Oxid uraničitý (UO2) je v současnosti nejčastěji používaným materiálem jakožto palivo v komerčních jaderných reaktorech. Největší nevýhodou UO2 je jeho velmi nízká tepelná vodivost, a protože se při štěpení UO2 v jaderném reaktoru vytváří velké množství tepla, vzniká v UO2 peletě velký teplotní gradient. Tento teplotní gradient způsobuje vznik velkého tepelného napětí uvnitř pelety, což následně vede k tvorbě trhlin. Tyto trhliny napomáhají k šíření štěpných plynů při vysoké míře vyhoření paliva. Tvorba trhlin a zvýšený vývin štěpného plynu posléze vede ke značnému snížení odolnosti jaderného paliva. Tato práce se zabývá problematikou zvyšování tepelné vodivosti jaderného paliva na modelu materiálu (CeO2). V této práci jsou studovány podobnosti chování CeO2 a UO2 při konvenčním slinováním a při „spark plasma sintering.“ Způsob jak zvýšit tepelnou vodivost použitý v této práci je včlenění vysoce tepelně vodivého materiálu, karbidu křemíku (SiC), do struktury CeO2 pelet. Od karbidu křemíku je očekáváno, že zvýší tok tepla z jádra pelety, a tím zvýší tepelnou vodivost CeO2. V této práci je také porovnávána podobnost chování SiC v CeO2 matrici s chováním SiC v UO2, které bylo popsáno v literatuře.

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The aim of this study was to understand the processing – structure – property relationships in spark plasma sintered (SPS) boron carbide (B4C) and B4C-titanium diboride (TiB2) ceramic composites. SPS allowed for consolidation of both B4C and B4C-TiB2 composites without sintering additives, residual phases, e.g., graphite, and excessive grain growth due to long sintering times. A selection of composite compositions in 20% TiB2 feedstock powder increments from 0% to 100%, was sintered at 1900°C for 25 minutes hold time. A homogeneous B4C-TiB2 composite microstructure was determined with excellent distribution of TiB2 phase, while achieving ~99.5% theoretical density. An optimum B4C-23 vol.% TiB2 composite composition with low density of ~3.0 g/cm3 was determined that exhibited ~30-35% increase in hardness, fracture toughness, and flexural bend strength compared to commercial armor-grade B4C. This is a result of a) no residual graphitic carbon in the composites, b) interfacial microcrack toughening due to thermal expansion coefficient differences placing the B4C matrix in compression and TiB2 phase in tension, and c) TiB2 phase aids in crack deflection thereby increasing the amount of intergranular fracture. Collectively, the addition of TiB2 serves as a strengthening and toughening agent, and SPS shows promise for the manufacture of hybrid ceramic composites.

Alumina (Al2O3) matrix nanocomposites reinforced with a second nanometric phase have better mechanical properties, especially of hardness, fracture toughness and wear resistance compared to the monolithic alumina material. On the other hand, niobium carbide (NbC), as a second phase reinforcement, has properties that make it an ideal material for Al2O3 matrix ceramics, such as high melting temperature, high hardness, low chemical reactivity and a coeffi-cient of thermal expansion similar to the material of Al2O3, thus avoiding the appearance of cracks that diminish the resistance of the material. Currently, the largest reserves of niobium are in Brazil and the study on their use is a very important milestone for the country. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to obtain and character-ize Al2O3 matrix nanocomposites with a second phase of 5% of vol-ume of NbC nanoparticles obtained by reactive high-energy milling, using conventional sintering, Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) and Microwave. For this, the nanometric precursor powders of Al2O3-NbC were obtained reactive high-energy milling in SPEX mill, were sub-sequently deagglomerated, leached with hydrochloric acid, added to the Al2O3 matrix in the proportion of 5% of volume and dried under air flow. Powders of Al2O3-5vol.% NbC were sintered by different methods: conventional under an argon atmosphere, microwave and SPS using different temperatures. The precursor powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micros-copy (SEM) and particle size measurement. Conventional and SPS sintered nanocomposites were characterized microstructurally, the bulk density and hardness was studied by nanoindentation. SPS sintered nanocomposites were characterized with respect to Young's modulus by nanoindentation, fracture toughness and flex-ural strength. On the other hand, conventionally sintered and SPS nanocomposites were characterized with respect to wear resistance by the pin-on-disc technique, using WC-6% Co spheres with loads 30 and 60 N and Al2O3 spheres with loads 15 and 30 N. The results show that reactive high-energy milling has been complete and effi-cient in obtaining nanometric powders with crystallite sizes of 9.1 and 9.66 nm for Al2O3 and NbC, respectively. In addition, the deag-glomeration, after the reactive high-energy milling process, was ef-fective in the dispersion of the NbC inclusions in the Al2O3 matrix. However, it has not been possible to obtain high density Al2O3-5vol.