminate these problems were identified. Another study was carried out to develop a model for calculation of the repair costs for damages of different road barrier types and to analyse how factors such as road type, speed limits, barrier types, barrier placement, type of road section, alignment and seasonal effects affect the barrier damages and the associated repair costs. This study was carried out using a method called the “Case Study Research Method”. Data was collected from 1087 barrier repairs in two regional offices of the Swedish Road Administration, the Central Region and the Western Region. A table was established for both regions containing the repair cost per vehicle kilometre for different combinations of barrier types, road types and speed limits. This table can be used by the designers in the calculation of the life-cycle costs for different road barrier types.

The cost of a road construction over its service life is a function of the design, quality of construction, maintenance strategies and maintenance operations. Unfortunately, designers often neglect a very important aspect which is the possibility to perform future maintenance activities. The focus is mainly on other aspects such as investment costs, traffic safety, aesthetic appearance, regional development and environmental effects. This licentiate thesis is a part of a Ph.D. project entitled “Road Design for lower maintenance costs” that aims to examine how the life-cycle costs can be optimized by selection of appropriate geometrical designs for the roads and their components. The result is expected to give a basis for a new method used in the road planning and design process using life-cycle cost analysis with particular emphasis on road maintenance. The project started with a review of literature with the intention to study conditions causing increased needs for road maintenance, the efforts made by the road authorities to satisfy those needs and the improvement potential by consideration of maintenance aspects during planning and design. An investigation was carried out to identify the problems which obstruct due consideration of maintenance aspects during the road planning and design process. This investigation focused mainly on the road planning and design process at the Swedish Road Administration. However, the road planning and design process in Denmark, Finland and Norway were also roughly evaluated to gain a broader knowledge about the research subject. The investigation was carried out in two phases: data collection and data analysis. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews with expert actors involved in planning, design and maintenance and by a review of design-related documents. Data analyses were carried out using a method called “Change Analysis”. This investigation revealed a complex combination of problems which result in inadequate consideration of maintenance aspects. Several urgent needs for changes to eliminate these problems were identified. Another study was carried out to develop a model for calculation of the repair costs for damages of different road barrier types and to analyse how factors such as road type, speed limits, barrier types, barrier placement, type of road section, alignment and seasonal effects affect the barrier damages and the associated repair costs. This study was carried out using a method called the “Case Study Research Method”. Data was collected from 1087 barrier repairs in two regional offices of the Swedish Road Administration, the Central Region and the Western Region. A table was established for both regions containing the repair cost per vehicle kilometre for different combinations of barrier types, road types and speed limits. This table can be used by the designers in the calculation of the life-cycle costs for different road barrier types. / QC 20101112

Finding an optimal route for a new highway alignment is a task which requires a lot of resources. In the planning phase, choosing the location of a new highway alignment is very important as it will heavily affect the total construction cost. However, the perfect location of a new highway alignment is ambiguous depending on many parameters. The objective of this study is to explore the use of Geographical Information Systems when designing candidate locations, in the planning phase of the construction, of new highway alignments. This will be executed by finding least-cost corridors in a raster space known as a cost map based on stated criteria. The least-cost corridors are calculated using a Least-Cost Corridor algorithm (Shirabe, 2015) and will represent an area of the optimal location. The study is based on calculations performed in an area containing parts of the E4-highway in Jönköping, Sweden. The study area is approximately 50,000 hectares, containing features such as water bodies, urban areas, fields, forests, hills and more. Lantmäteriet provides the datasets available at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. All feature layers are converted to raster in ArcMap, which allows the use of ArcGIS Spatial Analyst tools and to assign values to different fields in a layer. Due to limitations of the algorithm, the study area is divided into two sections and the raster layers are aggregated from a cell size of 2 meters to a cell size of 20 meters. By assigning scoring to the different feature layers, and allocation of criterion weights between the layers, cost criteria maps will be calculated. Three cost maps are calculated with three different allocations using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Finally, to generate the optimal candidate highway alignments using the algorithm, the corridor width is set to 400 meters which is 20 pixels in the raster space. In conclusion, what we found is that GIS works well as a tool for the purpose of designing candidate locations of alternative routes of existing highways. However, the results are suggestive which means that the computer cannot be left alone to choose a final alignment. Instead, it facilitates the work and perfects a problem based on human conceptualizations of the real world. The limitations of GIS for this purpose is mainly the cost assessment and allocation of weights between criteria. It is difficult to establish the significance of one layer to another since all criteria do not have an actual cost. It is important to note that any weights will be subjective, further reinforcing GIS as a means for getting suggestive results for highway alignment problems.

