Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 foschini_alr_dr_arafcf.pdf: 2774869 bytes, checksum: 61874ba4e1c73c163bf3bb3e1013e687 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Para estudar a associação da cárie dentária com indicadores antropométricos do estado nutricional em pré-escolares de 5 anos de idade, do município de Araraquara, SP, e sua relação com o espaço foi realizado este estudo de corte transversal. A amostra foi selecionada de forma probabilística estratificada. Foi realizado exame clínico bucal para investigação do Índice ceod e aferidas medidas antropométricas de peso e altura. Realizou-se cálculo dos indicadores de peso para altura (ZPA), altura para idade (ZAI), peso para idade (ZPI) e Índice de Massa Corpórea (ZIMC). A classificação do estado nutricional seguiu a referência da Organização Mundial de Saúde (1995). O nível de escolaridade e econômico do chefe de família foram avaliados. Para análise espacial, elaborou-se base georreferenciada. Confeccionou-se semivariograma experimental omini-direcional e krigagem dos dados de probabilidade oriundos de regressão logística múltipla. Ao final, participaram 602 pré-escolares. Este estudo foi apresentado em quatro capítulos. O Capítulo 1 investigou a prevalência da cárie dentária, sua associação com fatores sócio-demográficos e sua distribuição espacial. Dos participantes, 63,12% encontravam-se livres de experiência de cárie, o ceod médio observado foi de 1,22±2,23. Verificou-se associação significativa das variáveis gênero (OR:0,704; IC95%:0,501-0,990), escolaridade do chefe da família (OR:1,509; IC95%:1,043-2,182) e número de pessoas residentes com a criança (OR:1,528; IC95%:1,080-2,161) com a prevalência de cárie. As regiões noroeste, nordeste e sul do município apresentaram maior probabilidade de ocorrência de lesões. O Capítulo 2 avaliou o estado nutricional dos pré-escolares segundo os indicadores antropométricos. Observou-se 8,64% de déficit de peso para altura, 1,66% de baixo peso, 1,00% de déficit de altura... / This present study of the transversal cut has the aim to study the association of dental caries and anthropometric indicators of nutritional status in 5-year-old pre-school children in the city of Araraquara, SP and the relationship with space. The sample was selected in a probabilistic stratified way. A dental examination was conducted to investigate oral status indicators – dmft index and the weight and height of the children were measured. The anthropometric indicators of weight/height (WHZ), height/age (HAZ), weight/age (WAZ) and body mass index (BMIZ) were calculated. The classification of the nutritional status was accomplished according to the recommendation of the World Health Organization (1995). The education and economic level of the household head were evaluated. A georeferenced base was elaborated for spatial analysis. An ominous-directional experimental semivariogram and a map showing the Kriging data for the probabilistic occurrence from logistic regression analysis was used. 602 pre-school children participated. This study was presented in four chapters. The chapter 1 investigated the prevalence of dental caries, their association with socio-demographic characteristics and their spatial distribution. The prevalence of caries-free children in this study was 63,12%, the mean dmft was 1.22±2.23. There was a significant gender association (OR:0.704; IC95%:0.501-0.990), schooling of the household head (OR:1.508; IC95%:1.043-2.182) and number of people living with the child (OR:1.528; IC95%:1.080-2.161) according to dental caries prevalence The northwest, northeast and south region of the city indicated the regions that had higher probability of lesions. The chapter 2 evaluated the nutritional status of the preschoolers according to the anthropometric indicators. Of the preschoolers 8.64% were wasted, 1.66% were underweight, 1,00% were stunted... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The thesis deals with the analysis of spatial distinction of the chemical industry in the Czech Republic. The main aim of the thesis is to evaluate the disposition of chemical production in the Czech Republic and using the tools of spatial analysis, mainly location quotients and the Lorenz curve, to identify areas with the highest concentration of the chemical production. Further to identify areas with the greatest potential for the localization and development of the chemical production. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the economic aspects of the localization of the industry and defines the chemical industry itself in a broader context. The practical part deals with the position of the chemical industry in the Czech Republic and focuses on the territory analysis which identifies the regions with the highest concentration of the chemical industry in the Czech Republic