% NbC nanocomposites using conventional sintering and mi-crowave sintering processes. In the sintering process by SPS, the nanocomposites presented high densities, close to the theoretical and, consequently, better hardness and resistance to wear com-pared to the materials obtained in a conventional furnace. The re-sults corresponding to the wear resistance have confirmed that this property is influenced by several factors such as the sintering meth-od and temperature, the spheres used as counter-material and the loads applied during the test. The final results indicated that the Al2O3-5vol.% NbC nanocomposites obtained by SPS have a great potential for the different industrial applications, which require mate-rials of high mechanical and wear performance. / Los nanocomposites de matriz alúmina (Al2O3) reforzados con una segunda fase nanométrica presentan mejores propiedades mecáni-cas, especialmente de dureza, tenacidad a la fractura y resistencia al desgaste, en comparación con el material monolítico de alúmina. Por otra parte, el carburo de niobio (NbC), como refuerzo de segun-da fase, presenta propiedades que lo convierten en un material ideal para las cerámicas de matriz Al2O3, tales como alta temperatura de fusión, alta dureza, baja reactividad química y un coeficiente de expansión térmica similar al material de Al2O3, evitando así la apari-ción de grietas que disminuyen la resistencia del material. Actual-mente, las mayores reservas de niobio se encuentran en Brasil y el estudio sobre su uso es un hito muy importante para el país. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta tesis es obtener y caracterizar nanocompo-sites de matriz de Al2O3 con una segunda fase del 5% en volumen de nanopartículas de NbC obtenidos por molienda reactiva de alta energía, y utilizando la sinterización convencional, Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) y microondas. Para ello, los nanométricos polvos precursores de Al2O3-NbC fueron obtenidos mediante molienda reactiva de alta energía en molino SPEX, desaglomerados, lixivia-dos con ácido clorhídrico, añadidos a la matriz de Al2O3 en la pro-porción de 5% en volumen y secado bajo flujo de aire. Los polvos de Al2O3-5vol.%NbC fueron sinterizados por diferentes métodos: con-vencional bajo una atmósfera de argón, microondas y SPS usando diferentes temperaturas. Los polvos precursores se caracterizaron por difracción de rayos X (XRD), microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) y la medición del tamaño de partícula. Los nanocomposites sinterizados convencionalmente y mediante SPS se caracterizaron microestructuralmente, se estudió la densidad aparente y la dureza por nanoindentación. Los nanocomposites sinterizados mediante SPS fueron caracterizados respecto el módulo de Young por nano-indentación, la tenacidad a la fractura y la resistencia a la flexión. Por otra parte, los nanocomposites sinterizados convencionalmente y mediante SPS fueron caracterizados respecto a resistencia al desgaste mediante la técnica de pin-on-disc, utilizando esferas de WC-6%Co con cargas 30 y 60 N y esferas de Al2O3 con cargas 15 y 30 N. Los resultados muestran que la molienda reactiva de alta energía ha sido completa y eficaz en la obtención de polvos nano-métricos con tamaños de cristalito de 9,1 y 9,66 nm para la Al2O3 y NbC, respectivamente. Además, la desaglomeración, después del proceso de molienda reactiva de alta energía, fue eficaz en la dis-persión de las inclusiones de NbC en la matriz de Al2O3. Sin embar-go, no ha sido posible obtener nanocomposites de Al2O3-5vol.%NbC con alta densidad usando procesos de sinterización convencional y microondas. En el proceso de sinterización mediante SPS, los nanocomposites presentaron altas densidades, cercanas a la teóri-ca y, en consecuencia, mejor dureza y resistencia al desgaste en comparación con los materiales obtenidos en un horno convencio-nal. Los resultados correspondientes a la resistencia al desgaste han confirmado que esta propiedad está influenciada por varios fac-tores tales como el método y temperatura de sinterización, las esfe-ras utilizadas como contramaterial y las cargas aplicadas durante el test. Los resultados finales indicaron que los nanocomposites de Al2O3-5vol.