Buscando-se a aplicação prática da teoria de Wave Field Synthesis (WFS) na música, foi feita uma pesquisa visando à modelagem de um sistema de sonorização capaz de criar imagens sonoras espaciais com a utilização desta técnica. Diferentemente da maioria das outras técnicas de sonorização, que trabalham com uma região de escuta pequena e localizada, WFS permite projetar os sons de cada fonte sonora - como instrumentos musicais e vozes - em diferentes pontos do espaço de audição, em uma região de escuta que pode abranger quase toda a área compreendida por este espaço, dependendo da quantidade de alto-falantes instalados. O desenvolvimento de um código de estrutura modular para WFS foi baseado na plataforma orientada a patches Pure Data (Pd), e no sistema de auralização AUDIENCE, desenvolvido na USP, sendo integrável como ferramenta para espacialização sonora interativa. A solução emprega patches dinâmicos e uma arquitetura modular, permitindo flexibilidade e manutenabilidade do código, com vantagens frente a outros software existentes, particularmente na instalação, operação e para lidar com um número elevado de fontes sonoras e alto-falantes. Para este sistema também foram desenvolvidos alto-falantes especiais com características que facilitam seu uso em aplicações musicais. / Seeking the practical application of the theory of Wave Field Synthesis (WFS) in music, a research aimed at modeling a sound system capable of creating spatial sound images with the use of this technique was made. Unlike most other techniques for sound projection that work with a small, localized listening area, WFS allows projecting the sounds of each sound source - such as musical instruments and voices - at different points within the hearing space, in a region that can cover almost the entire area comprised by this space, depending on the amount of installed speakers. The development of a modular structured code for WFS was based on the patch-oriented platform Pure Data (Pd), and on the AUDIENCE auralization system developed at USP, and it is integrable as a tool for interactive sound spatialization. The solution employs dynamic patches and a modular architecture, allowing code flexibility and maintainability, with advantages compared to other existing software, particularly in the installation, operation and to handle a large number of sound sources and speakers. For this system special speakers with features that facilitate its use in musical applications were also developed.

A Nhecolândia é uma sub-região do Pantanal Mato-Grossense, que se caracteriza pela presença de um amplo sistema lacustre formado por milhares de lagoas com contornos arredondados. Pesquisas anteriores mostram uma grande variabilidade entre as lagoas, que são mais ou menos salinas, mas que coexistem na paisagem a algumas dezenas, ou centenas, de metros de distância umas das outras. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi compreender essa variabilidade no espaço e no tempo, e identificar os processos responsáveis por essa variabilidade, a fim de elaborar uma tipologia de lagoas aplicável a essa região. Na escala regional, a carga total em elementos químicos é a principal fonte de variabilidade das águas de superfície. A organização espacial, ao menos na escala da amostragem feita neste trabalho, e as análises geoestatísticas indicam uma ação local, na proximidade das salinas, dos processos que controlam a CE das águas. O estudo local, realizado ao redor de abrangência regional desse funcionamento, que é coerente com a distribuição estatística regional da CE, de caráter bimodal, e com a ação local dos processos ressaltada pelo estudo geoestatístico. Contudo, tal funcionamento hidrológico não pode explicar as variações sazonais da salinidade. Para isto, faz-se intervir uma remobilização, pelas chuvas, de reservatórios de águas hipersalinas armazenadas nas praias, evidenciados pelo mapeamento de CEa por indução eletromagnética. No quadro desta pesquisa, os conhecimentos adquiridos sobre as águas das lagoas, e de seus entornos imediatos, permitem propor um esboço de tipologia de salinas, baseado nos principais eixos de variabilidade que elas apresentam, isto é, Tipo 1 Salina Preta e Tipo 2 Salina Verde. Este estudo coloca em evidência a necessidade de trabalhos interdisciplinares, com técnicas de hidrologia, pedologia, geofísica, geoquímica, limnologia, dentre outras, para abordar geograficamente essa região de lagoas, única no mundo. / The Nhecolândia is a sub-region of the huge Pantanal of Mato Grosso, characterized by the presence of thousands of round shaped lakes. Previous work pointed out the large variability that exists between these saline or freshwater lakes, although they coexist in close proximity. The main objective of this study was to understand this variability in time and space, and to identify the processes responsible for this variability in order to develop a typology of lakes suitable for the region. At the regional scale, the total