What does it mean to say that something is “temporal” or that something “exists” in time? What is time? And how should we interpret the “ontology” of time? One important strand in twentieth century thought and the philosophy of time has given these fundamental questions a neat and tidy set of influential answers—according to this view, time itself is understood to be a kind of series, and the basic ontology of time is taken to consist of events, together with either the tenses, which get interpreted as special sorts of second order properties known as “A properties” (i.e. the properties of being either Past, Present, or Future), or with special sorts of second order relations, known as “B relations” (i.e. the relations of “earlier than”, “later than”, or “simultaneous with”) which are typically referred to as tenseless. According to this particular view, taken together, A properties and B relations are understood to exhaust the ontology of time. This is an interpretation that has been typically found throughout much of the philosophical literature on the metaphysics of time throughout the twentieth century despite the fact that both of these prospective temporal ontologies had already been shown early on to face a major problem—McTaggart's paradox (1908). According to the paradox, regardless of whichever ready-made ontology we ultimately opt for, we still are led to the same ineluctable conclusion—that time is unreal. For the better half of the twentieth century, philosophers of time, science, and language have struggled with this paradox in different ways, in various attempts to wrest their own preferred categories of temporal being from its grasp, in order to redeploy them in the course of developing a number of competing metaphysical accounts of time, which get characterized technically, as either “A” or “B” theories of time, depending primarily on whether their respective ontology remains either tensed or tenseless. What has thus emerged over the course of the past century, has been a growing preference among philosophers for interpreting temporal ontology along strictly A theoretical or B Theoretical lines, which has rendered this particular strand of thought a highly influential one with respect to a large portion of our contemporary understanding of temporal ontology, which remains one that ultimately boils down to a choice between A properties or B relations, as evidenced by Broad (1923), Smart (1963), Prior (1970), Mellor (1985), Oaklander and Smith (1994), Inwagen and Zimmerman (1998), Smith and Jokic (2003), Sider (2011), Tallant (2013), etc. Further evidence of this view can also be located not just within both A and B theories of time—which include both tensed and tenseless theories—but also within theories of presentism and eternalism, as well as within recent relationalist and substantivalist accounts of time. In the dissertation, it is argued that a common background assumption within these various accounts of time, perhaps one of the most basic and most wide-spread, turns out to be fallacious. More precisely, an extended argument is developed against the common and basic assumption found within these views that it is appropriate to depict time as consisting of either an A series or a B series in the first place. This metaphysical assumption is referred to as the “SER thesis”. The dissertation aims to show that any such serialized interpretation of time fails to be sufficiently distinguishable from what are merely formalized spatial representations or spatializations of time, and that when viewed from the standpoint of developing a viable metaphysics of time, any such formalized spatializations ultimately appear to result in something like a contradiction. Some objections are then raised to this main line of argument, where it is further shown, that the most intuitive strategies for replying to it are unsuccessful in the end, and serve only to supply us with various ways of masking the real problem, since each of these strategies seem themselves to commit some form of the ignoratio elenchi or red herring fallacies. In the remaining portions of the dissertation, a revisionary approach to the question of temporal ontology that seems capable of avoiding some of these problems is briefly sketched out. This approach employs the resources of a hermeneutic phenomenology of temporality to try and help us get outside of the standard view that is supplied by the A-B tradition and provide us with an alternative starting point. This approach draws heavily from the work of McTaggart's early twentieth century contemporaries Henri Bergson (1889) and Martin Heidegger (1927).