%NbC obtenidos mediante SPS tienen un gran potencial para las distintas aplicaciones industriales, las cuales requieren ma-teriales de alto rendimiento mecánico y al desgaste. / Els nanocomposites de matriu alúmina (Al2O3) reforçats amb una segona fase nanométrica presenten millors propietats mecàniques, especialment de duresa, tenacitat a la fractura i resistència al desgast, en comparació amb el material monolític d'alúmina. D'altra banda, el carbur de niobi (NbC), com a reforç de segona fase, presenta propietats que ho convertixen en un material ideal per a les ceràmiques de matriu Al2O3, com és l'alta temperatura de fusió, alta duresa, baixa reactivitat química i un coeficient d'expansió tèrmica semblant al material d'Al2O3, evitant així l'aparició de clavills que disminuïxen la resistència del material. Actualment, les majors reserves de niobi es troben a Brasil i l'estudi sobre el seu ús és una fita molt important per al país. Per tant, l'objectiu d'esta tesi és obtindre i caracteritzar nanocomposites de matriu d'Al2O3 amb una segona fase del 5% en volum de nanopartículas de NbC obtinguts per mòlta reactiva d'alta energia, i utilitzant la sinterització convencional, Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) i microones. Per a això, les pols precursores d'Al2O3-NbC van ser obtinguts per mitjà de mòlta reactiva d'alta energia en molí SPEX, desaglomerats, lixiviats amb àcid clorhídric, afegits a la matriu d'Al2O3 en la proporció de 5% en volum i assecat baix flux d'aire. Les pols d'Al2O3-5vol.%NbC van ser sinteritzats per diferents mètodes: convencional davall una atmosfera d'argó, microones i SPS usant diferents temperatures. Les pols precursores es van caracteritzar per difracció de rajos X (XRD), microscòpia electrònica d'agranat (SEM) i el mesurament de la grandària de partícula. Els nanocomposites sinteritzats convencionalment i per mitjà de SPS es van caracteritzar microestructuralment, es va estudiar la densitat aparent, i la duresa es van estudiar per nanoindentació. Els nanocomposites sinteritzats per mitjà de SPS es van caracteritzar el mòdul de Young es van estudiar per nanoindentació, la tenacitat a la fractura i la resistència a la flexió. D'altra banda, els nanocomposites sinteritzats convencionalment i per mitjà de SPS van ser caracteritzats respecte a resistència al desgast per mitjà de la tècnica de pin-on-disc, utilitzant esferes de WC-6%Co amb càrregues 30 i 60 N i esferes d'Al2O3 amb càrregues 15 i 30 N. Els resultats mostren que la mòlta reactiva d'alta energia ha sigut completa i eficaç en l'obtenció de pols nanométrics amb grandàries de cristalit de 9,1 i 9,66 nm per a l'Al2O3 i NbC, respectivament. A més, la desaglomeració, després del procés de mòlta reactiva d'alta energia, va ser eficaç en la dispersió de les inclusions de NbC en la matriu d'Al2O3. No obstant això, no ha sigut possible obtindre nanocomposites d'Al2O3-5vol.%NbC amb alta densitat usant processos de sinterització convencionals i microones. En el procés de sinterització per mitjà de SPS, els nanocomposites van presentar altes densitats, pròximes a la teòrica i, en conseqüència, millor duresa i resistència al desgast en comparació amb els materials obtinguts en un forn convencional. Els resultats corresponents a la resistència al desgast han confirmat que esta propietat està influenciada per diversos factors com ara el mètode i temperatura de sinterització, les esferes utilitzades com contramaterial i les càrregues aplicades durant el test. Els resultats finals van indicar que els nanocomposites d'Al2O3-5vol.%NbC obtinguts per mitjà de SPS tenen un gran potencial per a les distintes aplicacions industrials, les quals requerixen materials d'alt rendiment mecànic i al desgast. / Ribeiro Rodrigues Alecrim, L. (2017). DESENVOLVIMENTO DE NANOCOMPÓSITOS DE ALUMINA-CARBETO DE NIÓBIO POR SINTERIZAÇÃO NÃO-CONVENCIONAL [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90395

Sintering is an important processing step for obtaining the necessary mechanical stability and rigidity of ceramic bulk materials. Both mass and heat transfer are essential in the sintering process. The importance of radiation heat transfer is significantly enhanced at high temperatures according to the well-known Stefan-Boltzmann’s law. In this thesis, we modified the pressure-less spark plasma sintering set-up to generate intense thermal radiation, aiming at rapid consolidation of ceramic bulk materials. This approach was named as “Sintering by Intense Thermal Radiation (SITR)” as only thermal radiation contributed. Firstly, the heat and mass transfer mechanisms during the SITR process were studied by choosing zirconia ceramics as references. The results revealed that the multiple scattering and absorption of radiation by the materials contributed to the heat diffusion. The observed enhanced densification and grain growth can be explained by a multiple ordered coalescence of zirconia nanocrystals using high heating rates. Secondly, the temperature distribution during the SITR process was investigated by both numerical simulation and experimental verifications. It