The introduction and signing of the Economic Partnership Agreements (hereafter EPA’s) have been received with mixed feelings legally, politically and economically. African Caribbean and Pacific countries have taken different positions with regards to their signing, ratification and implementation. A lot has been written about the legal effect of EPA’ The Southern Africa Customs Union (hereafter SACU) has not been spared either. SACU is made up of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland. Article 31 (3) of the 2002 SACU Agreement prohibits any of the SACU member states to negotiate and enter into new preferential agreements with third parties or amend existing agreements without the consent of other member states. Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland signed Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union in direct violation of article 31 (3) of the 2002 SACU Agreement. The actions of these three countries have exposed the vulnerabilities and short-comings of the 2002 Agreement. The key findings of this study are that Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland have violated the 2002 Agreement. Namibia and South Africa have openly castigated the actions of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. SACU institutions that are mandated to monitor and implement the 2002 Agreement such as the Council of Ministers, Customs Union Commission, Secretariat, Tariff Board, Technical Liaison Committees and ad hoc Tribunal appear to have not taken sufficient action to penalise the actions of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. This has led some critics to argue that the SACU 2002 Agreement has to be reviewed or suspended or that it has lost its legal force. / Thesis (LLM (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The purpose of this study is to investigate to what extent the Lordship of Christ is a reality in the life and faith of Christians in the South African township of Soshanguve, north-west of Pretoria. The study is based on empirical research conducted in Soshanguve between 1996 and 1999, among members of the following three denominations: the Evangelical Lutheran Church, the Zion Christian Church, and a group of Pentecostal and charismatic churches. During the first phase the research had a predominantly quantitative nature (survey research). The second phase involved a qualitative research (in depth-interviews, analysis of written documents and sermons). After an introductory chapter and a chapter giving the necessary background, chapter 3 describes the survey research, and chapters 4 to 6 examine the Lordship of Christ as it functions in the Evangelical Lutheran Church, the Zion Christian Church and the Pentecostal/charismatic churches respectively. This research shows that in the faith of many church members the Lordship of Jesus Christ is a vague notion. It is accepted that Jesus Christ has died for our sins in the past, but it is less clear what He is doing presently. The living Christ is a remote figure in the faith of the majority of church members. The gap which is left, is filled by the laws of the church and/or the leadership of the church. Chapter 7 gives an analysis of the results. It appears that several backgrounds have to be taken into account: (1) the influence of African traditional religion, (2) the influence of Western secularism, (3) the influence of specific doctrinal tenets of the given denomination. Chapter 8 offers a Biblical perspective on aspects which have to be dealt with in order to strengthen the notion of the Lordship of Christ in the life and faith of Christians. These are: the concept of God, the concept of salvation, the person of Christ, the Lordship of Christ over the life of the individual believer, and the Lordship of Christ over the world. / Thesis (Th.D.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2001

The introduction and signing of the Economic Partnership Agreements (hereafter EPA’s) have been received with mixed feelings legally, politically and economically. African Caribbean and Pacific countries have taken different positions with regards to their signing, ratification and implementation. A lot has been written about the legal effect of EPA’ The Southern Africa Customs Union (hereafter SACU) has not been spared either. SACU is made up of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland. Article 31 (3) of the 2002 SACU Agreement prohibits any of the SACU member states to negotiate and enter into new preferential agreements with third parties or amend existing agreements without the consent of other member states. Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland signed Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union in direct violation of article 31 (3) of the 2002 SACU Agreement. The actions of these three countries have exposed the vulnerabilities and short-comings of the 2002 Agreement. The key findings of this study are that Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland have violated the 2002 Agreement. Namibia and South Africa have openly castigated the actions of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. SACU institutions that are mandated to monitor and implement the 2002 Agreement such as the Council of Ministers, Customs Union Commission, Secretariat, Tariff Board, Technical Liaison Committees and ad hoc Tribunal appear to have not taken sufficient action to penalise the actions of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. This has led some critics to argue that the SACU 2002 Agreement has to be reviewed or suspended