The study was based on a survey of the outer garments and accessories within the wardrobes of twenty professional and business women of this vicinity. A questionnaire was used in order to obtain information concerning the wardrobes. From the results tabulated, the following concusions were reached: (1) the expenditures to provide adequate wardrobes were much more than they should have been; (2) in most cases, the distribution of garments was inadequate to meet the needs for all occasions; (3) the color selections were unrelated; and (4) the number of articles in the majority of the wardrobes was excessive. In light of the findings, the components of what the writer considers an adequate basic wardrobe have been presented and discussed.

<p>This dissertation examines how human remains are circulated as material culture in contemporary Western society. It is based on an extended period of research and fieldwork carried out from September 2011 to June 2013, in addition to forensic-related research conducted from 2007 to 2010. Through interviews with individuals who handle human remains and an analysis of popular culture via social and mass media, I pose the question: How and why have the undisposed dead been made to occupy a variety of spaces in contemporary Western society; for personal use, education, sale, or veneration?</p> <p>Interviews conducted with Roman Catholic clergy confirm not only the contemporary importance and influence of human relics, but the Church’s ongoing relationship with the dismembered body. This research thus offers a counterpoint to the usual positioning of the Church as anti-science and as imposing a religious taboo toward human remains. I argue instead that the Catholic Church historically has had an important influence on the practices of anatomical dissection, and the deeply embedded Western traditions of making the undisposed dead necessary, popular and culturally acceptable.</p> <p>As an extension of my analysis of the Catholic Church’s traditions and policies around the use of human remains, I examine the institutional handling of the dead in various types of museums and compare this with how human remains are celebrated and circulated in popular culture. Lastly, I explore the work of five controversial visual artists who use human remains in their art.1 Through extensive personal interviews, conducted in their homes and studios, I demonstrate how Catholic bodies, images and symbols have profoundly inspired (rather than discouraged) these visual artists in their personal, as well as artistic narratives.</p> <p>My research shows that, contrary to the academic literature, human remains are neither imbued with fear, nor with notions of violence or taboo; neither are they deployed to symbolically encounter death. In the hands of either institutional or personal collectors, I argue that human remains are valuable commodities through which membership, identity, and knowledge are expressed in contemporary Western society.</p> <p>1 Wayne Martin Belger, Al Farrow, Andrew Krasnow, Mark Prent, Joel Peter Witkin</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Fiber-reinforced rubberlike materials (FRRM) commonly used in tires undergo large deformations, and exhibit different response in tension and compression along the fiber direction. Assuming that the response of a fiber-reinforced rubberlike material can be modeled as transversely isotropic with the fiber direction as the axis of transverse isotropy, we express the stored energy function, W, in terms of the five invariants of the right Cauchy-Green strain tensor and the fiber direction, and account for different response in tension and compression along the fiber direction. It has been shown in the literature that in shear-dominated deformations, the 5th invariant, I5, significantly contribution to the stress-strain curve. We have implemented the constitutive relation in the commercial software, LS-DYNA. The numerical solutions of several boundary value problems studied here agree with their analytical solutions derived by using Ericksen's inverse approach, in which a part of the solution is assumed and unknowns in the presumed solution are then found by analyzing the pertinent boundary value problem. However, computed results have not been compared with experimental findings. For W of the FRRMs an expression that is a complete quadratic function of the five invariants is also examined. Homogeneous deformations such as simple extension, simple shear, and biaxial loading problems are studied to delineate the mechanical behaviors of FRRMs. Consistency with the infinitesimal deformation theory requires that linear terms in the 4th and 5th invariants, I4 and I5, be included in the expression for W. Stability analysis of deformations reveals the qualitative changes triggered by the second order terms of the quadratic function. Analytical solutions for inflation, extension and twist deformations caused by internal pressure, end torque, and axial force for a pressurized cylindrical laminate are derived using Ericksen's inverse method. Effects of fiber orientations on the mechanical behaviors of a +/-α angle-ply cylindrical tube are investigated using the derived analytical solutions. The T-peel test, widely used for characterizing adhesion across a plethora of adhesives, adherends, and