Este estudo propõe uma reflexão sobre possibilidades de interação entre o ensemble artístico (grupo formado pelos artistas proponentes da obra teatral) e o ensemble de espectadores (coletivo que se reúne para interagir com os atores, a partir de uma obra criada). Esse encontro, em sua dimensão individual, foi definido pelo diretor polonês, Jerzy Grotowski, na década de sessenta do século passado, como a essência do fenômeno teatral. Baseamos nossa pesquisa nessa proposição de Grotowski e investigamos alterações da relação entre os dois ensembles a partir da experiência do Teatro Oficina, desde sua formação em São Paulo, em 1958, até a atualidade. São três eixos de pesquisa: a configuração do espaço cênico, a formação do ensemble artístico e a proposta de interação entre os dois ensembles. No primeiro eixo, nos apoiamos no conceito de perspectiva, desde o surgimento no Renascimento, até suas contestações nas vanguardas artísticas do século XX e seus desdobramentos na constituição e transformação do espaço cênico. Para o segundo eixo, abordamos as propostas de reformadores das artes cênicas que influenciaram a trajetória da Cia, para a compreensão da formação e do desenvolvimento do ensemble Oficina: Constantin Stanislavski, Vsevolod Meierhold, Bertolt Brecht, Antonin Artaud e o próprio Grotowski, além da influência da antropofagia de Oswald de Andrade. Quanto às propostas de interação por meio de um produto artístico, além das referências do teatro, contextualizamos as ações do Oficina no período de significativas transformações comportamentais causadas pela contracultura, dentro da repressão política em que vivia a sociedade brasileira. Elegemos cinco espetáculos da Cia. como objetos de análise sobre o nosso tema: O Rei da Vela (1967), Roda Viva (1968), Galileu Galilei (1968), Na Selva das Cidades (1969) e Gracias, Señor (1972). / The present study suggests a reflection upon possibilities of interaction between the artistic ensemble (the group formed by the artists who propose a theatrical work) and the spectator ensemble (gathering of people who interact with the actors throught such theatrical works). This encounter between artists and spectators has been defined in its uniqueness as the essence of the theatrical phenomenon by the polish director Jerzy Grotowski, in the decade of 1960. We base our research upon Grotowski\'s proposition and proceed to investigate alterations on the relationship between the two ensembles on experiences of the Teatro Oficina since its creation in São Paulo in 1958, until the present day. There are three axes of research: the artistic ensemble\'s formation, the configuration of the scenic space, and interaction proposals. In the first axis, several theatre reformers who influenced Oficina\'s history will be explored to allow deeper understanding on the formation and development of Oficina\'s ensemble: Constantin Stanislavski, Vsevolod Meierhold, Bertolt Brecht, Antonin Artaud, and Grotowski himself, also including Oswald de Andrade\'s concept of anthropofagy. For the second axis we rely on the concept of perspective, from its origins in the Reinassance until its contestations in twentieth century artistic vanguards and further developments on the constitution and transformation of the scenic space. As for interaction proposals through a work of art, besides theatrical references, we seek to also contextualize Teatro Oficina\'s actions during a period of important behavioural transformations incited by counterculture, within the political repression brazilian society was going through. Five plays of the company were selected as subject of study: O Rei da Vela (1967), Roda Viva (1968), Galileu Galilei (1968), Na Selva das Cidades (1969) and Gracias, Señor (1972). KEYWORDS: ensemble,

This thesis looks at the diverse aesthetic approaches of onlookers to Kathakali, a traditional dance-drama extant in Kerala, India. Its particular contribution is based on fieldwork undertaken in the period 1991-93, especially in the districts of Trichur and Palghat, and distinguishes a continuum of two over-lapping broad groups: popular spectators and elitist appreciators who provide different, contesting voices in the interviews. The aesthetic processes of individuals within these groups of onlookers and the ways in which they may gradually change form the primary focus of this work. Respondents to interviews provide diverse descriptions of their interactions with performances according to their perceived membership to groups of popular spectators or elitist appreciators. They also identify dimensions of performance that may contribute to the development of their own performance competence and their subsequent transition from one group of onlookers to another. The influences that shape the diverse approaches of these groups and have been examined here include traditional Hindu aesthetics, religion, politics, caste structures and the changing shape of patronage, which is itself also a reflection of historical factors of governance. Kathakali is first presented as vignettes of performance that reflect different locations, venues, patronage and program choices. It is then situated in relation to extant, contiguous performance genres that have contributed to its development and/or often share its billing in traditional settings. The politics and aesthetics of the worlds of Kathakali are looked at not only in terms of their traditional, folkloric and classical development but also in contrast to more contemporary, secular and controversial dynamics that are impacting upon Kathakali today.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2003. / Advisor: Dr. Brenda Pitts, Florida State University, College of Education, Dept. of Recreation Management, Sport Management, and Physical Education. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 7, 2003). Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis looks at the diverse aesthetic approaches of onlookers to Kathakali, a traditional dance-drama extant in Kerala, India. Its particular contribution is based on fieldwork undertaken in the period 1991-93, especially in the districts of Trichur and Palghat, and distinguishes a continuum of two over-lapping broad groups: popular spectators and elitist appreciators who provide different, contesting voices in the interviews. The aesthetic processes of individuals within these groups of onlookers and the ways in which they may gradually change form the primary focus of this work. Respondents to interviews provide diverse descriptions of their interactions with performances according to their perceived membership to groups of popular spectators or elitist appreciators. They also identify dimensions of performance that may contribute to the development of their own performance competence and their subsequent transition from one group of onlookers to another. The influences that shape the diverse approaches of these groups and have been examined here include traditional Hindu aesthetics, religion, politics, caste structures and the changing shape of patronage, which is itself also a reflection of historical factors of governance. Kathakali is first presented as vignettes of performance that reflect different locations, venues, patronage and program choices. It is then situated in relation to extant, contiguous performance genres that have contributed to its development and/or often share its billing in traditional settings. The politics and aesthetics of the worlds of Kathakali are looked at not only in terms of their traditional, folkloric and classical development but also in contrast to more contemporary, secular and controversial dynamics that are impacting upon Kathakali today.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 31, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2005. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 49 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-49).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of British Columbia, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-90). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.S.)-- Springfield College, 2005. / Bibliography: leaves 109-117.