or that it has lost its legal force. / Thesis (LLM (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The purpose of this study is to investigate to what extent the Lordship of Christ is a reality in the life and faith of Christians in the South African township of Soshanguve, north-west of Pretoria. The study is based on empirical research conducted in Soshanguve between 1996 and 1999, among members of the following three denominations: the Evangelical Lutheran Church, the Zion Christian Church, and a group of Pentecostal and charismatic churches. During the first phase the research had a predominantly quantitative nature (survey research). The second phase involved a qualitative research (in depth-interviews, analysis of written documents and sermons). After an introductory chapter and a chapter giving the necessary background, chapter 3 describes the survey research, and chapters 4 to 6 examine the Lordship of Christ as it functions in the Evangelical Lutheran Church, the Zion Christian Church and the Pentecostal/charismatic churches respectively. This research shows that in the faith of many church members the Lordship of Jesus Christ is a vague notion. It is accepted that Jesus Christ has died for our sins in the past, but it is less clear what He is doing presently. The living Christ is a remote figure in the faith of the majority of church members. The gap which is left, is filled by the laws of the church and/or the leadership of the church. Chapter 7 gives an analysis of the results. It appears that several backgrounds have to be taken into account: (1) the influence of African traditional religion, (2) the influence of Western secularism, (3) the influence of specific doctrinal tenets of the given denomination. Chapter 8 offers a Biblical perspective on aspects which have to be dealt with in order to strengthen the notion of the Lordship of Christ in the life and faith of Christians. These are: the concept of God, the concept of salvation, the person of Christ, the Lordship of Christ over the life of the individual believer, and the Lordship of Christ over the world. / Thesis (Th.D.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2001

This study has two main focus areas. Firstly, it attempts to construct a theological model or framework for Baptist denominationalism. In order to achieve this, the historical origins of Baptist denominationalism are noted, together with the main forms of denominational structures. The theological grounds for denominationalism from a Baptist perspective are set out to ensure that Baptist denominationalism is a legitimate pursuit. Historical Baptist distinctives and Baptist identity are investigated, critiqued and discussed from a theological point of view, and their implications for Baptist denominationalism noted. These implications are drawn together into a framework which is presented as key principles for consistent Baptist denominationalism. Secondly, the theological framework for consistent Baptist denominationalism is used to evaluate three Baptist denominational groupings in South Africa, namely, the Baptist Union of Southern Africa, Sola 5, and the Fellowship of Baptist Churches of South Africa. The objective of this evaluation is to establish whether the latter two groupings, being more recent, provide an improvement of Baptist denominationalism when compared to the longer established Baptist Union. In order to do this, the structures and functioning of each of the groupings are examined and critiqued. The findings of this study suggest that the Baptist Union of South Africa has a number of crucial weaknesses that are substantially improved in the structures and practices of Sola 5 and the Fellowship of Baptist Churches of South Africa. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Dogmatics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

This study has two main focus areas. Firstly, it attempts to construct a theological model or framework for Baptist denominationalism. In order to achieve this, the historical origins of Baptist denominationalism are noted, together with the main forms of denominational structures. The theological grounds for denominationalism from a Baptist perspective are set out to ensure that Baptist denominationalism is a legitimate pursuit. Historical Baptist distinctives and Baptist identity are investigated, critiqued and discussed from a theological point of view, and their implications for Baptist denominationalism noted. These implications are drawn together into a framework which is presented as key principles for consistent Baptist denominationalism. Secondly, the theological framework for consistent Baptist denominationalism is used to evaluate three Baptist denominational groupings in South Africa, namely, the Baptist Union of Southern Africa, Sola 5, and the Fellowship of Baptist Churches of South Africa. The objective of this evaluation is to establish whether the latter two groupings, being more recent, provide an improvement of Baptist denominationalism when compared to the longer established Baptist Union. In order to do this, the structures and functioning of each of the groupings are examined and critiqued. The findings of this study suggest that the Baptist Union of South Africa has a number of crucial weaknesses that are substantially improved in the structures and practices of Sola 5 and the Fellowship of Baptist Churches of South Africa. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Dogmatics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Humboldt-Univ., Diss.--Berlin, 2004. / Zsfassung in dt. Sprache.