geometries, results in a range of responses that may complicate meaningful interpretation of the test data. This research effort, involving several specific specimen types, was undertaken to investigate concerns that commonly used configurations may not always result in plateaus in the force-displacement response. We experimentally and numerically study debonding of T-peel specimens having 75 mm bond length and 0.81 mm thick adherends made of either 6061 aluminum (Al) or one of the three steels (G70 70U hot dip galvanized, E60 elctrogalvanized (EGZ), 1010 cold-rolled steel (CRS) bonded with either LORD® 406 or Maxlok™ acrylic adhesive. For the EGZ and the Al adherends, specimens with a bond length of 250 mm and adherend thickness of 1.60 mm are also examined. Effects of adherend materials and thicknesses, bond lengths, and adhesives on test results are examined using three metrics to interpret the T-peel bond performance. We find a limited correlation between the commonly used "T-peel strength" and the energy dissipated per unit debond area. For those two metrics, the relative performances of the CRS and the Al specimens are quite different. Quasi-static plane strain deformations of the test specimens are analyzed by the finite element method (FEM) and a cohesive zone model using the commercial software, ABAQUS, to help interpret the test data. Numerical results provided energies required to elastically and plastically deform the adherends, and help determine the transition from non-self-similar to self-similar debonding. The FE simulations also facilitate determination of the fraction of the crosshead displacement at which self-similar debonding occurs. Results reported herein should help practitioners select appropriate specimen dimensions for extracting meaningful data for adhesive performance. / Ph. D.

No / The differentiation between genuine and fake lapis lazuli specimens using Raman spectroscopy is assessed using laboratory and portable instrumentation operating at two longer wavelengths of excitation in the near-infrared, namely 1064 and 785 nm. In spite of the differences between the spectra excited here in the near infrared and those reported in the literature using visible excitation, it is clear that Raman spectroscopy at longer wavelengths can provide a means of differentiating between the fakes studied here and genuine lapis lazuli. The Raman spectra obtained from portable instrumentation can also achieve this result, which will be relevant for the verification of specimens which cannot be removed from collections and for the identification of genuine lapis lazuli inlays in, for example, complex jewellery and furniture. The non-destructive and non-contact character of the technique offers a special role for portable Raman spectroscopy in forensic art analysis.

"As the American Civil War was brought to a close in April, 1865, the entire nation was plunged into an era which was characterized by unrest and turmoil. The North had before it the task of reconstructing the former Confederate states so that they would be able to resume their former positions in national councils, while the South was called on to adjust to a way of life which was drastically different. In military District Five, formed as a result of congressional control, as in the rest of the South, continued post-war controversy has tended to becloud appraisals of the period of military reconstruction. A fair evaluation requires examination of the primary sources inasmuch as secondary works on the era have continued to reflect sectional viewpoints. Such an evaluation reveals the need for a comprehensive re-interpretation of the entire era of military control of reconstruction under the congressional plan. This analysis of military government in District Five represents such a re-interpretation of one area of the post-war South."-- leaf iii.

Atualmente, um dos grandes problemas relacionados à leishmaniose é a falta de um diagnóstico específico capaz de indentificar e diferenciar espécies de Leishmania com rapidez e precisão. O desenvolvimento de métodos moleculares como a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), possibilita que o diagnóstico da Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) possa se tornar mais preciso e, eventualmente, de fácil execução, uma vez que limitações importantes relacionadas à sensibilidade e especificidade desta técnica ainda são descritas, principalmente quando se utiliza amostras clínicas. Com o intuito de melhor avaliar a eficiência da PCR para o diagnóstico da LVC, foram selecionadas diferentes amostras clínicas (baço, aspirado de linfonodo, pele sem lesão, pele com lesão e amostras de sangue) de 26 cães com sorologia positiva para leishmaniose submetidos à eutanásia pelo Serviço de Vigilância Epidemiológica do município de Embu das Artes - SP. Realizamos uma análise comparativa entre a PCR-RFLP kDNA-HaeIII e PCR-RFLP hsp70-BsaJI/EcoRII com dois métodos diagnósticos tradicionais (parasitológico direto, e cultura in vitro). Amostras clínicas de 28 cães com sorologia negativa para LVC da mesma região foram utilizadas como controle negativo das reações. Notamos que a PCR aprensentou maior sensibilidade em todas as amostras clínicas testadas quando comparadas aos métodos tradicionais. Os resultados apontam que