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No / Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the need and resources firefighters have to deal with death and dying (D&D) that they encounter whilst on duty and to present a curriculum to support D&D issues for firefighters. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative methodology involving focus groups was conducted in two fire stations in Spain. The sample was 38 male participants with a mean age of 46 y/o (range: 30-59 years) and an average tenure of employment of 18 years (range: 6-35 years). Data were subjected to a thematic analysis. Dual coding of the transcripts in addition to member checking enhanced analysis. Findings – Nine themes emerged: witnessing D&D during rescue operations;memories about D&D and trauma; impact on firefighter’s families; decision-making process under stress; teamwork: protective and self-support; inadequate D&D preparation and training; adequate technical and physical training preparation; relationship between equipment, legal-moral obligation, and victims’ outcomes; communication issues: toward the victim and/or their relatives. These themes were subsequently framed into three basic domains: personal impact of D&D, team impact of D&D, and victim impact. Each domain, in its turn, is covered by three curriculum topics. The curriculum’s pedagogy is primarily based on experimental-reflective activities during 16 study-hours. Research limitations/implications – The absence of female participants. All fire stations were in cities with no more than 150,000 inhabitants. Practical implications – Individuals who take this curriculum will: increase their ability for self-care and resilience; improve teamwork, leadership skills, and to decrease burnout; provide more effective care for victims; provide skills to cope with compassion fatigue; reduced the levels of post-traumatic stress disorders. Originality/value – Understanding firefighters’ needs with relation to D&D, and assessing the resources available to mitigate these issues will provide a comprehensive approach to their education and promote health both personally and professionally. A comparable curriculum or proposal has not been previously identified.

Historical investigation of culture contact between raiding aboriginal Indian groups and Spanish colonists. Significant insights concerning conflicting concepts of ownership and property.

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This work is about the secular significance of religious expression in Spain. It is also primarily an ethnographic study of several aspects of everyday life in a Spanish town in 1981. There are four main aims: to explain the relationship between local customs and beliefs and nationally sanctioned symbol systems - in particular, but among others, the relationship between the 750 year old cult of the Cross of Caravaca and the Catholic Church and Spanish State; to describe the unique behaviour of the Fiesta of the Caballos del Vino, and to give an account of one instance of the popular Moors and Christians Fiesta; to describe and analyse the social structure of a provincial town; and to show how important symbols are affected by social change. The thesis is divided into five parts and a conclusion. The first part deals with the geographical setting and the relationship of this study of Caravaca to other anthropological studies undertaken in Spain. The second is concerned with the details of everyday life. It shows the relationship between town and countryside and between everyday economic and political concerns and everyday religious activities. The third part includes a description of the largest and most influential institution in the town - the Cofradia —- and a discussion of religious devotion and the cult of the Cross of Caravaca. The fourth, a description of the Fiestas held in honour of the Cross of Caravaca, and especially the Jubilee year of the 750th anniversary of the apparition of the Cross, the pageant of Moors and Christians, and the unique 'Horses of the Wine 1 competition, provides a contrast with more mundane activities. In the fifth part an examination of the Fiesta symbols contains a discussion of festival behaviour in relation to the everyday life of the town, and changes that have taken place and continue to take place. These sections are followed by a brief conclusion.