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a distribuição espaço-temporal de um representante da macrofauna de praias arenosas protegidas. As abordagens em diferentes escalas (mesoescala, microescala e escala temporal) foram empregadas. O gastrópode Olivella minuta, abundante na região entremarés da Baía do Araçá, foi utilizado para essas análises. Para o estudo em mesoescala, 16 estações foram demarcadas na região entremarés (julho/2009) e, em cada uma, foram coletadas 8 amostras biológicas e 3 de sedimento. Alguns fatores abióticos (carbonato de cálcio, matéria orgânica e coeficiente de seleção) influenciaram negativamente a abundância do gastrópode, enquanto relações entre O. minuta e as demais espécies da macrofauna não foram evidentes. Em microescala, em poças de maré (metros) e em \"ripple marks\" (centímetros) verificou-se que em escala de centímetros, o gastrópode foi mais abundante em locais com maior conteúdo de água no sedimento, enquanto em escala de metros a abundância não diferiu dentro e fora das poças. Em escala temporal, foram observadas flutuações mensais da densidade da população de O. minuta, com diminuição/ausência de indivíduos entre fevereiro e março, o que sugere a ocorrência de migrações e mortalidade. O presente trabalho mostrou que a distribuição desse gastrópode é influenciada por diferentes fatores que atuam em diferentes escalas. / The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of one of the species representative of the macrofauna of sheltered sandy beaches. Measurements using different scales (mesoscale, microscale and time scale) were utilized. The gastropod Olivella minuta, which is abundant in the intertidal region of Baía do Araçá, was used for these analyses. For the mesoscale study, 16 stations were determined within the intertidal region (July/2009) and, in each station, 8 biological samples and 3 samples of sediment were collected. Some abiotic factors (calcium carbonate, organic matter and selection coefficient) had a negative influence on the abundance of the gastropod, while relationship between the O. minuta and other species of the macrofauna were not evident. In a microscale study of tidal ponds (meters) and ripple marks (centimeters), it was observed that, in a centimeter scale, the gastropod was more abundant in places where there was more water in the sediment, whereas in a meter scale the abundance didn\'t vary in or out of the ponds. In a temporal scale, monthly fluctuations of the O. minuta population\'s density were observed, with reduction/absence of individuals between February and March, which suggests that migration and mortality occurred. This study showed that the distribution of O. minuta is influenced by different factors which act in different scales.

A infecção em seres humanos por larvas de nematódeos do gênero Toxocara é uma antropozoonose endêmica em diversas localidades com prevalências superiores a 50% em diferentes grupos populacionais, tanto em países em desenvolvimento como nos desenvolvidos. O presente estudo avaliou a prevalência, fatores associados e distribuição espacial de infecção por Toxocara spp. em crianças residentes na área urbana de Acrelândia, Acre, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Conduziu-se um estudo transversal de base populacional com 1112 crianças <11 anos de idade. Informações socioeconômicas e demográficas foram obtidas por meio de questionário estruturado. Medidas antropométricas e coleta de amostras biológicas (sangue e fezes) foram realizadas pela equipe de pesquisa. A avaliação de soroprevalência da infecção por Toxocara spp. utilizou o método imunoensaio enzimático (ELISA). Registraram-se as coordenadas geográficas pontuais de todos os domicílios participantes do