a PCR-RFLP kDNA-HaeIII é a mais eficiente para o diagnóstico da LVC, com um índice de 96,15% de positividade nas amostras de pele com lesão. Quanto à discriminação da espécie de Leishmania envolvida na infecção, nossos resultados de PCR-RFLP kDNA-HaeIII indicam Leishmania chagasi-infantum como o agente etiológico envolvido na infecção e transmissão canina na cidade de Embu das Artes. Por outro lado, a análise da PCR em Tempo Real (qPCR), mostrou que algumas amostras de sangue não apresentavam o padrão associado à Leishmania chagasi-infantum, podendo indicar uma co-infecção com outras parasitoses caninas. Nosso grupo também acompanhou 184 crianças de 4 a 10 anos de idade (população de risco) residentes da mesma região de transmissão autóctone da doença canina, como também foi realizado um levantamento das espécies de flebotomíneos da região (pela SUCEN). Até o momento, não foi encontrado nenhum caso da doença humana, nem a principal espécie transmissora do parasito (Lutzomiya longipalpis). Acreditamos que esses resultados possam contribuir significativamente para aprimorar o diagnóstico e a identificação das espécies Leishmania na LVC. / Currently, one of the major problems related to leishmaniasis is the lack of a specific diagnosis capable of identifying and differentiating Leishmania species quickly and accurately. The development of molecular methods such as Polymerase Chain Reaction ( PCR ) allows the diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) to become more accurate and eventually, easy to perform, since that important limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity of this technique are being described especially when using clinical samples. In order to better evaluate the efficiency of PCR for the diagnosis of CVL, we selected different clinical samples (spleen, lymph node aspirate, skin with and without lesions and blood samples) from 26 dogs with positive serology for leishmaniasis submitted to euthanasia by the Agency of Epidemiological Surveillance of Embu das Artes - SP. Therefore, we performed a comparative analysis between the kDNAPCR-RFLP HaeIII and hsp70PCR-RFLP BsaJI/EcoRII with two traditional diagnostic methods (direct parasitological test, and in vitro culture). Additionally, clinical samples from 28 dogs with negative serology for CVL in the same region were used as negative reactions control. We noted that the PCR showed greater sensitivity in all clinical samples tested when compared with traditional methods. The results indicate that the kDNAPCR-RFLP HaeIII is the most efficient test for the diagnosis of CVL, with a positivity index of 96.15 % in skin lesions samples. Related to the discrimination of the Leishmania species involved in the infection, our results of kDNAPCR-RFLP HaeIII indicate Leishmania infantum chagasi as the agent involved in canine infection in Embu das Artes city. Moreover, the analysis of real-time PCR (qPCR) showed that some blood samples has not showed the same pattern associated with Leishmania infantum chagasi suggesting a possible co-infection with other canine parasite. Our group also followed 184 children between 4 to 10 years old (risk population) living in the same region of autochthonous transmission of canine disease, as well a survey was conducted on the sandfly species in the region (by SUCEN). So far, we found no human infection, nor the main species involved in the transmission of the parasite (Lutzomyia longipalpis). We believe that these results can significantly contribute to the improvement of the diagnosis and identification of Leishmania species involved in the CVL worldwide.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:38:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Cristina Godoy Jasinski.pdf: 3849900 bytes, checksum: f8ecb7e08b0fac6fae8e4aec5fe4c1e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-12 / This study aimed to: develop methodological sequences for the collection and analysis of essential oils and phenolic compounds of B. uncinella, applicable to the study of other species of the genus Baccharis; determined by techniques of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the chemical composition of essential oils from the leaves of male and female specimens of B. uncinella from different populations of the plant growing in nature; isolate and determine the chemical structure of phenolic compounds present in leaves using mainly chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. In the Campos Gerais of Paraná, it was observed the occurrence of two supposed varieties of B. uncinella, Bu1 and Bu2, with markedly different sizes and quite different flowering times. For the first time the leaves were collected from male and female specimens of two populations of B. uncinella, proceed to the extraction and analysis of essential oils by GC-MS techniques. The essential oils of four samples had very similar compositions, as opposed to frequently published data indicating no difference between the compositions of oils of male and female specimens of the same species of Baccharis. The results obtained in this study are due to the care in collections of male and female specimens (in the same place and time), in the preparation of material (careful separation of the leaves), using the same conditions in the hydrodestillation and