This thesis describes a set of software applications for real-time gesturally con- trolled interactions with music and sound. The applications for each system are varied but related, addressing unsolved problems in the field of audio and music technology. The three systems presented in this work capture 3D human motion with spatial sensors and map position data from the sensors onto sonic parameters. Two different spatial sensors are used interchangeably to perform motion capture: the radiodrum and the Xbox Kinect. The first two systems are aimed at creating immersive virtually-augmented environments. The first application uses human ges- ture to move sounds spatially in a 3D surround sound by physically modelling the movement of sound in a space. The second application is a gesturally controlled self- organized music browser in which songs are clustered based on auditory similarity. The third application is specifically aimed at extending musical performance through the development of a digitally augmented vibraphone. Each of these applications is presented with related work, theoretical and technical details for implementation, and discussions of future work. / Graduate

Leptospirosis is a ubiquitous disease, waterborne, with several animal reservoirs (wild and domestic) and urban and rural transmission, receiving climatic/socioeconomic influences. Its manifestations vary from asymptomatic and light tables to hemorrhagic fevers. This study aimed to evaluate the cases reported in SINAN of the 4ªCRS, RS, from 1999 to 2006, performing the spatialization of regional events and looking for correlations with socioeconomic and environmental factors on a regional scale (rural occurrences/4ªCRS) and local scale (urban cases/Santa Maria). It was decided, in the first step, by a descriptive study design type investigation of a case series, to evaluate the completeness and description of the variables the investigation form and, in the second stage, in an ecological study design, exploring regional and local geographical comparisons, local geographical comparisons and local comparisons of chronological series. The regional events (131 rural cases) were compared with demographic, geographic and anthropogenic variables (agricultural/livestock production, population density and altitude of the municipal seat). In local geographical comparisons were used cases of urban infection in home environment (63 cases/Santa Maria), located on field survey and with the help of a digital cartographic base of the streets overlaid by census grid. It was considered the proportion of improvised households, not connected to the mains water supply, no toilet or with irregular sanitation, with irregular disposal of the trash, the proportion of illiterate people and population density. In the chronological series comparison were used the rainfall, the dues of the rivers that drain the city and the variables temperature and relative humidity. Statistical analysis was based on linear regression and Poisson regression with robust variance. Middle-aged adults (51.84%), males (68.66%) and people with low education (58.26%) were most affected. Activities related to agriculture (27.14%), and domestic activities (12.38%) were present in most cases. The percentages of 55.84 and 45.18 were involved, respectively, with animal husbandry and farming. The rural area has been implicated in most situations (48.34%). Primary care units centralizing many notifications (mild cases). Moreover, jaundice, myalgia and conjunctival congestion present significant differences between cases reported and confirmed, suggesting the hypothesis that this triad can be used for differential diagnosis. Similarly, changes in the kidneys, lungs and heart were observed in most of the deaths. The mean incidence (per 105 inhabitants) and cumulative mortality (%) were respectively 11.61 and 4.72 to Santa Maria and 9.81 and 3.23 for the regional and 5.17 and 5.52 to the state and 1.80 and 9.57 for the country. In regional study, statistical analysis and mapping of cases showed a trend (p <0.181) correlation to the occurrence of cases with altitude and a correlation with the herd pig (p <0.037). The local study found a correlation with population density (p <0.035) and the proportion of illiterate people (p <0.067). The proportion of households not connected to the water supply showed a trend correlation (p <0.187). In comparisons of chronological series, rainfall showed significant correlation (p> 0.053) and temperature showed a trend correlation (p <0.180) with the occurrence of urban cases. The data indicate the need for more investment in education and sanitation and raise the possibility of deepening the questions raised about the herd of pigs, the symptoms and the occurrence of urban cases. / A leptospirose é uma patologia ubíqua, de veiculação hídrica, com vários reservatórios animais (silvestres e domésticos) e transmissão urbana e rural, recebendo influências climáticas/socioeconômicas. Suas manifestações variam desde quadros assintomáticos e leves até quadros hemorrágicos fulminantes. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar os casos notificados no SINAN pela 4ªCRS, RS, no período de 1999 a 2006, realizando a espacialização regional das ocorrências e buscando correlações com variáveis socioeconômicas e ambientais em escala regional (casos rurais/4ªCRS) e em escala local (casos urbanos/Santa Maria). Optou-se, na primeira etapa, por um desenho de estudo descritivo do tipo investigação de série de casos, para avaliação da completitude e descrição das variáveis da ficha de investigação e, na segunda etapa, por um desenho de estudo ecológico, explorando comparações geográficas na escala regional e local e de séries históricas na escala local. As ocorrências regionais (131 casos rurais) foram comparadas com variáveis demográficas, antrópicas e geográficas (produção agrícola/pecuária, densidade demográfica e altitude da sede municipal). Nas comparações geográficas locais, utilizaram-se os casos de infecção urbana em ambiente domiciliar (63 casos/Santa Maria), localizados com levantamento de campo e com ajuda de uma base cartográfica digital do arruamento sobreposta pela grade de setores censitários. Considerou-se: proporção de domicílios improvisados, não ligados à rede de abastecimento de água, sem banheiro ou com esgotamento sanitário irregular, com descarte irregular para o lixo, proporção de pessoas não alfabetizadas e densidade demográfica. Na comparação de séries temporais, utilizou-se a pluviosidade, as cotas das bacias que drenam o município e as variáveis temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. A análise estatística foi baseada em regressão linear e regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Adultos de meia idade (51,84%), pessoas do sexo masculino (68,66%) e pessoas de baixa escolaridade (58,26%) foram mais acometidos. Atividades ligadas à agropecuária (27,14%) e atividades domésticas (12,38%) estiveram presentes na maioria dos casos. Os percentuais de 55,84 e 45,18 estiveram envolvidos, respectivamente, com criação de animais e lavoura. A área rural foi implicada na maioria das situações (48,34%). Unidades de APS centralizaram o maior número de notificações (casos leves). Por outro lado, icterícia, mialgia e congestão conjuntival apresentaram diferenças significantes entre casos notificados e confirmados, sugerindo a hipótese de que esta tríade possa ser utilizada na diferenciação diagnóstica. Da mesma forma, alterações renais, pulmonares e cardíacas foram constatadas na maioria dos óbitos. A incidência média (por 105 habitantes) e a letalidade acumulada (%) foram respectivamente 11,61 e 4,72 para Santa Maria e 9,81 e 3,23 para a regional e 5,17 e 5,52 para o Estado e 1,80 e 9,57 para o País. No estudo regional a análise estatística e o mapeamento dos casos mostraram uma tendência (p<0,181) para correlação da ocorrência ou não de casos com a altitude e uma correlação com o rebanho suíno (p<0,037). No estudo local, constatou-se correlação com a densidade demográfica (p<0,035) e a proporção de pessoas não alfabetizadas (p<0,067). A proporção de domicílios não ligados à rede de abastecimento de água apresentou uma tendência de correlação (p<0,187). Nas comparações de séries cronológicas, a pluviosidade apresentou correlação significante (p>0,053) e a temperatura apresentou uma tendência de correlação (p<0,180) com a ocorrência de casos urbanos. Os dados apontam para a necessidade de mais investimentos em educação e saneamento e levantam a possibilidade de aprofundamento nas questões levantadas quanto ao rebanho de suínos, à sintomatologia e à ocorrência urbana de casos.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-07-19T12:48:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 11581085 bytes, checksum: 664ef10dee0bc5fb53b861022004ca1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-19T12:48:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 11581085 bytes, checksum: 664ef10dee0bc5fb53b861022004ca1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-25 / The precipitation, due to its importance, is considered one of the main variables of the hydrological cycle. An alternative to collect rainfall data is using rainfall measurements by sensors/satellites. Among these kinds of alternative, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) allows the collection with a spatial resolution 0.25º × 0.25º. Thus, the objective of the study is to understand, in more detail, the behavior and distribution of rainfall throughout the Upper São Francisco basin (Sub-40), in a recent period (1998-2013). The survey was conducted in the following steps: collection of TRMM rainfall data from 1998 to 2013 organizing them monthly and yearly; getting Três Marias reservoir in flow data; getting altimetry SRTM