inquérito para análise espacial de varredura. Razões de prevalência (RP; intervalo com 95% de confiança, IC95%) para fatores associados à antropozoonose foram estimadas por regressão de Poisson com seleção hierárquica das variáveis independentes. Verificou-se soroprevalência geral de 38% para anticorpos IgG anti-Toxocara spp.; crianças 5 anos de idade apresentaram maior prevalência para infecção por Toxocara spp., estatisticamente significante, em relação aos de menor faixa etária (RP, 1,70; IC95%, 1,442,00). Ausência de tratamento para água de beber (RP, 1,38; IC95%,1,111,71), deficiência de vitamina A (RP, 1,47; IC95%, 1,221,78) e presença de geo-helmintos (RP, 1,57; IC95%, 1,251,98) foram positivamente associados à infecção pelo nematódeo. Em contrapartida, maior quarto do índice de riqueza domiciliar (RP, 0,65; IC95%, 0,510,83) e maior escolaridade materna (RP, 0,71; IC95%, 0,580,88) foram inversamente associados à infecção por Toxocara spp. Presença de cão e/ou gato nas residências não foi associada à infecção pelo nematódeo. Análise da distribuição espacial detectou um aglomerado de baixa prevalência para infecção por Toxocara spp. na área investigada, compreendendo 36,0% das crianças com sorologia negativa para o nematódeo. Os resultados indicam que a prevalência da infecção por Toxocara spp. observada no presente estudo foi semelhante ao descrito em estudos anteriores na região da Amazônia Brasileira, mas superiores às observadas nas regiões sul e sudeste do país e em outros países. A avaliação de fatores associados à infecção por Toxocara spp. permitiu a identificação de grupos populacionais prioritários para intervenções no município estudado. / Human infection with nematodes of the genus Toxocara is an endemic anthropozoonosis in many locations, with prevalence rates above 50% in different population groups in both developed and developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, factors associated, and spatial distribution with Toxocara spp. infection among children residing in the urban area of Acrelândia, Acre, Western Brazilian Amazon. A population-based cross-sectional study with 1112 children <11 years of age was conducted. Socioeconomic and demographic information was obtained through structured questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements and biological samples (blood and stools) were collected from the participants. The enzyme immunoassay method (ELISA) was used to evaluate the seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. infection. Geographic coordinates were recorded for all households participating in the survey, and subsequently analyzed by spatial scan analysis. Prevalence ratios (PR; 95% confidence intervals, 95%CI) of factors associated to this anthropozoonosis were estimated using Poisson regression models, with hierarchical selection of independent variables. An overall prevalence of 38% for IgG anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies was found; children 5 years of age presented statistically significantly higher prevalence of Toxocara spp. infection when compared with younger children (PR, 1.70; 95%CI, 1.442.00). The absence of treatment of drinking water (PR: 1.38, 95%CI, 1.111.71), vitamin A deficiency (PR: 1.47, 95%CI, 1.221.78), and presence of geo-helminths (PR: 1.57, 95%CI, 1.251.98) were positively associated to this anthropozoonosis infection. In contrast, the highest wealth index quartile (PR: 0.65, 95%CI, 0.510.83), and the higher level of maternal education (PR: 0.71, 95%CI, 0.580.88) were inversely associated to Toxocara spp. infection. Presence of a dog or cat in the household was not associated with infection by the nematode. Spatial distribution analysis detected a significant low-prevalence cluster for Toxocara spp. infection in the area under investigation, comprising 36.0% of the seronegative subjects. The results indicate that the prevalence of Toxocara spp. infection observed in this study was similar to that found in the Brazilian Amazon region, but higher than rates in the south and southeast regions of Brazil, as well as those reported in others countries. It is noteworthy that the identification of factors associated with Toxocara spp. infection allowed the targeting of priority groups for appropriate intervention in this population.