analysis by CG-EM . All four samples had low levels of monoterpenes and the following sesquiterpenes as the main components: caryophyllene (Bu1 10.03% and Bu1 7.64%; Bu2 6.06% and Bu2 7.96%); spathulenol (Bu1 28.99% and Bu1 29.68%; Bu2 24.30% and Bu2 16.94%), caryophyllene oxide (Bu1 12.98% and Bu2 14.24%; Bu2 9.75% and Bu2 23.52%). These results also confirmed the botanical identifications that were made based on the morphology of flowers, indicating the inexistence of the supposed sub-species. The water remaining after the hydrodestillation was extracted with CHCl3 and then with AcOEt, yielding four extracts containing mainly 3.5-dicaffeoylquinic and 3.4-dicaffeoylquinic acids, as demonstrated by analysis of their 1H and 13C NMR spectra. The leaves were also extracted in Sohxlet using three solvents in sequence: CHCl3, AcOEt and MeOH. Part of the methanol extract was purified by dissolving it in water, removing the precipitates formed by a cold rest and extracting it with AcOEt. The extract thus obtained with ethyl acetate was subjected to several vacuum chromatography steps leading to the isolation and identification of 3,5- dicaffeoylquinic acid by the analysis of its 1H and 13C NMR spectra. This route to the phenolic compounds was improved by obtaining extracts with ethyl acetate from aqueous solution at pH 8 and pH 3. The extract made in slightly alkaline conditions contained mainly flavonoids, while the one obtained at pH 3 contained derivatives of quinic acid. The AcOEt extract at pH 8 was fractionated on silica gel column under pressure leading to the isolation of three flavonoids identified by their UV, 1H and 13C NMR spectra (quercetin, luteolin and apigenin). The AcOEt extract at pH 4 was fractionated on a silica gel column leading to the isolation and identification of 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid by the 1H and 13C NMR spectra. / Este estudo teve como objetivos: desenvolver seqüências metodológicas para a obtenção e análise de óleos essenciais e compostos fenólicos de B. uncinella, aplicáveis ao estudo de outras espécies do gênero Baccharis; determinar por técnicas de cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas, a composição química dos óleos essenciais das folhas de espécimes masculinos e femininos de B. uncinella procedentes de diferentes populações da planta crescendo in natura; isolar e determinar a estrutura química de compostos fenólicos presentes nas folhas utilizando, principalmente, métodos cromatográficos e espectrométricos. Nos Campos Gerais do Paraná, foi observada a ocorrência de duas supostas variedades de B. uncinella, Bu1 e Bu2, com portes acentuadamente diferentes e épocas de floração bem distintas. Pela primeira vez foram coletadas as folhas de espécimes masculinos e femininos de duas populações de B. uncinella, procedendo-se à extração e análise de seus óleos essenciais por técnicas de CG-EM. Os óleos essenciais das quatro amostras apresentaram composições muito semelhantes, em contraposição a dados frequentemente publicados, que indicam haver diferenças entre as composições de óleos de espécimes masculinos e femininos da mesma espécie de Baccharis. O resultado obtido na presente pesquisa se deve aos cuidados tomados nas coletas dos espécimes masculinos e femininos (mesmo local e horário), na preparação do material (separação minuciosa das folhas), no uso das mesmas condições nas hidrodestilações e nas análises por CG-EM. Todas as quatro amostras apresentaram baixos teores de monoterpenos e os seguintes sesquiterpenos como principais componentes: cariofileno (Bu1 10,03% e Bu1 7,64%; Bu2 6,06% e Bu2 7,96%); espatulenol (Bu1 28,99% e Bu1 29,68%; Bu2 24,30 %e Bu2 16,94%); cariofileno óxido (Bu1 12,98% e Bu2 14,24%; Bu2 9,75% e Bu2 23,52%). Estes resultados também confirmaram as identificações botânicas feitas com base na morfologia das flores, indicando a inexistência da suposta variedade. As águas restantes após as hidrodestilações foram extraídas com CHCl3 e em seguida com AcOEt, obtendo-se quatro extratos contendo principalmente os ácidos 3,5- dicafeoilquínico e 3,4-dicafeoilquínico, como demonstrado por análises dos seus espectros de RMN de 1H e 13C. As folhas foram também extraídas em Sohxlet por solventes em sequência:CHCl3, AcOEt e MeOH. Parte do extrato metanólico foi purificado dissolvendo-se em água, eliminando os precipitados formados por repouso a frio e extraindo-se com AcOEt. O extrato obtido desta forma com acetato de etila foi submetido a diversas cromatografias a vácuo, sendo isolado e identificado o ácido 3,5-dicafeoilquínico pela análise dos espectros de RMN de 1H e 13C. Esta rota para os compostos fenólicos foi melhorada através da obtenção de extratos com acetato de etila a partir da solução aquosa em pH 8 e em pH 3. O extrato feito em meio levemente alcalino continha principalmente flavonóides, enquanto que o que foi obtido em pH 3 continha os derivados do ácido quínico. O extrato AcOEt em pH 8 foi fracionado em coluna de silica gel sob pressão, levando ao isolamento e identificação de três flavonóides, identificados pelos seus espectros de UV, RMN 1H e 13C (quercetina, luteolina e apigenina). O extrato AcOEt em pH 4 foi fracionado em coluna de sílica gel, isolando-se e identificando-se o ácido 3,4-dicafeoilquínico pelo seus espectros de RMN de 1H e de 13C.