ATTITUDES, INTERESTS AND SPORT SPECTATOR PROFILING: VARIABLES AFFECTING GAME ATTENDANCE IN A NHL FRANCHISE This study examined the literature on spectator profiling and evaluated current survey methodologies being used to profile hockey spectators and their preferences regarding NHL hockey game attendance. The research had two inter-related objectives. One was to investigate the consumer profiles of sport spectators associated with a specific NHL franchise, the Vancouver Canucks, and to relate these to game attendance. The second objective was to test and evaluate a questionnaire designed to incorporate latest thinking on variables that affect professional sports game attendance. Survey data were collected from 907 attendees at four Vancouver Canucks games and from 203 students at the University of British Columbia during the 2001-2002 NHL season. Two separate studies were conducted using the data. Study 1 investigated reasons for game attendance, and respondents' activity patterns and interests. Data analyses for study 1 included a confirmatory factor analysis for testing the validity of the game attendance items (reasons for game attendance), and a decision tree analysis for classifying spectators based on their reported game attendance frequencies, activity patterns, and interests. Results of study 1 indicate that the respondents' game attendance rates were affected by income, use of hockey websites, playing baseball when young, job, being accompanied by co-workers, ethnic background, perception of T.V. as the best promotional medium, personal fan history, and playing hockey when young. Study 2 investigated the relationship between spectators' opinions about sports and their game attendance, and attempted to identify potential predictors of game attendance levels. A confirmatory factor analysis was used in Study 2 to test the validity of the sport opinion items (opinions about sports), and a cluster analysis was used to identify unique spectator groups. Three distinctive spectator segments were identified, and the three groups varied on a number of dimensions including game attendance rates, sports participation history, and their opinions about the benefits of sports, community pride, cynicism about professional sports, attitude toward professional athletes, perceived time costs, role of government, and attitude toward amateur sports. The research found evidence of national cultural differences between Canadian sports spectators and their American counterparts. It is recommended that future research investigate national and regional cultural differences as well as differences between major and minor league sports and competitive factors in local sports markets. / Education, Faculty of / Kinesiology, School of / Graduate

Lately both scientists and news reports have indicated increased concerns that parent-spectator behavior at youth sport events may be problematic. The overall purpose of this study was therefore to examine what behaviors adult spectators show during 10-12 years old girls participation within the sports football and equestrian. Data for the study was assembled by the writers in form of on site, non-participating observations. A total of four observations took place, two within each sport, during which the adult spectators behaviors was noted and studied in relations to norms and environmental effects. Results indicate that regardless of the different characters of the sports there are no significant differences in shown behavior. Most adult spectators exhibit behaviors which in relation to the study's theory is to be considered appropriate for the girl’s sport participation. Some exceptions were observed, adult spectators that exhibited behaviors less appropriate for the girl’s sport environment, but the amount in which these behaviors were shown is not on its own enough to be considered alarming.Lately both scientists and news reports have indicated increased concerns that parent-spectator behavior at youth sport events may be problematic. The overall purpose of this study was therefore to examine what behaviors adult spectators show during 10-12 years old girls participation within the sports football and equestrian. Data for the study was assembled by the writers in form of on site, non-participating observations. A total of four observations took place, two within each sport, during which the adult spectators behaviors was noted and studied in relations to norms and environmental effects. Results indicate that regardless of the different characters of the sports there are no significant differences in shown behavior. Most adult spectators exhibit behaviors which in relation to the study's theory is to be considered appropriate for the girl’s sport participation. Some exceptions were observed, adult spectators that exhibited behaviors less appropriate for the girl’s sport environment, but the amount in which these behaviors were shown is not on its own enough to be considered alarming.