<p>Ecological models have problems showing the positive relationship between diversity and stability found in nature. Theory states that complex food webs have high extinction risks and low stability. However, persistent food webs found in nature are large and complex containing many interconnections between species. There are many possible mechanisms enabling persistent food webs such as; complex interaction patterns, asynchronous fluctuations of species densities, environmental fluctuations and spatial distribution. These factors have not been used in classical models. In this study, coloured environmental 1/f noise and dispersal between subpopulations were incorporated into a diamond shaped food web based on a model by Vasseur and Fox 2007. Contradictions between theoretical and empirical results regarding food webs can be resolved by detailed analyses of models, withholding stabilizing mechanisms. Weak environmental 1/f noise generated an increased coefficient of stability but the stabilizing effect of noise can be questioned because of a decreased mean food web biomass and reduced stabilizing effect when reddened. However, detailed studies of the food web revealed that noise can redistribute density proportions between species, evading lowest species density and thereby increase food web resistance to demographic stochasticity and catastrophes. Noise induced density proportion shifts imply that large population sizes are no insurance towards future increase in environmental variance. Synchrony of species environmental responses and dispersal between subpopulations can both have major influences on stability and extinction risk of smaller food webs indicating that spatial structure could be one of the dominating factors stabilizing complex food webs found in nature.</p>

Ecological models have problems showing the positive relationship between diversity and stability found in nature. Theory states that complex food webs have high extinction risks and low stability. However, persistent food webs found in nature are large and complex containing many interconnections between species. There are many possible mechanisms enabling persistent food webs such as; complex interaction patterns, asynchronous fluctuations of species densities, environmental fluctuations and spatial distribution. These factors have not been used in classical models. In this study, coloured environmental 1/f noise and dispersal between subpopulations were incorporated into a diamond shaped food web based on a model by Vasseur and Fox 2007. Contradictions between theoretical and empirical results regarding food webs can be resolved by detailed analyses of models, withholding stabilizing mechanisms. Weak environmental 1/f noise generated an increased coefficient of stability but the stabilizing effect of noise can be questioned because of a decreased mean food web biomass and reduced stabilizing effect when reddened. However, detailed studies of the food web revealed that noise can redistribute density proportions between species, evading lowest species density and thereby increase food web resistance to demographic stochasticity and catastrophes. Noise induced density proportion shifts imply that large population sizes are no insurance towards future increase in environmental variance. Synchrony of species environmental responses and dispersal between subpopulations can both have major influences on stability and extinction risk of smaller food webs indicating that spatial structure could be one of the dominating factors stabilizing complex food webs found in nature.

Neighboring northern Kaohsiung with a dense population of petrochemical and petroleum industrial complexes included China Petroleum Company (CPC) refinery plant, Renwu and Dazher petrochemical industrial plants. In recent years, although many scholars have conducted regional studies, but are still limited by the lack of relevant information evidences (such as odorous matters identification and VOCs fingerprint database), while unable to clearly identify the causes of poor ambient air quality. By sampling and analyzing VOCs, we will be able to understand the major sources of VOCs in northern Kaohsiung and their contribution, and to provide the air quality management and control countermeasures for local environmental protection administration. In this study, we sampled and analyzed the speciation of VOCs and sulfur-containing odorous matters (SOMs) in the CPC refinery plants, Renwu and Dazher petrochemical complexes simultaneously with stack sampling. The sampling of VOCs and SOMs were conducted on January 7th, 14th, and 19th, 2011 (dry season) and May 6th, 13rd, and 23rd, 2011 (wet season). We established the emission source database, investigated the characteristics of VOC fingerprints, and estimate the emission factor of each stack. It helps us understand the temporal and spatial distribution of VOCs and ascertain major sources and their contribution of VOCs. Major VOCs emitted from the stacks of the CPC refinery plant were toluene and acetone. It showed that petroleum refinery processes had similar VOCs characteristics and fingerprints. The fingerprints of stack emissions at Renwu and Dashe industrial complexes varied with their processes. Hydrogen sulfide was the major sulfur-containing odorous matter in all petrochemical plants. Compared to other petrochemical complexes, Renwu industrial complex emitted a variety of SOMs species as well as relatively high concentrations of sulfur-containing odorous matters. The petrochemical industrial complexes in the industrial ambient of VOCs analysis results showed that isobutane, butane, isopentane, pentane, propane of alkanes, propene of alkenes, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene of aromatics, 2-Butanone (MEK), acetone, of carbonyls are major species of VOCs. In addition, ethene+acetylene+ethane (C2), 1,2-dichloroethane, chloromethane, dichloromethane, MTBE were also occasionally found. Sulfur-containing odorous matter (SOMs) analytical results showed that major odorous matters included hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide. The highest hydrogen sulfide concentration went up to 5.5 ppbv. In this study, the species of VOCs were divided into alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, carbonyls, and others. The temporal and spatial distribution of various types of VOCs strongly correlated with near-surface wind direction. The most obvious contaminants were alkanes, aromatics, and carbonyls of the dispersion to the downwind. Generally, the ambient air surrounding the petrochemical industrial complexes was influenced by various pollutants in the case of high wind speeds. It showed that stack emission and fugitive sources had an important contribution to ambient air quality. TSOMs and hydrogen sulfide emitting mainly from local sources resulted in high concentration of TSOMs and hydrogen sulfide surrounding the petrochemical industrial complex. Principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that the surrounding areas of petrochemical industrial complexes, regardless of dry or wet seasons, were mainly influenced by the process emissions and solvent evaporation. The impact of traffic emission sources ranked the second. Chemical mass balance receptor modeling showed that stack emissions from the CPC refinery plants contributed about 48 %, while fugitive emission sources and mobile sources contributed about 30 % and 11%, respectively. The stack emissions from Renwu industrial complex contributed about 75 %, while fugitive emission sources and mobile sources contributed about 17 % and 5 %, respectively. The stack emissions from Dazher industrial complex contributed about 68 %, while fugitive emission sources and mobile sources contributed about 21 % and 2 %, respectively.