The facies evolution of the Cretaceous/Tertiary sequence of NW Santander is considered in relation to the Cretaceous rifting and drifting, and Tertiary partial closure of the Bay of Biscay. Overlying the Palaeozoic basement are the fluvial Lower Triassic Buntersandstone and Upper Triassic Keuper evaporitic mudstone, deposited in a failed rift, extensional basin. Overlying Lower Jurassic carbonates are the syn-rift, continental elastics of the Vealden deposited in halfgrabens cut by transfer faults. The Vealden consists of two formations:- the lower, arenaceous-rich Barcena Mayor Fm. (braided stream environment) and the upper, argillaceous-rich Vega de Pas Fm. (meandering river). Overlying it is the Aptian Umbrera Fm. (calcarenite sheet), the Patrocinio Fm. (shoaling-up ward sandstone/marl alternation), the San Esteban Fm. (requienid/foraminiferal biomicrite of the internal platform) and the marls of the Rodezas Fm. The Upper Aptian Reocin Fm. is a requienid/foraminiferal biomicrite with thinned calcarenites deposited over active, diapiric palaeohighs. After initial marine and then equant calcite (meteoric phreatic) cementation, invasion of meteoric-derived groundwater over palaeohighs generated lenses of sucrosic dolomite in the Reocin Fm. Local mixing of further groundwater and Keuper-derived, sulphate-rich waters in karstic caverns precipitated sparry, baroque dolomite and Pb/Zn sulphides (by bacterial sulphate reduction). The clastic Lower Albian is a transgressive fluvial/estuarine/inner shelf sequence with tidal estuarine channels and sandwaves. The Middle/Upper Albian (syn-drift) has basal calcarenitic tidal sandwaves and is followed by storm/wave-reworked carbonates deposited on a homoclinal ramp. The clastic Lower Cenomanian is an estuarine/inner shelf deposit with tidal sandwaves and sandbars. The Middle/Upper Cenomanian is a storm/tide-dominated calcarenite. Outer shelf marls occur in the Turonian to Middle Campanian and the Upper Campanian to Middle Eocene is a sandy, foraminiferal inner shelf limestone. The Upper Eocene/Oligocene (syn-compression) is a carbonate slope-apron-reefal flysch deposit. It includes hemipelagic marl, neritic-derived calcarenitic turbidites and rudaceous mass flow deposits with highly polymict conglomerates. These were deposited coevally with Keuper piercement and thrust reactivation and date the Pyrenean compressional deformation here.

This project examines questions of national identity and democracy in television through the analysis of the production processes of audience discussion programmes. The study of television debates, as public spaces through which members of particular communities discuss topics of common concern, shed some light on two different questions. On the one hand, this project explores whether the (re)construction of national and cultural identity intervenes in the process of programme-making within stateless nations. On the other hand, audience discussion programmes are examined to assess whether they can function as democratic spheres of social representation in the media. These two strands of research are developed through ethnographic insights into two television debates: Scottish Women - produced by the commercial company Scottish Television (STV), and La Vida en un Xip - transmitted through the. Catalan public television channel TV3 and produced by the production company DCo.S.A. A comparative study of these two programmes and their respective broadcasting contexts is provided. Also, the distinctive political status of Scotland and Catalonia within their respective states - Britain and Spain - and the European and international contexts, is examined in relation to the media. The current debates concerning nationalism, the nation and national identity are discussed on the basis of culture as the essential element of the nation-building process. This study explores the process of cultural identity fonnation in Scotland and Catalonia and the role of their respective media structures as potential actors in the (re)construction of collective identities. Thus, the analysis of television production is regarded as a key instrument with which to assessh ow this medium intervenesi n such processes. Audience discussion programmes are examined as television formats with the potential for providing a democratic public sphere in the media. An expansion of the concept of the public sphere, its transformation and its role in contemporary societies is, therefore, essential to develop this argument. Also, the relation between television debates and the community is explored through a survey carried out amongst participants of Scottish Women and La Vida en un Xip. This work provides media studies with some keys to evaluate the role of television debates in the delicate political make-up of two nations without a state, Scotland and Catalonia. Questions of national and cultural identity are crucial to the policy-making of their respective broadcasting, industries. Yet, such questions are difficult to distinguish and define in their programming. The comparative analysis of the two case studies reveals that every person involved in television making reflects to a certain extent his/her own perceptions of the country, and therefore, television debates mirror the ambiguities that may lie behind them. This study provides some clues to reformulate the concept of the 'public sphere' on the basis of a 'dissection' of television production procedures. The findings also reveal the economic, political and social criteria that develop audience discussion programmes into spheres of entertainment rather than rational communicative environments in which a public sphere could function. The concepts of national identity and the public sphere are framed in the context of contemporary societies, in which post-modem values are eroding the role and interest of the individual in the political process.