data; analyzing the correlation between the TRMM precipitation and the inflows to Três Marias reservoir; generating surface profiles to compare with the precipitation data, analyzing the number of consecutive dry days and consecutive wet days; computing the Standardized Precipitation Index - SPI for each point (169 points); spatial distribution of annual and monthly accumulated rainfall data, the correlation of rainfall and flow, of consecutive wet and dry days, the SPI index and cluster analysis. According to the results, it can be concluded that the years of highest and lowest value of annual rainfall depth was respectively 2009 and 2012. The driest months are June to August, and July is the driest one. In contrast, the wettest months are from November to January, and most rainy month is December. The annual and monthly precipitation depth showed that the northeast region of the basin rains less and the western and southern basin are wetter. The precipitation response to the inflow to the Três Marias reservoir is four days after the rainfall occurs. The relation between precipitation and altimetry shows that most of the annual rainfall depth is directly proportional to altimetry, but in some cases it shows little variability in the ground. Regarding the SPI, it was possible to calculate the beginning, end, intensity and magnitude of each dry and wet season. From the maps, SPI spatial information was produced in order to identify for each period the regions with highest and lowest values. By means of the map and dendrogram clusters, regions with higher and lower similarity between the monthly accumulated rainfall data were identified. Finally, the TRMM sensor proved useful in the analysis of spatial and temporal variability of precipitation over the studied basin, accounting satisfactorily dry and rainy periods. With easy acquisition and handling, satellite data is a viable alternative to collect precipitation data with spatial and temporal quality, especially in areas of difficult access or in developing countries. / A precipitação, pela sua importância, é considerada uma das principais variáveis do ciclo hidrológico. Uma alternativa para coletar dados de chuva é utilizar precipitações obtidas por sensores/satélites. Dentre estes, a Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) permite a coleta com resolução espacial de 0,25º × 0,25º. Com isso, o objetivo do estudo é compreender, de forma mais detalhada, o comportamento e a distribuição da precipitação ao longo da bacia do Alto São Francisco (Sub-40), em período recente (1998−2013). A pesquisa foi realizada nas seguintes etapas: coleta de dados do TRMM para o período de 1998 a 2013 organizando-os em acumulados mensais e anuais; coleta dos dados de vazão do reservatório Três Marias; coleta de dados de altimetria SRTM; correlação diária entre os elementos de precipitação TRMM; analisar o comportamento da precipitação anual da Sub-40 frente aos dados altimétricos; identificar a quantidade de dias secos e úmidos consecutivos de cada ponto da grade utilizado; extração do Índice Padronizado de Precipitação - SPI para cada ponto (169 pontos); espacialização dos dados de precipitação acumulada anual e mensal, da correlação de chuva e vazão, dos dias secos e úmidos consecutivos, do Índice SPI e da análise de cluster. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os anos de maior e menor valor de precipitações acumuladas anuais foram respectivamente os anos de 2009 e 2012. Os meses mais secos foram os de junho a agosto, sendo julho o mês mais seco. Em contrapartida, os meses mais úmidos foram de novembro a janeiro, com maior precipitação ocorrendo em dezembro. Os dados de precipitação acumuladas anuais e mensais mostraram que a região nordeste da bacia chove menos e que o oeste e sul da bacia são mais úmidos. O tempo de resposta da precipitação frente à vazão afluente ao reservatório Três Marias é de quatro dias após a ocorrência de chuvas. A relação entre a precipitação e altimetria mostra que a maioria dos dados de precipitações acumuladas anuais é diretamente proporcional à altimetria, mas que em alguns casos ela apresenta pouca variabilidade em relação ao terreno. Com relação ao SPI, a partir dos mapas, produziram-se informações de SPI de maneira espacializada identificando a cada período as regiões de maiores e menores valores. Observando os mapas de clusters e dendrograma identificaram-se as regiões com maior e menor similaridade entre os dados de precipitação acumulada mensal. Por fim, o sensor TRMM se mostrou hábil na análise da variabilidade espaço-temporal da precipitação sobre a bacia, representando de forma satisfatória os períodos secos e chuvosos. Com fácil aquisição e manuseio, os dados do satélite são uma alternativa viável para se coletar informações pluviométricas com qualidade espacial e temporal, principalmente em regiões de difícil acesso ou em países em desenvolvimento.