Although grindstones - that is, pairs of stone implements used to grind, pound, pulverise or otherwise process intermediate materials - have been intensively studied by archaeologists in other parts of the world, in southern Africa to date they have received little attention. Despite a near-ubiquitous presence on Middle and Later Stone Age archaeological sites, their primary function in archaeological reconstructions has been as proxies for other behaviours. These include behavioural modernity; gender; particular plant types, such as geophytes/underground storage organs. This doctoral thesis interrogates grindstones with a view not only to establishing specific (rather than proxy) uses in the southern African archaeological record,but also as a means to explore the gathered side of hunter-gatherer lifeways, which have also historically been neglected. It does this by developing a methodological toolkit for grindstone analysis in southern Africa. Comparison of archaeological and historical literature from the southern African Grassland Biome and elsewhere suggests a tension between archaeological accounts which posit geophyte and mineral pigment grinding as a primary purpose for grindstones and ethnohistorical accounts suggesting that grass-processing was a staple of hunter-gatherer life. Finally, a corpus of putative grindstones from the site of Ha Makotoko in western Lesotho is typologically assessed and analysed for plant starches and phytoliths. It emerges that at this site, and in contrast to received wisdom, geophyte grinding was not extensive but by contrast, grass seed processing was practised. This belies models suggesting that C4 grass seeds were unlikely to have contributed to hunter-gatherer diets, and questions interpretations of grass 'bedding' as well as the distinction between 'forager' and 'farmer'. Most importantly, this thesis validates the idea that grindstone study is worthwhile, and should be integrated into wider lithic study in southern Africa as a matter of course.

A Comunidade para o Desenvolvimento da África Austral (SADC) é um dos principais processos de integração regional da África. A criação da Comunidade está fundada no processo de descolonização da África Austral e na mobilização dos Estados da Linha de Frente na contenção das políticas de desestabilização da África do Sul durante o período do apartheid. A concepção de regionalismo desenvolvimentista, na qual os processos de integração regionais têm objetivos mais amplos do que os meramente comerciais, vai ao encontro da realidade da África Austral. O conceito de comunidade de segurança também é útil para compreender as relações regionais que envolvem a criação e o desenvolvimento da SADC ao longo das décadas, tendo em vista a sua atuação também nas questões securitárias. O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar a evolução da SADC, desde a sua criação até os anos 2000, enfatizando os aspectos históricos e políticos desse processo. Parte-se do pressuposto de que há uma forte relação entre segurança, desenvolvimento, paz e integração e que não há como a integração econômica aprofundar-se em um contexto de instabilidade político-securitária regional. / The Community for the Southern African Development Community (SADC) is one of the main regional integration processes in Africa. The creation of the Community has its origins in the process of decolonization in Southern Africa and in the Front Line States the mobilization to contain the destabilization policies by South Africa during the apartheid period. The concept of developmental regionalism, in which the processes of regional integration have broader objectives than purely commercial, folows the reality of Southern Africa. The concept of security community is also useful for understanding regional relations involving the creation and development of SADC over the decades, concerning your activity also in security issues. The aim of this study is to analyze the evolution of SADC since its creation until the 2000’s, emphasizing the historical and political aspects of this process. It adopts the assumption that there is a strong relationship between security, development, integration and peace and there is no way to deepen economic integration in a context of regional political and security instability. / La Communauté de Développement de l'Afrique Australe est l'un des principaux processus d'intégration régionale en Afrique . La création de la Communauté est fondée dans le processus de décolonisation en Afrique australe et dans la mobilisation de les État du Linge de Front pour contenir les politiques de déstabilisation de l'Afrique du Sud au cours de la période de l'apartheid. Le concept de régionalisme développementiste, dans lequel les