chemical charge was the main variability of surface waters. The distribution of the variable \"Electrical Conductivity\" (EC) did not reveal any type of distribution, at least across our sampling. The geostatistical study indicated that the process that controls the water acts locally, in the immediate vicinity of the Lakes. A local study carried out around a few lakes allowed identifying a threshold-based hydrological functioning, which had already been described in the literature. Our study allowed generalizing this functioning. It is in agreement with the bimodal statistical distribution of EC at the regional scale, and with the results of the geostatistical treatment that revealed a local process. However, such hydrological functioning cannot explain the seasonal changes in salinity. It must involve the remobilization, by the rains, of hyper-salines water stored around the lakes, and which have been surveyed by sub-surface electromagnetic induction. From the results of this work, both on lakes and on their immediate environment, we proposed a draft of lake typology based on the main axis of variability, that is Type 1 Preta Saline Lake and Type 2 Verde Saline Lake. The study highlighted the benefits of crossing several disciplines and technics (hydrological, pedological, geophysical, geochemical, limnological, among other) in a geographical approach of this singular region.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2017-11-29T00:37:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O_ISMAEL_MENDES_ANDRADE.pdf: 2423968 bytes, checksum: 7c9dd9504eb53f3eb30471b6313e642f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-29T00:37:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O_ISMAEL_MENDES_ANDRADE.pdf: 2423968 bytes, checksum: 7c9dd9504eb53f3eb30471b6313e642f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-07 / The territorialization stands out as a technique which ?creates?political territories for Health, is also an organizing tool in healthcare practices, included in the National Policy of Primary Care through attached territory, and allows for the planning, decentralized programming and the development of intersectoral actions in line with the principle of equality established by the Unified Health System. Therefore the main objective of the study was to analyze the territorialization in Primary Health Care in Santo Ant?nio de Jesus, Bahia. The methodology became the choice for exploratory approach from the quantitative nature. Therefore held survey of bibliographic references on the Unified Health System (SUS), on territory, health and primary health care and verification of documents related to legislation also ordinances and resolutions on the subject, made her survey of cartographic base the census tracts of the city under study, and research of the administrative organization of the Municipal Health Department, georeferencing of the Family Health Units and application forms with the Community Health Agents of the service areas of the Health Unit. The result showed need for territorial parameterized as many health facilities exceeded the population limits; weaknesses to the employment contract of top-level professionals. And contribution of adequacy proposals, in addition to thematic maps for organization in health districts and consequently in health units. / A Territorializa??o destaca-se como t?cnica que ?cria?territ?rios pol?ticos para a Sa?de, representa, tamb?m, um instrumento de organiza??o das pr?ticas de Sa?de, inserida nas diretrizes da Pol?tica Nacional da Aten??o B?sica por meio de territ?rio adstrito, e permite o planejamento, a programa??o descentralizada e o desenvolvimento de a??es intersetoriais na conson?ncia com o princ?pio da igualdade estabelecido pelo Sistema ?nico de Sa?de. Portanto o objetivo principal do trabalho foi avaliar a territorializa??o na Aten??o Prim?ria ? Sa?de no munic?pio de Santo Ant?nio de Jesus, Bahia. Na metodologia fez-se a escolha pela abordagem explorat?ria a partir da natureza quantitativa. Para tanto realizou-se levantamento de referenciais bibliogr?ficos sobre o Sistema ?nico de Sa?de (SUS), sobre territ?rio, sa?de e Aten??o Prim?ria ? Sa?de e verifica??o de documentos referentes ? legisla??o, tamb?m portarias e resolu??es sobre a tem?tica, fez se levantamento de base cartogr?fica dos setores censit?rios do munic?pio em estudo, al?m de pesquisa da organiza??o administrativa da Secretaria Municipal de Sa?de, georreferenciamento das Unidades de Sa?de da Fam?lia e aplica??o de formul?rios com os Agentes Comunit?rios de Sa?de das ?reas de atendimento da Unidade de Sa?de. O resultado mostrou a necessidade de uma territorializa??o com par?metros, pois muitas unidades de sa?de ultrapassaram os limites populacionais;fragilidades ao v?nculo empregat?cio de profissionais de n?vel superior. E contribui??o das propostas de adequa??o, com os mapas tem?ticos para organiza??o nos distritos sanit?rios e consequentemente das Unidades de Sa?de.