Les principales techniques de spatialisation sonores sont pour la plupart orientées vers la reproduction de sources ponctuelles, l’étendue reste un sujet peu exploré. Cette thèse défend l’idée que les sources étendues sont pourtant des objets expressifs pouvant significativement contribuer à la richesse des pratiques de spatialisation, notamment en musique. Nous décomposerons cette thèse en trois hypothèses. La première, auditive, postulera que les sources étendues sont pertinentes perceptivement. C’est-à-dire qu’elles offrent la possibilité de faire varier de nouveaux attributs sonores et que l’auditeur est sensible à ces variations. La seconde, analytique, proposera que la polarisation des techniques de spatialisation les plus courantes vers la source ponctuelle n’est qu’arbitraire et que d’autres modèles de sources peuvent être considérés. La troisième, opérationnelle, suggèrera qu’il est possible de créer des outils permettant aux compositeurs de manier et de s’approprier les sources étendues à des fins musicales.Pour valider ces hypothèses, nous formaliserons les propriétés auditives et musicales de ces sources puis nous proposerons des méthodes concrètes pour les analyser et les synthétiser. Ces travaux seront considérés dans le cadre de la bibliothèque HOA, un ensemble d’outils de spatialisation de bas niveau que nous avons spécialement fondé à des fins d’expérimentations. Nous décrirons les spécificités de cette bibliothèque. Nous verrons notamment comment son architecture et ses différents modules permettent d’ouvrir l’ambisonie à de nouvelles pratiques éloignées du concept de ponctualité. / Mainstream spatialization techniques are often oriented towards the reproduction of point sources; extension remains a relatively unexplored topic. This thesis advocates that extended sources are yet expressive objects that could contribute to the richness of spatialization practices, especially in the field of music. We’ll decompose this thesis in three hypotheses. A perceptive one, who postulates that extended sources are perceptually relevant, i.e., that they offer the possibility of varying new sound attributes and that the listener is sensitive to these variations. An analytical one, who proposes that the most common spatialization techniques focus to point sources is arbitrary and that other source’s models can be considered. And an operational one, who suggests that it’s possible to create tools for composers so they can handle and musicalize extended objects. To confirm these hypotheses, we’ll formalize the auditory and musical properties of extended sources and we’ll propose concrete methods for their analysis and synthesis. This work will be considered as part of the HOA library, a set of low-level spatialization tools we’ve founded for the purpose of experimentation. We’ll describe the specificities of this library and see how its architecture and its different modules allow the generalization of ambisonics to new practices away of punctuality.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Isabele Pereira Tannous - 2018.pdf: 1804140 bytes, checksum: b386dcd77e22a6c4c5341985c9b761b9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-10 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Dengue fever is a disease transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, characterized as an acute febrile disease, etiologically viral, of distinct severity and currently an important public health problem. The disease shows a seasonal pattern and presents higher rates of cases during the first five months of the year in Brazil, a period considered hotter and humid, typical of tropical climates. High temperatures, humidity and rainy seasons are key factors that help in the multiplication and diffusion of the dengue vector. The aims of this study were to survey the dengue incidence in the city of Jataí, state of Goiás, to map the regions with focus of transmission, to identify possible climate factors that influence the occurrence of the disease and to evaluate the socioeconomic profile of the population studied from notified and confirmed dengue cases in the period from 2014 to 2016. It was possible to verify that, in Jataí, there were repeated recurrences of dengue cases, with a growing number of cases reported during the years evaluated. The central sector of the city of Jataí, stood out with the highest number of dengue notifications during three years, showing cases during all months of the year, with peaks between February and May. The meteorological data demonstrate that the rainy season, the temperature and the relative humidity of the air, influence directly the increase of the dengue incidence. Regarding the epidemiological profile of the dengue cases in the city of Jataí, it was possible to identify a higher prevalence of the disease in female individuals, literate and in the group with ages ranging from 20 to 39 years old. Likewise, it was verified that the majority of the cases are classified as classical dengue and tend to progress to hemorrhagic dengue fever. The most commonly used tests to confirm diagnosis were NS1 antigen screening and IgM serology. In the three years analyzed, only the serotypes DENV-1 and DENV-4 were isolated in the city. The study showed several dengue breeding sites, especially a large amount of trash and rubble in the residences and in inhabited areas of the city, a considerable factor for the increase in the number of dengue cases, which infers the population's negligence and lack of awareness in relation to the disease severity. / A dengue é uma doença transmitida por mosquitos do gênero Aedes, caracterizada como doença aguda febril, etiologicamente viral, de gravidade distinta, e atualmente um importante problema de saúde pública. A doença de padrão sazonal, apresenta no Brasil, índices mais elevados de casos no decorrer dos cinco primeiros meses do ano, período considerado mais quente e úmido, típico dos climas tropicais. As altas