A avaliação da integridade estrutural de dutos pelo uso de corpos-de-prova laboratoriais depende da escolha de corpos-de-prova de geometrias que representem condições de restrições plásticas na frente da trinca, similares às encontradas nas condições operacionais dos dutos. O Núcleo de Ensaios de Materiais e Análise de Falhas, NEMAF do SMM, EESC-USP vem realizando pesquisas para o desenvolvimento de corpos-de-prova e metodologias experimentais que melhor represente esta situação. Entretanto, no caso de dutos existem situações onde a geometria e o tamanho do corpo-de-prova são limitados pelas dimensões do duto. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e aplicação de espécimes SE(T) em aço API 5L X70, avaliando a influência da geometria e dimensões do corpo-de-prova na tenacidade à fratura do citado aço, sendo este utilizado na fabricação de dutos para transporte de gás e petróleo. Para isto, foram obtidas curvas de resistência à propagação dúctil de trincas, curvas J-R\'s, utilizando a metodologia do espécime único (single specimen) em conjunto com a técnica da variação da flexibilidade elástica (unloading elastic compliance), medida na boca da trinca (CMOD) que fornece ao mesmo tempo a área plástica abaixo da curva de carregamento versus deslocamento e o tamanho da trinca, segundo a norma de ensaios ASTM E1820-05. Foram ensaiados corpos-de-prova SE(T) com trincas rasa (a/W=0,2) e profunda (a/W=0,5) e razão W/B de 2,5 e 1,0, com a finalidade de garantir que o ensaio seja realizado em dominância de um estado plano de deformação como recomendado pela referida norma, para outros tipos de corpos-de-prova. Dos resultados observou-se que, independente do tamanho de trinca inicial adotado, não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas curvas J-R. Este fato pode ser comprovado nos casos de W/B = 2,5 e 1,0, sendo obtidas curvas J-R similares para cada caso, independente do valor de a/W. Entretanto, na grande maioria dos CDP\'s, foi obtida uma propagação dúctil de trinca anômala, ou seja, trincas que apresentam um tunelamento acentuado, decorrente de um elevado estado de tensão plana próximo das laterais, mesmo com o entalhe lateral de 20% da espessura. Os corpos-de-prova com W/B = 1,0 foram capazes de produzir curvas J-R, sem que as trincas apresentassem tunelamento e que os valores médios de trinca (ai e af) medidos conforme a norma (ASTM, 2005), são bastante próximos dos valores obtidos pelo método da variação de flexibilidade elástica. As razões para este fato são discutidas em detalhes. De um modo geral as delaminações, quando existente, não permitem uma correta medição do tamanho de trinca. Ainda, contrário à observação de outros pesquisadores, neste trabalho, foi observado que em vários casos as delaminações induziram fratura instável. / The evaluation of pipes´ structural integrity from laboratories specimens depends on choosing the right specimen geometry that is able to present the conditions of plastic constrain at the crack tip, similar to the one found in the pipes´ operational conditions. The NEMAF Group from SMM, EESC-USP has been performing studies in this area, trying to develop specimen´s geometry that is able to represent this situation, as well as the necessary experimental methodologies to evaluate the fracture toughness of pipes. However, in some cases, the pipe size is a limiting factor in determining the specimen size and geometry. In this work is presented the development and application of specimens SE(T), evaluating the influence of the geometry and dimensions of the specimens on the fracture toughness of API 5L X70 steel, regularly used in the pipes for gas and petroleum transportation. Therefore, the resistance curves to ductile crack propagation, J-R`s curves, using the single specimen methodology, together with the variation of the elastic compliance technique (multiple unloading), measure at the crack mouth (CMOD) that provides both the plastic area under the load x displacement curve and crack size, according to the ASTM E1820-05 standard. The SE(T) specimens with shallow (a/W=0.2) and deep (a/W=0.5) cracks and W/B ratio of 2.5 and 1.0 trying to reduce the amount of plastic deformation and a straight crack front, as well as a dominance of a plane strain state at the crack tip, as recommended by the ASTM E1820-05 standard for other specimens type. From the results it was observed that, independent of the initial a/W, no significant differences were observed in the J-R