processus d'intégration régionale ont des objectifs plus larges que purement commerciale, répond à la réalité de l'Afrique Australe . Le concept de communauté de sécurité est également utile pour comprendre les relations régionales sur la création et le développement de la SADC au cours des décennies , en vue de ses performances aussi dans les questions sécuritaire . L’objectif de cette étude est d'analyser l'évolution de la SADC depuis sa création jusqu'aux années 2000 , mettant l'accent sur les aspects historiques et politiques de ce processus . Séjours à l'hypothèse selon laquelle il existe une relation forte entre la sécurité, le développement, l'intégration et la paix et il n'ya aucun moyen d'approfondir l'intégration économique dans un contexte d’instabilité politique et securitaire régionale.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A dissertação analisa as possibilidades e apresenta os pressupostos para harmonização do Direito Penal Económico na África Austral. Nela trabalha-se com a hipótese de que o referido processo é inexorável no âmbito da integração regional. Para o efeito, são abordadas questões criminologicas, exigências político-criminais bem como dogmáticas que permitam propor a referida harmonização legislativas, na perspectiva do direito a constituir. É destacada a pertinência de se empreenderem reformas nas legislações penais dos Estados-membros, com vista a atender aos ilícitos econômicos, considerando que a acentuada disparidade legislativa é um factor que, de certa forma, pode cercear as acções que têm sido realizadas no âmbito da prevenção e combate a criminalidade econômica na região. Disserta-se sobre as peculiaridades do delinquente e especificidades da delinquência econômica ao nível da SADC e, seguidamente, se descreve a forma de concretização da almejada harmonização, tendo como base dois estudos realizados sobre a matéria e igual número de modelos, os quais priorizam dois eixos, designadamente: o eixo dos delitos e o das penas; sendo que no primeiro descata-se a necessidade de uniformizar não só as condutas delituosas a tipificar, mas, sobretudo a técnica para sua tipificação. Como segundo eixo, aborda-se a pertinência de se aproximar as medidas de reação penal as sanções penais. Por fim, em sede da conclusão realça-se a existência de fundamentos e requisitos dogmáticos, político-criminais e criminológicos que permitem realizar a harmonização do Direito penal econômico na SADC, como medida necessária para a prevenção e represão da criminalidade econômica transnacional, intrínsecamente ligada aos processos da globalização e de integração regional em curso. / The dissertation analyzes the possibilities and presents the conditions to achieve the harmonization of Economic Criminal Law in Southern Africa. In this view, the dissertation deal with criminological, criminal policy as well as dogmatic issues in order to propose such desired legislative harmonization and aiming to address the interrelationship between the various forces that support and those that hinder penal harmonization. As a main hypothesis, the dissertation considers that the criminal legislative harmonization is a necessary process in the context of regional integration, especially for those countries located in regions with close economic and political ties (as it is the case of southern African countries). Its emphasized the relevance of undertaking reforms on the SADCs members-states nationals criminal laws in order to improve prevention and combating economic crimes, as far as the differences on the members-states internal criminal legislations is a concern in the region. Is described the characteristics of the delinquents as well as the economic crimes on the SADC region. In this view, is explained how to undertake the desired harmonization, based on two studies and the same number of models related to the harmonization of economic criminal law. It is proposed that the harmonization process has to be made in two axes, mainly: the axis of the offenses and of the penalties. On the first degree is explained the need to harmonize the actions to be legally qualified as economic crimes as well as the legal mechanism for their legal provision. In the second axis is mentioned the issues regarded to the harmonization of criminal penalties. Finally, in the conclusion is underlined and demonstrated the presence of considerable factors and requirements towards the harmonization of economic criminal law in SADC, as it is a necessary measure to protect intra-state economic and financial interests, the common regional objectives as well as to prevent and combat transnational economic crimes, which is, indeed, strongly linked to the worldwide globalization and to the knit regional integration process.