temperaturas, umidade e épocas chuvosas, são fatores determinantes que auxiliam na multiplicação e difusão do vetor da dengue. Este estudo teve como objetivos realizar o levantamento da incidência de dengue no município de Jataí, estado de Goiás; mapear as regiões com focos de transmissão; identificar possíveis fatores climáticos que influenciam na ocorrência da doença e avaliar o perfil socioeconômico da população estudada a partir dos casos notificados e confirmados de dengue no período de 2014 a 2016. Foi possível constatar que, em Jataí, ocorreram sucessivas reincidências de casos por dengue, com número crescente de casos notificados durante os anos avaliados. O setor central do município de Jataí, se destacou com o maior número de notificações de dengue durante os três anos, apresentando casos durante todos os meses do ano, com picos entre os meses de fevereiro até maio. Os dados meteorológicos demonstraram que o período chuvoso, a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar influenciam de forma direta o aumento da incidência da dengue. Em relação a análise do perfil epidemiológico dos casos de dengue no município de Jataí, foi possível identificar maior prevalência da doença em indivíduos do sexo feminino, alfabetizados e na faixa etária de 20 a 39 anos. De mesmo modo, verificou-se que a maioria dos casos se classificam como dengue clássica e apresentam tendências para progredir à quadros de dengue hemorrágica. Os exames mais utilizados para confirmação de diagnósticos foram a pesquisa do antígeno NS1 e a sorologia de IgM. Nos três anos analisados foram isolados no município apenas os sorotipos DENV-1 e DENV-4. O estudo evidenciou diversos criadouros de dengue, em especial, uma grande quantidade de entulhos e lixo nas residências e em terrenos baldios da cidade, fator considerável para o aumento do número de casos de dengue, o que infere a negligência e falta de conscientização da população em relação a gravidade da doença.

A Bacia do Alto Paraguai é definida pelo trecho compreendido entre as nascentes do Rio Paraguai e a confluência deste com o Rio Apa, e abrange planaltos, depressões e a vasta planície do Pantanal, a maior zona úmida continental do planeta. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é propor uma compartimentação do Pantanal com base em seu funcionamento atual. Para isto, utilizou-se de um conjunto de métodos, análise em componentes principais (ACP), análise em fatores de correspondência (AFC), e análise de deconvolução pelo modelo EMMA (End-Members Mixing Analysis). Essas análises foram aplicadas em amostragens de águas coletadas sob diferentes escalas, desde a da Bacia do Alto Paraguai até a da Nhecolândia, uma sub-região do Pantanal (MS). Esses procedimentos permitiram discriminar, hierarquizar e espacializar os fatores responsáveis pela variabilidade química das águas. Os resultados mostram que a composição química das águas que alimentam a planície pode ser considerada como uma mistura de três perfis químicos, definidos pelo tipo de rocha (calcário, arenito, cristalino) que explica 50% da variância total, e pelo uso e ocupação do solo (adubação de nitrogênio no planalto) responsável por 15% da variância total. As distribuições dos perfis químicos permitiram identificar grandes regiões, e áreas limítrofes entre elas com justaposição de perfis químicos contrastados, tanto no planalto quanto na planície. Apesar de ter-se observado algumas modificações na composição química das águas entre as estações seca e úmida, essas duas amostragens mantém discriminadas as mesmas regiões. Na subregião da Nhecolândia, a evaporação e as precipitações salinas a ela associadas (calcita e Mg-calcita, Mg-silicatos K-silicatos) respondem por 76% da variância total. A influência antrópica (adubação com potássio e nitrogênio nas zonas agrícolas do planalto) respondem por cerca de 10% da variância total. Evaporação, processos redox, uso e ocupação do solo foram apontados como as principais fontes de variabilidade na composição química das águas na Nhecolândia. / The Upper Paraguay Basin is defined by the stretch from the headwaters of the Paraguay River to the confluence with the Apa River. It includes plateaus, depressions and the vast floodplain of the Pantanal, the world largest continental wetland. The aim of this work is to propose a partitioning of the Pantanal based on its current functioning. A set of methods was used, including, principal components analysis (PCA), correspondence factor analysis (CFA), and A PCA-based EMMA procedure (End-Members Mixing Analysis). These methods were applied to water sampling collected at different scales, from the Upper Paraguay River Basin to the Nhecolândia, a sub-region of the Pantanal (MS). It allowed discriminating, prioritizing and spatializing the factors responsible for the variability in water chemistry. The results show that the chemical composition of the waters that supply the floodplain can be considered as a mixture of three end-members, defined by the type of rock (limestone, sandstone, crystalline), which explains 50% of the total variance, and the land use (nitrogen fertilization on the plateau), which accounted for 15% of the total variance. The distributions of chemical profiles discriminated large regions, and areas with juxtaposition of contrasting chemical profiles, both in the highlands and the floodplain. Although some changes occur in the chemical composition of water between dry and wet seasons, these two sets of samples have drawn the same regions. In the sub-region of the Nhecolândia, evaporation and associated salt precipitations (Mg-calcite and calcite, Mg-silicates silicates K) account for 76% of the variance. The anthropogenic influence (K and N-fertilization in agricultural areas of the plateau) accounts for about 10% of the variance. Evaporation, redox processes, land use were identified as major sources of variability in the chemical composition of surface waters in the Nhecolândia.