Buscando-se a aplicação prática da teoria de Wave Field Synthesis (WFS) na música, foi feita uma pesquisa visando à modelagem de um sistema de sonorização capaz de criar imagens sonoras espaciais com a utilização desta técnica. Diferentemente da maioria das outras técnicas de sonorização, que trabalham com uma região de escuta pequena e localizada, WFS permite projetar os sons de cada fonte sonora - como instrumentos musicais e vozes - em diferentes pontos do espaço de audição, em uma região de escuta que pode abranger quase toda a área compreendida por este espaço, dependendo da quantidade de alto-falantes instalados. O desenvolvimento de um código de estrutura modular para WFS foi baseado na plataforma orientada a patches Pure Data (Pd), e no sistema de auralização AUDIENCE, desenvolvido na USP, sendo integrável como ferramenta para espacialização sonora interativa. A solução emprega patches dinâmicos e uma arquitetura modular, permitindo flexibilidade e manutenabilidade do código, com vantagens frente a outros software existentes, particularmente na instalação, operação e para lidar com um número elevado de fontes sonoras e alto-falantes. Para este sistema também foram desenvolvidos alto-falantes especiais com características que facilitam seu uso em aplicações musicais. / Seeking the practical application of the theory of Wave Field Synthesis (WFS) in music, a research aimed at modeling a sound system capable of creating spatial sound images with the use of this technique was made. Unlike most other techniques for sound projection that work with a small, localized listening area, WFS allows projecting the sounds of each sound source - such as musical instruments and voices - at different points within the hearing space, in a region that can cover almost the entire area comprised by this space, depending on the amount of installed speakers. The development of a modular structured code for WFS was based on the patch-oriented platform Pure Data (Pd), and on the AUDIENCE auralization system developed at USP, and it is integrable as a tool for interactive sound spatialization. The solution employs dynamic patches and a modular architecture, allowing code flexibility and maintainability, with advantages compared to other existing software, particularly in the installation, operation and to handle a large number of sound sources and speakers. For this system special speakers with features that facilitate its use in musical applications were also developed.

Lhumectation des surfaces végétales, due principalement aux précipitations sous forme de pluie ou de rosée, joue un rôle déterminant lors de la phase de contamination des plantes par de nombreux agents phytopathogènes. La connaissance de la pluie et de la rosée constitue un élément fondamental pour létude et la compréhension du fonctionnement des modèles de simulation des épidémies et des systèmes d'avertissements agricoles. Lobjectif de cette recherche est de contribuer à lamélioration du système davertissement des principales maladies cryptogamiques affectant le blé dhiver au sud de Belgique et au G-D de Luxembourg. Notre démarche a consisté, dans un premier temps à évaluer les potentialités du radar météorologique de Wideumont. Nous avons décrit son fonctionnement général ainsi que son principe de mesure et nous avons détaillé les différentes sources derreur qui affectent les estimations de précipitations dérivées des observations radar. Les mesures radar sont moins précises que les mesures de précipitations par des pluviomètres. Néanmoins, le radar permet dobserver en temps réel les précipitations sur un large domaine avec une très bonne résolution spatiale et temporelle. La comparaison quantitative et qualitative des précipitations mesurées au sol avec celles estimées par le radar a été faite sur une période de trois ans (2003, 2004 et 2005). Les résultats de la validation des cumuls mensuels font apparaître que le radar a tendance à sous-estimer les précipitations. Lerreur calculée pour lensemble des stations varie entre -50% et +12%. La validation qualitative du radar a été réalisée sur des occurrences de cumuls horaires. Les indices calculés à partir des tables de contingence donnent des valeurs de POD (Probability Of Detection) entre 0.44 et 0.80 durant la période étudiée. Limpact des estimations radar sur les périodes dinfection de Septoria tritici simulées par PROCULTURE a été évalué durant trois saisons culturales (2003, 2004 et 2005) par comparaison entre les données de sortie du modèle (alimenté par des estimations radar de précipitations horaires) et les estimations visuelles du développement des symptômes de la maladie sur les trois dernières feuilles. Les outputs de PROCULTURE via les données radar ont montré un grand accord entre la simulation et lobservation. Le radar météorologique devrait dès lors être bénéfique pour des régions où le