This collection of research examines how changes in the sensory landscape, mediated by both odor and hydrodynamic properties, impact odor-mediated predator-prey interactions in salt marsh communities. I approached this research using an interdisciplinary framework that combined field and laboratory experimentation to address issues of scale and make connections between predator behavior and patterns of predation in the field. I explored a variety of interactions mediated by changes in the sensory landscape including; indirect effects of biotic structure on associated prey, predator responses to patches of prey with differing density and distribution, and dynamic interactions between predators and prey distributions. I found that biotic structure (oyster reefs [Crassostrea virginica]) has negative indirect effects on associated hard clam prey (Mercenaria mercenaria) through the addition of oyster reef odor cues that attract predators (blue crabs [Callinectes sapidus] and knobbed whelks [Busycon carica])and increase foraging success near the structural matrix. Variation in the structure of patch-scale prey odor plumes created by multiple prey results in predator-specific patterns of predation as a function of patch density and distribution which are mediated by differences in predator sensory ability. There is a potential negative feedback loop between blue crab predators and hard clam prey distributions; clam patches assume random within-patch distributions after exposure to blue crab predators, making the detection of patches by future blue crab predators more difficult. Sensory landscapes are also mediated by water flow, which transports prey odor plumes downstream to predators. Characterization of water flow in small-scale estuary systems indicates that values of turbulent flow parameters are highly context specific and depend on both tidal type (spring, neap, normal) and site. Wind and tidal range seem to be good predictors for wave components and turbulent components of fluctuating flow parameters, respectively, although the strength of their predictive ability is dependent on time scale. Modifications of the sensory landscape through changes in structurally-induced turbulence, mixing of individual plumes from multiple prey, and bulk velocity and turbulence characteristics need to be considered when formulating predictions as to the impact of predators on naturally occurring prey populations in the field.

The purpose of the study was to examine the temporal trends of three monthly variables: stream runoff, rainfall and air temperature and to find out if any correlation exists between rainfall and stream runoff in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont provinces of the southeast United States. Trend significance was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test on a monthly and annual basis. GIS analysis was used to find and integrate the urban and non-urban stream gauging, rainfall and temperature stations in the study area. The Mann-Kendall test showed a statistically insignificant temporal trend for all three variables. The correlation of 0.4 was observed for runoff and rainfall, which showed that these two parameters are moderately correlated.

The relationship between spawning stock biomass (SSB) and 3 spatial distribution metrics (SDMs), measuring range, concentration, and density, using fisheries independent survey data for 10 demersal Northwest Atlantic fish populations (9 species), show metrics of density offer the best correlate of SSB. The concave, positive relationship between high density area (HDA) and SSB indicates that a decline in HDAs beyond a spatial threshold is associated with disproportionately large SSB declines in 6 populations. HDAs might indicate highly productive areas and/or positive fitness consequences, enhancing the ability of individuals to successfully spawn, locate prey, and evade predators. HDAs can help to assess the status of a population’s spatial structure and serve as a spatial reference point. By comparing spatial reference point locations relative to existing biomass reference points (based on MSY), scenarios are described wherein spatial reference points contribute to biomass reference points and to a precautionary approach to fisheries management.