curves. This fact is verified in both cases, this is, W/B = 2.5 and 1.0. However, in the great majority of CDP\'s with W/B = 2.5, it was obtained an anomalous crack propagation during testing, in other words, they presented an accentuated tunneling due to a high plane tension state near the CDP´s lateral faces, even with the side groove of 20% thickness. The specimens with W/B = 1.0 were capable to produce J-R curves with straight crack fronts, this is, without tunneling, allowing the measurement of medium values of the crack (ai e af) according to the ASTM E1820-05 standard. The reasons for this fact are discussed in details in this work. In general, the split, when present, did not allow a correct crack size measurement. Still, contrary to the other researchers\' observation, in this work, it was observed that in several cases the splits were able to induced unstable fracture.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e aplicação de espécimes SE(T) em aço API X60 para avaliação de integridade estrutural em dutos condutores de gás e petróleo, o qual consiste na implantação de três técnicas que forneçam as curvas de resistência à propagação dútil de trincas, curvas J-Rs. As metodologias utilizadas foram a da variação da flexibilidade elástica, da queda de potencial elétrico e da normalização linear da carga, nas quais duas análises são verificadas para obtenção da área plástica abaixo da curva de carregamento. A primeira, através da medida do deslocamento da linha de carga e a segunda, pelo deslocamento do extensômetro colocado na boca da trinca. Foram ensaiados corpos de prova SE(T) com trincas rasa (a/W = 0,2) e profunda (a/W = 0,5) e os resultados obtidos permitiram observar a iniciação da propagação por rasgamento dúctil e discutir os limites das metodologias aplicadas. Os resultados mostraram que é possível obter as curvas J-Rs medindo o deslocamento na boca da trinca, podendo-se converter os deslocamentos de CMOD em deslocamentos do LLD. Foi constatada também que a técnica de normalização linear da carga é a que possibilitou o menor tempo de preparação e execução do ensaio, por utilizar apenas a medição do CMOD e não necessitar da realização dos descarregamentos. A variação da flexibilidade elástica é uma técnica rápida e confiável e não sofre alterações devido às delaminações. Já a técnica de queda do potencial elétrico se mostrou a mais consistente para o caso de a/W = 0,5, porém no caso de trincas curtas, a plasticidade desenvolvida na frente da trinca influencia nas medições causando imprecisões. As curvas J-Rs são deslocadas para a esquerda quando o tamanho inicial de trinca é reduzido, isto é, ocorre um aumento na energia de iniciação da propagação, JIC. / This work presents the development and application of SE(T) type specimen for structural integrity evaluation of pipeline steels used for gas and oil transportation, and it consists of the implementation of different techniques to provide the crack growth resistance curves, J-R curves. The methodologies used for crack growth measurement were: the elastic compliance, the electrical potential drop and the linear normalization techniques. Two techniques to provide the plastic area, Apl under the load versus displacement curve were used to evaluate Jpl, one based on the load line displacement, LLD, and the other based on the crack mouth opening displacement, CMOD. SE(T) specimens with two different initial crack size, denominate as shallow crack (a0/W = 0.2) and deep crack (a0/W = 0.5). The obtained results allowed the determination of the ductile tearing initiation point and to discuss the limits of the methodologies applied. It was proved be possible to get J-R curves using only one extensometer to measure the CMOD, which provides both crack size and Apl. The linear normalization technique is the one that provided the lower preparation and testing time, since there is no need of multiples unloading for crack growth measurement. The elastic compliance is a very easy, fast and reliable technique, and it is not sensible to the effect of the occurrence of delaminations, as it was the linear normalization technique. The electrical potential drop technique proved to very consistent for a0/W = 0.5, however in the case of shallow cracks the developed plasticity at the crack tip affected the measurements. The J-R curves were displaced to the left as the initial crack size is reduced, this is, there is an increase in the energy for crack tearing initiation, JIC.