réseau des pluviomètres est inexistant (ou moins dense) et où lincidence de la septoriose est importante. Dans un deuxième temps, sur base dune recherche bibliographique, un modèle dhumectation a été choisi. Le modèle sélectionné, appelé SWEB, se base sur le bilan énergétique et le bilan hydrique. Il simule la durée dhumectation due à la pluie et à la rosée sur lensemble du couvert végétal à partir des données issues des stations agrométéorologiques. Le modèle a été ensuite testé et validé sur différentes variétés de blé dhiver. Les données de sortie du modèle ont été comparées statistiquement aux mesures des capteurs (préalablement calibrés) et aux données dobservation obtenues sur des parcelles expérimentales et au champ durant les saisons culturales 2006 et 2007. Sur base des résultats obtenus, le modèle SWEB semble sous-estimer la durée dhumectation et plus particulièrement pour les événements de la fin dhumectation (dryoff). Lerreur moyenne en général est inférieure à 90 minutes. Dans un troisième temps, afin dobtenir une relation entre les périodes dhumectation et le développement de la septoriose sur les trois dernières feuilles, les périodes dhumectation simulées par SWEB ont été comparées dune part aux périodes dinfection de Septoria tritici simulées par PROCULTURE et dautre part aux estimations visuelles. Le modèle de la durée dhumectation simule avec succès des périodes dhumectations, dues à la fois à la rosée et à la pluie, qui ont déclenché linfection de la septoriose observée sur des parcelles expérimentales. Une durée minimale dhumectation favorable à linfection des feuilles de blé par Septoria tritici a été déterminée. Il est donc désormais nécessaire délaborer un système opérationnel intégrant le radar météorologique, le modèle de la durée dhumectation et le modèle épidémiologique. Notre travail a permis dacquérir via lanalyse des données agrométéorologiques et des données phytopathologiques, les connaissances nécessaires à lélaboration dun tel système et de participer ainsi à lamélioration des modèles davertissements existants. En effet, nous avons analysé les avantages et les limites du système radar comme données dentrée aux modèles et son aptitude dans la spatialisation des données. Nous avons également testé le modèle dhumectation pour la détermination des périodes dinfection nécessaires au développement de la septoriose. Dans une perspective dune meilleure opérationnalisation du système, lapproche envisagée pourrait facilement être intégrée dans le système existant pour la simulation dautres maladies comme les rouilles, loïdium et la fusariose à léchelle régionale. En définitive, ce travail aura prouvé une fois de plus lintérêt du "mariage" entre lagrométéorologie et la phytopathologie. [en] Summary - Weather-Radar Rainfall Measurement and Simulated Surface Wetness Duration for Septoria Leaf Blotch Risk Assessment. The persistence of free moisture on leaves, mainly as a result of precipitation in the form of rainfall or dew, plays a major role during the process of plant infection by most fungal pathogens. Acquiring rainfall and leaf moisture information is needed for accurate and reliable disease prediction and management. The objective of this research is to contribute to improve forecasting Septoria leaf blotch and other fungal pathogens on winter wheat in Belgium and Luxembourg./In the first part of this work, the potential of weather-radar rainfall estimates for plant disease forecasting is discussed. At first step, we focused on assessing the accuracy and limitations of radar-derived precipitation estimates, compared with rain-gauge data. In a second step, the Septoria leaf blotch prediction model PROCULTURE was used to assess the impact on the simulated infection rate of using, as input data, rainfall estimated by radar instead of rain gauge measurements. When comparing infection events simulated by PROCULTURE using radar-derived estimates and reference rain gauge measurements, the probability of detection (POD) of infection events was high (0.83 on average), and the false alarm ratio (FAR) of infection events was not negligible (0.24 on average). FAR decreased to 0 and POD increased (0.85 on average) for most stations, when the model outputs for both datasets were compared against visual observations of Septoria leaf blotch symptoms. Analysis of 148 infection events observed over three years at four locations showed no significant difference in the number of simulated infection events using either radar assessments or gauge measurements. This suggests that, for a given location, radar estimates are just as reliable for predicting infection events as rain gauges. As radar is able to estimate rainfall occurrence over a continuous space, unlike weather station networks that do observations at only a limited number of points, it has the great advantage of being able to predict