showed that the radiator geometry, sample geometry and radiating area were influencing factors. Besides, the change of material and geometry of the radiators resulted in an asymmetric temperature distribution that favored the formation of SiC foams. The foams had gradient structures with different open porosity levels and pore sizes and size distributions. Finally, ceramic bulk materials were successfully fabricated by the SITR method within minutes. These materials included dense and strong ZrO2 ceramics, Si3N4 foams decorated with one-dimensional nanostructures, and nasal cavity-like SiC-Si3N4 foams with hierarchical heterogeneities. Sufficient densification or formed strong necks were used for tailoring these unique microstructures. The SITR approach is well applicable for fast manufacture of ceramic bulk materials because it is clean and requires low energy consumption and properties can be controlled and tuned by selective heating, heating speed or temperature distribution. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>

A obtenção da sílica vítrea pelo processo de sinterização por plasma pulsado (SPS), a partir de matérias-primas de diferentes estruturas (cristalina e amorfa) e diferentes granulometrias, foi investigada. Análises de difração de raios X, transmitância óptica, microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura, e medições de densidade foram realizadas nas amostras sinterizadas. Sílicas vítreas transparentes foram fabricadas a partir de pós de quartzo atingindo-se temperaturas finais entre 1450 e 1600°C, enquanto que nanopó e pó amorfo de sílica formaram consolidados transparentes com temperaturas máximas próximas de 1200° C. Taxas de aquecimento entre 40 e 150°C/min. foram utilizadas nas sinterizações, com tempos de processo menores que 40 minutos. As maiores taxas de aquecimento exigiram uma maior temperatura final para a fusão completa do material cristalino e causaram, de forma indireta, a presença de aglomerações de micro-bolhas nas amostras obtidas com o nanopó. Um gradiente radial de temperatura (decrescente do centro para as bordas) foi observado nos consolidados fabricados com os pós cristalinos, facilitando o processo de fechamento da porosidade aberta. A presença ou ausência de material não fundido e de bolhas nas amostras foram analisadas por difratogramas de raios X, microscopia óptica e medidas de densidade. A análise da transmitância indicou uma quantidade praticamente nula de grupos OH nos compactos sinterizados com os pós cristalinos e em torno de 20 ppm no caso dos sólidos fabricados com matéria-prima sol-gel. Amostras de nanopós de sílica dopada com titânia (~6% em massa) foram processadas com temperaturas finais de 1200 e 1400°C apresentando coloração azulada e negra, respectivamente, e aumento dos clusters de titânia para a temperatura mais elevada. A sinterização a uma temperatura em torno 1200°C mantida por apenas 4 minutos resultou na conversão completa da fase anatase para a fase rutilo da titânia. / The production of vitreous silica by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) process, starting from raw materials of different structures (crystalline and amorphous) and granulometry were investigated. Analysis of X-ray diffraction, optical transmittance, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and density measurements were performed on the sintered compacts. Transparent vitreous silica was fabricated from quartz powder at final temperatures ranging from 1450 and 1600°C while silica nanopowder and silica powder formed transparent compacts at temperatures around 1200°C. Heating rates between 40 and 150° C/min. were used in processes with durations smaller than 40 minutes. Higher heating rates demanded higher final temperatures to complete the fusion process and caused, indirectly, the formation of micro-bubbles agglomerations in the samples produced from the nanopowder. A radial gradient of temperature (decreasing from the center to the border) was observed at the compacts fabricated with the crystalline powders favoring the closure of the open porosity. The presence or the absence of non-fused material and bubbles in the samples was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and density measurements. The transmittance analysis indicated an almost zero quantity of OH groups in the compacts sintered from crystalline powders and about 20 ppm in the solids fabricated from the sol-gel raw material. Nanopowder samples of silica titania (~6 wt % of titania) were processed with final temperatures of 1200°C and 1400°C presenting blue and black coloration, respectively, and an increase of the titania clusters for the highest temperature. The sintering at temperatures near 1200°C with a holding time of just 4 minutes caused the complete anatase-rutile conversion in titania.