Esta tese apresenta um estudo sobre a espacialização da economia colonial nas minas do Cuiabá e do Mato Grosso, no centro da América do Sul, na primeira metade do século XVIII. No primeiro capítulo procuramos demonstrar como algumas interpretações e imagens recorrentes a respeito da economia colonial reproduzida nos territórios que formariam a capitania de Mato Grosso, impõem-se aos indícios documentais e são reproduzidas sem o questionamento sobre os pressupostos que as sustentam. No segundo capítulo, definimos nosso posicionamento teórico e metodológico em relação aos documentos cartográficos. No terceiro capítulo analisamos mapas classificados como sertanistas. Demonstramos que uma análise dos rústicos mapas do sertanismo revela uma lógica da expansão das conquistas territoriais portuguesas distante das interpretações consagradas sobre estes mapas. No quarto capítulo reconstruímos o processo de formação de ambientes rurais na primeira década de colonização portuguesa nas minas do Cuiabá, revelando a estruturação de uma estrutura fundiária diversificada voltada para o comércio e o mercado interno. No quinto capítulo analisamos a relação entre as práticas administrativas e a espacialização da economia colonial. No sexto capítulo, procuramos relacionar a espacialização da economia no centro da América do Sul às transformações da economia na primeira metade do século XVIII, em diversas escalas. / This thesis present a study about the spatialization of the colonial economy in the mines of Cuiabá and of Mato Grosso, in the center of South America in the first half of the eighteenth century. In the first chapter we demonstrate how some recurring images and interpretations about the economy reproduced in the colonial territories that would form the captaincy of Mato Grosso, are imposed regarding the documental evidences and are reproduced without questioning the assumptions that underpin them. In the second chapter, we defined our theoretical and methodological positioning in relation to cartographic documents. In the third chapter we analyze maps classified as sertanistas. We demonstrate that an analysis of rustic maps of sertanismo reveals a logical of the Portuguese expansion distant of the interpretations consecrated about these maps. In the fourth chapter we reconstruct the process of formation of rural environments in the first decade of colonization in the mines of Cuiabá, revealing the structuring a diversified land structure facing the trade and the internal market. In the fifth chapter we analyze the relationship between and administrative practices and the colonial economy spacialization. In the sixth chapter, we relate the economy spacialization at the center of South America with the transformations of the economy in the first half of the eighteenth century, in various scales.