the risk of infection at each point within an area of interest with an accuracy equivalent to rain gauge observations. This gives radar an important advantage that could significantly improve existing warning systems. In the second part, a physical model based on the energy balance, known as the Surface Wetness Energy Balance (SWEB), was applied for the simulation of Surface Wetness Duration (SWD) on winter wheat canopy. The model, developed in the United States on grapes canopies, was adapted for the winter wheat cultivars and was applied for use with agrometeorological data easily available from standard weather stations and weather-radar rainfall estimates. The SWEB model simulates surface wetness duration for both dew and rain events. The model was validated with data measured by sensors and with visual observations of SWD conducted in experimental plots during two cropping seasons in 2006 and 2007. The wetness was observed visually by assessing the presence or absence of surface water on leaves. Based on the results, the SWEB model appeared to underestimate surface wetness duration and especially for the dry-off events when compared statistically to visual observations. The error, on average, is generally less than 90 minutes. In order to establish a relationship between the surface wetness periods and Septoria leaf blotch development risk on the top three leaves, the SWEB model SWD outputs were compared with the number of hours of high probability of infection simulated by PROCULTURE as well as with visual plant diseases observations. A minimal surface wetness duration of favourable infection conditions for Septoria tritici was established. It is now required to develop an operational system that would integrate weather radar, surface wetness duration and foliar epidemic model. In this work, we have analyzed the advantages and limitations of the radar system as input to models and its ability for spatial interpolation of rainfall. We also tested the model for the determination of surface wetness periods required for Septoria Leaf Blotch Risk development. The proposed approach could be integrated in the existing system. Finally this approach shows once more the "happy marriage" between agrometeorology and plant disease management.

La diuisioapostolorum (« dispersion apostolique ») est un thème apocryphe qui traverse l’ensemble des lettres et des arts chrétiens de l’Antiquité et du Moyen Âge. Dans sa plus large acception, il désigne tout ce qui se rapporte au partage du monde entre les apôtres (réunion, tirage au sort), à son évangélisation (envoi et réalisation de la mission), à la fondation de sanctuaires ainsi qu’à la mort et au tombeau de ces prestigieuses figures, amiciDei. En se plaçant au niveau des représentations chrétiennes du temps et de l’espace, l’analyse de la documentation textuelle grecque et latine entre le Ier et le IXe siècle – en particulier des catalogues d’apôtres et de disciples – nous a permis de montrer que l’usage de ce thème par les lettrés témoigne à la fois de la diffusion universelle du projet chrétien de société et d’un processus double de spatialisation et de temporalisation du sacré, en ce qu’il promeut un certain nombre de loci en rapport avec la mémoire d’une communauté. Par l’établissement de parallèles entre les catalogues et d’autres genres de textes (acta, historia, gesta episcoporum), nous avons souligné que ce processus, du fait qu’il bénéficie d’abord à l’autorité dont dépend le locus valorisé, est potentiellement soutenu par elle : on a donc traité également la question de l’accaparement de l’identité civique par l’évêque. / Diuisioapostolorum (« Apostles’ dispersion ») is a recurrent apocryphal theme throughout ancient and medieval Christian humanities and arts. In the widest sense, it refers to everything concerning the division of the world between the Apostles (reunions, draws), the evangelization of the world (sending and mission), and the foundation of sanctuaries, as well as the death and tombs of these prestigious figures: amici Dei. With a focus on Christian representations of time and space, our analysis of 1st-9th Century Greek and Latin Textual documentation – in particular, lists of Apostles and disciples – has enabled us to show that the use of this theme is a testimony to both the universal dissemination of the Christian vision of society, and a dual process of spatialization and temporalization of the sacred, as it promotes a number of loci linked to the memory of a community. Paralleling the lists with other types of written works (acta, historia, gestaepiscoporum), we have highlighted the fact that this process, by benefiting in the first place the authority under which the locus is placed, was potentially supported by said authority. For this reason, we have also dealt with the question of the monopolizing of civil identity by the bishops.