Cerâmicas piezelétricas possibilitam posicionamento e sensoriamento de precisão ou captação de energia mecânica valendo-se do efeito piezelétrico, capaz de converter energia mecânica em elétrica ou o contrário. Para aprimorar ou estender as aplicações dessas cerâmicas, mecanismos flexíveis podem ser acoplados a elas, formando um Dispositivo Piezelétrico Flextensional (DPF). No projeto desse tipo de estrutura, o conceito de Material com Gradação Funcional (MGF) é interessante, já que esses materiais apresentam variações graduais de suas propriedades efetivas, permitindo a alternância entre um material mais flexível e um mais rígido de acordo com a intensidade de deslocamento desejada em cada região da estrutura. Assim, neste trabalho, implementa-se o Método de Otimização Topológica (MOT) no projeto de estruturas gradadas com o intuito de identificar as vantagens e desvantagens da utilização do conceito de MGF em DPF. Esse método combina algoritmos de otimização e o Métodos dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) para distribuir material dentro de um domínio fixo através de um modelo de material, que no presente caso é o de Material Isotrópico Sólido com Penalização (MISP) adaptado a MGF. Na fabricação desses dispositivos otimizados, utiliza-se a Sinterização por Jato de Plasma (SJP) para a obtenção de tarugos gradados que são submetidos a processos de eletro-erosão e de corte a laser. Por fim, para a verificação dos resultados numéricos, utiliza-se um vibrômetro para aferir os deslocamentos dos protótipos de atuadores fabricados. / Piezoelectric devices enable precision positioning and sensing or mechanical energy harvesting based on the piezoelectric effect. In flextensional piezoelectric devices, flexible coupling structures are attached to ceramics to improve or extend the application possibilities. On the design of this kind of structure, the concept of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) can be interesting, since it allows gradual variations of its effective properties along some direction by mixing two or more materials. Thus, in order to identify the advantages and disadvantages of using FGM, graded flexible coupling structures that maximize the performance of piezoelectric devices are obtained by implementing the Topology Optimization Method (TOM). This method combines optimization algorithms and the Finite Element Method (FEM) to distribute material inside a fixed domain. In this work, the formulation is based on the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) material model adapted for the FGM concept, which can represent continuous change in material properties along the domain. Resulting optimal graded topologies of coupling structures are presented and compared with homogeneous structures. Finally, graded devices are manufactured through Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique in order to be characterized, validating numerical results. The numerical results demonstrate the TOM efficacy in designing functionally graded piezoelectric devices and show, by its implementation, significant gains in graded mechanisms performance when compared with analogous homogeneous. Furthermore, the feasibility of proposed manufacturing process is confirmed, allowing the fabrication of prototypes with expected behavior.