L’industrie de la croisière a considérablement évolué au cours des dernières années. L’espace caribéen occupe une place capitale dans ce marché, de plus en plus globalisé et capitalistique, organisé principalement à partir des ports floridiens et des capitaux extra-caribéens. Les logiques économiques et commerciales de cette industrie, qui déplace des volumes de touristes de plus en plus massifs, échappent aux territoires d’accueil qui ne sont plus en mesure de négocier des conditions économiques susceptibles de soutenir leur développement. La croisière relève désormais du tourisme sous bulle que les consommateurs captifs quittent temporairement pour parcourir quelques ambiances exotiques mises en scène dans le cadre d’enclaves territoriales. Les stratégies des grands armateurs qui visent à maximiser leurs revenus à travers le contrôle des dépenses et donc des consommations de leurs clientèles, sont confortées par les préoccupations actuelles d’ordre sécuritaires, légitimes et entretenues, qui justifient le déroulement de ces séjours dans le cadre de bulles touristiques protégées. Dans le contexte actuel, au regard des logiques économiques qui prévalent dans l’industrie de la croisière, nombre de petites îles s’interrogent sur l’opportunité de soutenir le tourisme de croisière. Trois types d’arguments soutiennent ce positionnement : tout d’abord, les effets d’entraînement sur l’économie local sont loin d’être à la hauteur des attentes (il ne faut pas oublier pas l’importance des investissements qui doivent être réaliser pour disposer des infrastructures adéquates pour accueillir ces imposants navires) ; en second lieu, les modalités actuelles du développement de la croisière (dont le contrôle échappe aux ports d’accueil) vont à l’encontre des projets de développement durable de ces îles et les préoccupations sont sérieuses sur le plan écologique. En dernier lieu, l’argument tant vanté par les professionnels qui affirment que le croisiériste reviendra séjourner à l’occasion de prochaines vacances reste à démonter. Les enquêtes de terrain attestent du profil spécifique de ce visiteur qui évolue dans une douce insouciance festive du navire, ponctuée d’une suite de courtes escales. Le produit «croisière », matérialisé par le paquebot, qui incarne le temple de la consommation, est devenue la destination. / The cruise industry has evolved considerably in recent years. The Caribbean area occupies a crucial place in this market, increasingly globalized, capitalistic, and mainly organized from the Floridians ports and extra-Caribbean capital. Economic and commercial logic of this industry, which moves in tourist volumes increasingly massive, escape the host territories which are no longer able to negotiate economic conditions that support their development.The cruise now falls under the tourism bubble that temporarily leave captive consumers to browse some exotic atmospheres staged within the framework of territorial enclaves. The strategies of the major ship owners who aim to maximize their revenues through expenditure control and therefore the consumption of their customers, are supported by the current concerns of safety order, legitimate and maintained, which justify the conduct of these visits as part protected tourist bubbles. In the current context, in light of economic logic prevailing in the cruise industry, many small islands are questioning whether to support cruise tourism. Three types of arguments support this position: first, spillover effects on the local economy are not up to the expectations (do not forget the importance of investments that need to be achieve to have adequate infrastructure to accommodate these imposing vessels); Second, the current terms of the development of the cruise (which is outside the host ports) are against sustainable development projects of the islands and concerns are serious ecologically. Finally, the much vaunted argument by professionals who say that the cruise will return to stay during next vacation rest disassemble. Field surveys attest to the profile of the visitor who evolves in a sweet festive carefree ship, punctuated by a series of short stops. The product "cruise", materialized by the liner, which embodies the temple of consumption, has become the destination.

Notre travail de thèse a porté sur les modalités de dépôts de PGE et HAP sur le fourrage à partir d’un bio-accumulateur (ray-grass). Les cinétiques du dépôt de PGE et HAP sur les plants de ray-grass exposé en bordure d’autoroute ont montré que l’essentiel de la contamination s’effectue durant les premières semaines d’exposition, et aussi que ces contaminants restent fixés au ray-grass au moins cinq semaines après son retrait de l’autoroute. L’étude de l’influence des conditions du trafic a montré un faible impact de l’autoroute sur la contamination du ray-grass en PGE et HAP par rapport à une route nationale, suggérant que le dépôt de PGE et HAP sur le ray-grass est beaucoup plus lié aux propriétés de leurs émissions par les véhicules que par le nombre de véhicules. La spatialisation de l’exposition du fourrage en PGE et HAP à l’échelle parcellaire a révélé une diminution significative des concentrations de Pd, Rh et HAP du ray-grass avec l’éloignement de la source d’émission. / Our thesis work concerned the methods of PGE and PAH deposits on fodder using a bio-accumulator (ryegrass). The deposit kinetics of PGE and PAH on ryegrass exposed in the vicinity of a highway showed that the main part of the contamination is carried out during the first weeks of exposure, and also that these contaminants remain fixed on the ryegrass at least five weeks after its removal from the highway. The study of the traffic conditions influence showed a weak impact of the highway on the ryegrass contamination by PGE and PAH compared to a rural road, suggesting that the PGE and PAH deposits on the ryegrass are much more related to the emission properties from the vehicles than to the number of vehicles. The spatialization of the fodder exposure in PGE and PAH on a fodder plot scale revealed a significant reduction of the Pd, Rh and PAH concentrations of the ryegrass with the distance of the emission source.