Dans le domaine de l’architecture et de la conservation du patrimoine historique, les technologies de l’information et de la communication permettent l’acquisition de grandes quantités de données introduisant des supports d’analyses pour différentes finalités et à différents niveaux de détails (photographies, nuages de points, imagerie scientifique, …). L’organisation et la structuration de ces ressources est aujourd’hui un problème majeur pour la description, l’analyse et la compréhension d’objets patrimoniaux. Cependant les solutions existantes d’annotations sémantiques d’images ou de modèle 3D se révèlent insuffisantes notamment sur l’aspect de mise en relation des différents supports d’analyse.Cette thèse propose une approche permettant de conduire des annotations sur les différents supports bidimensionnels tout en permettant la propagation de ces annotations entre les différentes représentations (2D ou 3D) de l’objet. L’objectif est d’identifier des solutions pour corréler (d’un point de vue spatial, temporel et sémantique) des jeux d’annotations au sein d’un jeu d’images. Ainsi le système repose sur le principe de spatialisation des données permettant d’établir une relation entre les représentations 3D, intégrant toute la complexité géométrique de l’objet et par conséquent permettant l’extraction d’informations métriques, et les représentations 2D de l’objet. L’approche cherche donc à la mise en place d’une continuité informationnelle depuis l’acquisition d’images jusqu’à la construction de représentations 3D sémantiquement enrichies en intégrant des aspects multi-supports et multi-temporels. Ce travail a abouti à la définition et le développement d’un ensemble de modules informatiques pouvant être utilisés par des spécialistes de la conservation d’un patrimoine architectural comme par le grand public. / In the field of architecture and historic preservation , the information and communication technologies enable the acquisition of large amounts of data introducing analysis media for different purposes and at different levels of details ( photographs, point cloud, scientific imaging, ...). The organization and the structure of these resources is now a major problem for the description, the analysis and the understanding of cultural heritage objects. However the existing solutions in semantic annotations on images or on 3D model are insufficient, especially in the linking of different analysis media.This thesis proposes an approach for conducting annotations on different two-dimensional media while allowing the propagation of these annotations between different representations (2D or 3D) of the object. The objective is to identify solutions to correlate (from a spatial, temporal and semantic point of view) sets of annotations within sets of images. Thus, the system is based on the principle of data spatialization for establishing a relationship between the 3D representations, incorporating all the geometric complexity of the object and therefore to the metric information extraction, and 2D representations of object. The approach seeks to the establishment of an information continuity from the image acquisition to the construction of 3D representations semantically enhanced by incorporating multi-media and multi-temporal aspects. This work resulted in the definition and the development of a set of software modules that can be used by specialists of conservation of architectural heritage as by the general public.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-02-02T10:10:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Emerson Martins - 2016.pdf: 6051788 bytes, checksum: ad7f3667f902b46edef5c847c0c9cca7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-02-02T10:12:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Emerson Martins - 2016.pdf: 6051788 bytes, checksum: ad7f3667f902b46edef5c847c0c9cca7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-02T10:12:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Emerson Martins - 2016.pdf: 6051788 bytes, checksum: ad7f3667f902b46edef5c847c0c9cca7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-05 / The work presented here - “Road BR-070: an reading of modernization and spatial goiana subtitles and motorcycle grossense. - ” aims to evaluate the road in the several social and economic situations it passed through since its imperial path condition, as corridor of gold flow and slave manpower, until the process of agricultural expansion of the country, with the implantation and modernization of the road network for the integration of regions from the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso with the national economy through the construction of Brasília and creation of programs and plans of investment in transportation infrastructure. Thus, we seek to understand the importance of the road in the paths network and in the road network built to link the interior of the country to areas of economic dynamism and ports. The problem that guided the reflections is: why a road with so important uses, a radial type, which connects Brasilia-DF to Cáceres-MT, still remains, in some stretches, with a infrastructure that remembers the paths of old times? The theoretical assumption to answer the problem raised is: the latitudinal spatialization of the BR-070 road does not achieve the role of integration and does not lead to the occupation and exploration of the country interior. The road roams great opaque stretches, without technical density, which the economic potential does not interest the hegemonic actors of capital and political from Goiás and Mato Grosso. The direction of occupation and exploration in course to the interior of Brasil is given for perpendicular roads to its axis, which pass through illuminated spaces of great technical density. Results from the analysis of the BR-070 road, an unfinished road, that shows distinct landscapes, which increase stagnant spaces. The proposal