The cost of a road construction over its service life is a function of design, quality of construction as well as maintenance strategies and operations. An optimal life-cycle cost for a road requires evaluations of the above mentioned components. Unfortunately, road designers often neglect a very important aspect, namely, the possibility to perform future maintenance activities. Focus is mainly directed towards other aspects such as investment costs, traffic safety, aesthetic appearance, regional development and environmental effects. This doctoral thesis presents the results of a research project aimed to increase consideration of road maintenance aspects in the planning and design process. The following subgoals were established: Identify the obstacles that prevent adequate consideration of future maintenance during the road planning and design process; and Examine optimisation of life-cycle costs as an approach towards increased efficiency during the road planning and design process. The research project started with a literature review aimed at evaluating the extent to which maintenance aspects are considered during road planning and design as an improvement potential for maintenance efficiency. Efforts made by road authorities to increase efficiency, especially maintenance efficiency, were evaluated. The results indicated that all the evaluated efforts had one thing in common, namely ignorance of the interrelationship between geometrical road design and maintenance as an effective tool to increase maintenance efficiency. Focus has mainly been on improving operating practises and maintenance procedures. This fact might also explain why some efforts to increase maintenance efficiency have been less successful. An investigation was conducted to identify the problems and difficulties, which obstruct due consideration of maintainability during the road planning and design process. A method called “Change Analysis” was used to analyse data collected during interviews with experts in road design and maintenance. The study indicated a complex combination of problems which result in inadequate consideration of maintenance aspects when planning and designing roads. The identified problems were classified into six categories: insufficient consulting, insufficient knowledge, regulations and specifications without consideration of maintenance aspects, insufficient planning and design activities, inadequate organisation and demands from other authorities. Several urgent needs for changes to eliminate these problems were identified. One of the problems identified in the above mentioned study as an obstacle for due consideration of maintenance aspects during road design was the absence of a model for calculating life-cycle costs for roads. Because of this lack of knowledge, the research project focused on implementing a new approach for calculating and analysing life-cycle costs for roads with emphasis on the relationship between road design and road maintainability. Road barriers were chosen as an example. The ambition is to develop this approach to cover other road components at a later stage. A study was conducted to quantify repair rates for barriers and associated repair costs as one of the major maintenance costs for road barriers. A method called “Case Study Research Method” was used to analyse the effect of several factors on barrier repairs costs, such as barrier type, road type, posted speed and seasonal effect. The analyses were based on documented data associated with 1625 repairs conducted in four different geographical regions in Sweden during 2006. A model for calculation of average repair costs per vehicle kilometres was created. Significant differences in the barrier repair costs were found between the studied barrier types. In another study, the injuries associated with road barrier collisions and the corresponding influencing factors were analysed. The analyses in this study were based on documented data from actual barrier collisions between 2005 and 2008 in Sweden. The result was used to calculate the cost for injuries associated with barrier collisions as a part of the socio-economic cost for road barriers. The results showed significant differences in the number of injuries associated with collisions with different barrier types. To calculate and analyse life-cycle costs for road barriers a new approach was developed based on a method called “Activity-based Life-cycle Costing”. By modelling uncertainties, the presented approach gives a possibility to identify and analyse factors crucial for optimising life-cycle costs. The study showed a great potential to increase road maintenance efficiency through road design. It also showed that road components with low investment costs might not be the best choice when including maintenance and socio-economic aspects. The difficulties and problems faced during the collection of data for calculating life-cycle costs for road barriers indicated a great need for improving current data collecting and archiving procedures. The research focused on Swedish road planning and design. However, the conclusions can be applied to other Nordic countries, where weather conditions and road design practices are similar. The general methodological approaches used in this research project may be applied also to other studies. / <p>QC 20110407</p>

Für die Trassierung von Straßenverkehrsanlagen hat sich neben anderen Methoden die Verwendung von Biegelinealen als vorteilhaft erwiesen und vor über 50 Jahren etabliert. Inzwischen hat der Einsatz moderner Entwurfssoftware in den Straßenbauverwaltungen und Planungsbüros das Biegelineal trotz seiner Vorteile aus der Praxis verdrängt. Keines der Entwurfsprogramme legt das strukturmechanische Prinzip des Biegelineals zugrunde, da die Verformungen des zu Trassierungszwecken ausgelegten Biegelineals nicht exakt berechnet werden können. An diesem Punkt setzt die vorliegende Arbeit an, sie umgeht das Problem auf numerischem Wege unter Anwendung der Finiten Elemente Methode (FEM). So lassen sich über Strukturanalysen die Verformungen einer um seine Hauptträgheitsachsen punktuell ausgelenkten, prismatischen Balkenstruktur mit doppeltsymmetrischem Querschnitt berechnen. Mit der Analyseantwort ergeben sich insbesondere die dreidimensionalen Koordinaten einer Punktfolge, welche die Biegelinie quasiexakt repräsentiert. Die dreidimensionale Biegelinie setzt sich aus einer Achse und einer Gradiente zusammen und ist im Rahmen der Vorplanung geeignet, eine richtliniengerechte Straßenverkehrsanlage zu erzeugen. Das Untersuchungsergebnis stellt eine neuartige Grundlage für ein dreidimensionales Trassierungsverfahren dar, bei dem ein mathematisch modelliertes Biegelineal im Digitalen Geländemodell (DGM) verformt wird.