Aplicações de alto desempenho, como as de dutos utilizados no transporte de derivados de petróleo, exigem materiais com uma combinação excepcional de propriedades mecânicas, dentre as quais, elevada resistência mecânica, tenacidade e resistência à fadiga. O aço API 5L X70 com adição de nióbio apresenta-se, quando comparado com o API 5L X70 padrão, como sendo uma opção para a melhora em seu processo de fabricação, sendo sua composição química diferenciada, devido a um maior teor de nióbio. A Arcelor Mittal Tubarão tem mostrado interesse em fabricar aços API X70/X80, sem a adição de V e com adições de Nb acima do recomendado pela Petrobras. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é o estudo da resistência mecânica e de tenacidade à fratura de dois aços API 5L X70, com teores de Nb de 0,06% e Nb de 0,09% em peso, processados conforme processo HSM Arcelor Mittal Tubarão. Para o atendimento deste objetivo, serão executadas a caracterização microestrutural conforme norma ASTM E3, ensaios de tração conforme ASTM E8M e ensaios de tenacidade à fratura conforme a norma ASTM E1820 com obtenção das curvas J-R\'s. Foram retirados corpos de prova da região de material base, região da solda e zona termicamente afetada. A partir dos resultados obtidos observa-se que o processo de laminação controlada a quente da Arcelor Mittal, produziu microestruturas bastante similares para ambas as composições, produzindo parâmetros de resistência mecânica similares e que atenderam o especificado pela Norma API 5L X70, nível PSL2. As soldas se apresentaram, a partir de valores de dureza, ligeiramente superiores ao do metal base (overmatch), sendo o resultado de microestruturas bastante similares. Os ensaios para obtenção das curvas J-R foram capazes de apresentar resultados representativos da resistência à propagação dúctil de trinca, para as espessuras de tubos estudadas. Estes resultados indicaram elevada resistência a propagação dúctil de trinca em ambos os aços, sendo que, o MB do aço NNb apresentou resistência superior ao ANb. O MS apresentou curvas J-R bem inferiores às do MB e ZTA. Estas diferenças foram atribuídas a composição microestrutural de cada região. / High performance applications such as pipelines used to transport oil products require materials with an exceptional combination of mechanical properties, such as high mechanical strength, toughness and fatigue resistance. The API 5L X70 steel with enhanced niobium as an option to the production of this type of HSLA steel. Arcelor Mittal, Tubarão/Brazil has great interest in producing API 5L X70/X80 steels, without V and with Nb content above the recommended by Petrobras. Thus, the main objective of this thesis is the study of the mechanical strength and fracture toughness of API 5L X70 steel with Nb content of 0.06% Nb and 0.09% by weight processed as HSM Arcelor Mittal Tubarão process. To meet this goal, microstructural characterization following the ASTM E3, tensile tests following the ASTM E8M and Elastic Plastic Fracture toughness testing, according to ASTM E1820, were carried out. Specimens were taken from the base material region, weld bead and heat affected zone. From the results obtained it was observed that the controlled hot rolling process from ArcelorMittal, produced very similar microstructures for both compositions, as a consequence similar mechanical resistance and both met the criteria specified by the API Standard 5L X70, PSL2 level. The produced girth welds presented hardness values slightly higher than those from the base metal (overmatch), and resulted in very similar microstructures. The fracture toughness tests were able to provide valid JR curves that are representative results of resistance to ductile crack propagation for this pipe thickness. Both steels presented resistance to ductile crack propagation, and that the MB of the NNB steel showed superior resistance to the ANb steel. MS showed the lowest J-R curves, while MB and ZTA presented similar behavior. These differences were attributed to microstructural composition of each region.