of methodology that guided the research was based in qualitative and quantitative results, with uses of several types of sources and resources to implement it. / O trabalho que ora se apresenta – “Rodovia BR-070: uma leitura da modernização e das legendas espaciais goiana e moto-grossense.” – objetiva avaliar a rodovia nas diversas situações socioeconômicas pelas quais passou, desde sua condição de caminho imperial, como corredor de escoamento do ouro e da mão de obra escrava, até o processo de expansão agrícola do país, com a implantação e a modernização da rede rodoviária para a integração das regiões goianas e mato-grossenses à economia nacional por meio da construção de Brasília e da criação de programas e planos de investimento em infraestrutura de transporte. Assim, buscamos entender qual a importância da rodovia na rede de caminhos e na rede rodoviária construída para ligar o interior do país às áreas de dinamismo econômico e portuário. O problema que guiou as reflexões é: por que uma rodovia com usos tão importantes, tida como radial, que liga Brasília-DF à Cáceres-MT, ainda permanece, em alguns trechos, com infraestrutura que lembra os tempos de caminhos antigos? O pressuposto teórico explicativo para responder ao problema levantado é: a espacialização latitudinal da rodovia BR-070 não cumpre o papel de integração e não leva à ocupação, à exploração do interior do país. Ela percorre grandes trechos opacos, sem densidade técnica, cujo potencial econômico não interessa aos atores hegemônicos do capital e da política goiana e mato-grossense. A direção de ocupação e a exploração rumo ao interior do Brasil se dá por rodovias perpendiculares ao seu eixo, que atravessam espaços luminosos de grande densidade técnica. Resulta disso, em se tratando da análise da BR-070, uma rodovia inacabada, que exibe paisagens distintas, que incrementa espaços estagnados. A proposta de metodologia que norteou a pesquisa fundamentou-se em resultados qualitativos e quantitativos, com usos de vários tipos de fontes e recursos para implementá-la.

A Nhecolândia é uma sub-região do Pantanal Mato-Grossense, que se caracteriza pela presença de um amplo sistema lacustre formado por milhares de lagoas com contornos arredondados. Pesquisas anteriores mostram uma grande variabilidade entre as lagoas, que são mais ou menos salinas, mas que coexistem na paisagem a algumas dezenas, ou centenas, de metros de distância umas das outras. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi compreender essa variabilidade no espaço e no tempo, e identificar os processos responsáveis por essa variabilidade, a fim de elaborar uma tipologia de lagoas aplicável a essa região. Na escala regional, a carga total em elementos químicos é a principal fonte de variabilidade das águas de superfície. A organização espacial, ao menos na escala da amostragem feita neste trabalho, e as análises geoestatísticas indicam uma ação local, na proximidade das salinas, dos processos que controlam a CE das águas. O estudo local, realizado ao redor de abrangência regional desse funcionamento, que é coerente com a distribuição estatística regional da CE, de caráter bimodal, e com a ação local dos processos ressaltada pelo estudo geoestatístico. Contudo, tal funcionamento hidrológico não pode explicar as variações sazonais da salinidade. Para isto, faz-se intervir uma remobilização, pelas chuvas, de reservatórios de águas hipersalinas armazenadas nas praias, evidenciados pelo mapeamento de CEa por indução eletromagnética. No quadro desta pesquisa, os conhecimentos adquiridos sobre as águas das lagoas, e de seus entornos imediatos, permitem propor um esboço de tipologia de salinas, baseado nos principais eixos de variabilidade que elas apresentam, isto é, Tipo 1 Salina Preta e Tipo 2 Salina Verde. Este estudo coloca em evidência a necessidade de trabalhos interdisciplinares, com técnicas de hidrologia, pedologia, geofísica, geoquímica, limnologia, dentre outras, para abordar geograficamente essa região de lagoas, única no mundo. / The Nhecolândia is a sub-region of the huge Pantanal of Mato Grosso, characterized by the presence of thousands of round shaped lakes. Previous work pointed out the large variability that exists between these saline or freshwater lakes, although they coexist in close proximity. The main objective of this study was to understand this variability in time and space, and to identify the processes responsible for this variability in order to develop a typology of lakes suitable for the region. At the regional scale, the total chemical charge was the main variability of surface waters. The distribution of the variable \"Electrical Conductivity\" (EC) did not reveal any type of distribution, at least across our sampling. The geostatistical study indicated that the process that controls the water acts locally, in the immediate vicinity of the Lakes. A local study carried out around a few lakes allowed identifying a threshold-based hydrological functioning, which had already been described in the literature. Our study allowed generalizing this functioning. It is in agreement with the bimodal statistical distribution of EC at the regional scale, and with the results of the geostatistical treatment that revealed a local process. However, such hydrological functioning cannot explain the seasonal changes in salinity. It must involve the remobilization, by the rains, of hyper-salines water stored around the lakes, and which have been surveyed by sub-surface electromagnetic induction. From the results of this work, both on lakes and on their immediate environment, we proposed a draft of lake typology based on the main axis of variability, that is Type 1 Preta Saline Lake and Type 2 Verde Saline Lake. The study highlighted the benefits of crossing several disciplines and technics (hydrological, pedological, geophysical, geochemical, limnological, among other) in a geographical approach of this singular region.