Dans cette étude de doctorat, de la poudre de Y3Al5O12 (YAG) a été synthétisé avec plusieurs méthodes: atomisation, synthèse de réaction et co-précipitation. Le procédé de synthèse le plus prometteur, la co-précipitation, a été optimisé pour obtenir une poudre hautement frittable, présentant une phase pure. Le traitement approprié avant frittage, comprenant calcination, efficace dispersion et séchage homogène, a été réalisé. La poudre de YAG a été dispersée avec plusieurs méthodes, avant frittage. Grâce à la technique Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) une évaluation très rapide de l'influence des différents traitements a été réalisée. Il a été constaté que, pour une poudre obtenue avec une telle synthèse, la méthode de dispersion est cruciale afin de obtenir une transparence élevée du materiaux fritté. En raison de l'aptitude au frittage de la poudre, du traitement approprié avant frittage et de la basse température du cycle effectué par SPS, un matériau à grains fins a été obtenu. Des mesures de spectroscopie de photoélectrons (XPS) ont été effectuées sur la poudre de YAG et sur le matériaux fritté, et plusieurs differences ont été mises en évidence. Quelques hypothèses ont été faites pour expliquer les differences observées, et certains preuves supplémentaires pour les vérifier ont été mises en avant. Une poudre composite alumine-zircone-YAG a été synthétisé à partir d'une poudre d'alumine commerciale, qui a été fonctionnalisé avec chlorures de yttrium et de zirconium. Les traitements de pré-frittage appropriées ont été effectués, comprenant une calcination à basse température et une calcination "rapide", pour favoriser la germination des petits cristallites. Deux méthodes de mise en forme, coulage et pressage, ont été réalisées. Il a été constaté que le coulage permet la production de matériaux céramiques beaucoup plus homogènes. Une caractérisation mécanique préliminaire a été effectuée. Une caractérisation spectroscopique des poudres d'alumine-YAG, traités à basse et haute température, a été réalisée. Il a été mis en évidence que l'état d'hydratation des poudres varie avec la fonctionnalisation par les chlorures. La présence de sites Y sur la surface des poudres composites a été mise en évidence par XPS et à partir des spectres infrarouges (spectroscopie infrarouge par transformée de Fourier, FTIR) des échantillons soumis à des différentes pressions de monoxide de carbone (CO). / In this PhD study, Yttrium aluminum garnet (Y3Al5O12, YAG) powder was synthesised with several methods, i.e. spray drying, reaction synthesis and co-precipitation. The most promising synthesis method, i.e. co-precipitation, was optimized to obtain a pure phase, highly sinterable powder. The appropriate pre-sintering processing, i.e. calcination treatment, e fficient dispersion, homogeneous drying, were performed. YAG powder was dispersed with several methods, prior to sintering. Through Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) a very fast assessment of the influence of the various treatments was performed. It was found that, for the synthesised powder, the dispersion method is crucial to obtain a high transparency. Due to the high sinterability of the powder and to the appropriate pre-sintering treatment, a low temperature SPS cycle was performed, and a fine-grained material was obtained. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed on YAG powder and on the sintered material, and several di fferences were evidenced. Some hypothesis were made to explain the observed di fferences, and some additional proofs to verify them were put forward. A composite Alumina-YAG-Zirconia powder was synthesized, starting from a commercial alumina powder, which was functionalised with Yttrium and Zirconium chlorides. The appropriate pre-sintering treatments were performed, comprising a low temperature calcination and a "fast" calcination, to favour the germination of small crystallites. Two shaping methods, i.e. slip casting and pressing, were performed. It was found that slip casting allows the production of much more homogeneous ceramic materials. A preliminary mechanical characterization was performed. A spectroscopic characterization of Alumina-YAG powders, heat-treated at low and high temperatures, was performed. It was evidenced that the hydration state of the powders changes with chlorides functionalization. The presence of Y sites on the surface of the composite powders was evidenced by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and from the di fference spectra of powdered samples subjected to various CO pressures.

Les météorites sont des témoins de planétésimaux formés dans les cinq premiers millions d'années du système solaire. Leur grande diversité est liée à des évolutions thermiques différentes de leur corps parent, allant d'un simple métamorphisme à une différenciation complète manteau-noyau. Cette thèse s'intéresse à la mobilité relative silicate-métal dans les objets ayant connu un métamorphisme thermique ou la fusion partielle. Deux approches sont considérées : une naturaliste basée sur l'étude texturale d'échantillons naturels, l'autre expérimentale dans le but d'identifier et comprendre les processus physiques susceptibles de s'être produits. L'étude texturale sur les métaux et sulfures des chondrites ordinaires de type H, montre que, lorsque le métamorphisme augmente ces deux phases se séparent, changent de forme et croissent. Cette évolution se fait dans un ordre bien précis, cohérent avec les données de géochimie et les modèles thermiques, permettant de distinguer deux échantillons d'un même type pétrologique. On propose donc une nouvelle classification permettant de préciser l'actuelle. L'étude expérimentale de croissance cristalline a été menée sur des analogues synthétiques de météorites : le système forstérite+nickel±silicate fondu (Fo:Ni±SiF). Cette étude a été précédée par la mise en place d'un protocole de frittage par une technique peu connue en géosciences : le Spark Plasma Sintering. Les résultats montrent des mécanismes très différents entre Fo et Ni selon la proportion et la nature de chaque phase. Ces résultats sont en accord avec les observations faites sur objets naturels et permettent de préciser l'histoire thermique des planétésimaux.