A constatação de que muitos cemitérios, a maioria públicos, apresentam problemas e impactam o meio ambiente, poluindo o solo e as águas subterrâneas com contaminantes diversos, tem levado ao aumento dos estudos sobre essas potenciais fontes de poluição. No entanto, apesar de existirem metodologias para a constatação de contaminação do solo e das águas subterrâneas, não existem metodologias específicas, ou mesmo consagradas, para os processos de investigação e estabelecimento da área efetivamente contaminada, fazendo com que muitos sejam os critérios adotados para a investigação e diversificadas sejam as conclusões obtidas. Ainda, em relação à espacialização das plumas de contaminantes, raros são os resultados conclusivos, levando inclusive à preocupação sobre o comportamento dos vários contaminantes já conhecidos no solo, seu caminho até as águas subterrâneas e a real extensão dos impactos, em área e em efeitos deletérios à saúde pública. Este estudo visa demonstrar que a expansão da pluma de contaminantes, e sua área de abrangência, é agravada pela influência de fatores ambientais, físico-geográficos, a partir das características pedológicas, geomorfológicas e climáticas, associadas, dos locais onde estão (ou serão) implantados os cemitérios. Através de levantamento bibliográfico e de pesquisas empíricas foram correlacionadas determinadas características de relevo, clima e solo, presentes nos locais dos cemitérios, elaborando-se cenários de espacialização das plumas de contaminantes e sua possível escala de contaminação e de riscos socioambientais. Três áreas modelo foram selecionadas pelas suas características físico-geográficas diferenciadas e por trabalhos anteriores que definiram seus potencias de contaminação e algumas características físicas (geologia, hidrogeologia e outras): O cemitério de Vila Nova Cachoeirinha (PACHECO, 1991 e MATOS, 2001) e o cemitério de Vila Formosa (PACHECO, 1991), no município de São Paulo, e o cemitério de Areia Branca (PACHECO, 1991), no município de Santos. Concluímos que há influência dos fatores ambientais, físico-geográficos, principalmente do solo e da pluviosidade, na espacialização das plumas de contaminação oriundas dos cemitérios. / The finding that many cemeteries, mostly public, present problems and impact the environment, polluting the soil and groundwater with various contaminants, has led to an increase in studies on these potential sources of pollution. However, although there are methods for the realization of soil and groundwater contamination, there are no specific methodologies, or even dedicated to the research process and establishment of effectively contaminated area, causing many criterias to be the adopted for the research and diversifieds reached conclusions. Still, in relation to the spatial distribution of the plumes of contaminants, there are very few conclusive results, leading even to the concern about the behavior of various contaminants known on the ground, their way to the groundwater and the actual extent of impacts in the area and harmful effects to public health. This study aims to demonstrate that the expansion of the contaminant plume, and its coverage area is exacerbated by the influence of environmental, physical and geographical factors, from soil, geomorphological and climatic characteristics associated, on the places where cemeteries are (or will be) deployed. Through literature and empirical research were correlated certain prominent land relief, climate and soil characteristics, present in local cemeteries, creating spatial scenarios of contaminants plumes and their possible contamination scale and environmental risks. Three model areas were selected for their different physical-geographical characteristics and previous works that defined their potential contamination and some physical characteristics (geology, hydrogeology and others): The Vila Nova Cachoeirinha cemetery (PACHECO, 1991 and MATOS, 2001) and Vila Formosa cemetery (PACHECO, 1991), in São Paulo, and the cemetery of Areia Branca (PACHECO, 1991), in the city of Santos. We conclude that there is influence of environmental factors, physical geography, especially soil and rainfall, in the spatial distribution of contamination plumes coming from the cemeteries.