Au cours du mois de février 2007, Neuchâtel célèbre l’inauguration d’un stade de football flambant neuf. Pour le club de Neuchâtel Xamax, qui fait face à des difficultés économiques chroniques, cette infrastructure laisse miroiter un avenir prometteur. On vante alors sans retenue le plus grand confort de la nouvelle enceinte que l’on décrit comme un lieu convivial et propice à la rencontre, sensé attirer un public toujours plus nombreux pour de longs après‐midis festifs consacrés au spectacle du football. Analyser l’impact social réel de la modernisation de ce type d’infrastructure s’apparente toutefois à un exercice d’équilibriste. Il implique non seulement une réflexion critique sur des attributs qui peuvent être considérés comme « socialement vertueux » pour la collectivité, mais nécessite également de décrypter le fonctionnement du lieu dans toute sa complexité. Dès lors, cette recherche passe au préalable par la construction d’un outil théorique et méthodologique permettant d’organiser l’étude du « potentiel intégrateur » d’un tel type d’espace. Dans le cadre d’une analyse portant sur le stade de football, l’utilisation de cette grille de lecture nous montre alors que, à Neuchâtel, ce lieu joue un rôle social plutôt important. Fondée sur différentes sources (enquêtes par questionnaire, statistiques relatives aux affluences, analyse des discours sur un forum de discussion en ligne, etc.), la comparaison des situations qui caractérisent l’ancienne et la nouvelle infrastructure conduit néanmoins à tirer un bilan nuancé du processus de modernisation / In February 2007, Neuchâtel celebrates the inauguration of a brand new soccer stadium. For the club of Neuchâtel Xamax, which has been facing economical difficulties since a long time, this infrastructure represents a promising bright future. Everyone praises without restraint the comfort of the new arena, which is described as a friendly place, convenient to encounters, able to attract bigger crowds of people for long festive afternoons dedicated to the soccer entertainment. The analysis of the real social impact of the modernisation of this type of infrastructure is nonetheless very tricky. It implies not only a critical reflection on the attributes that can be considered as “socially virtuous” for the community, but also requires deciphering how the place works in its whole complexity. Following that, the research first requires the construction of a theoretical and methodological tool, which allows the study of the “integration potential” of this kind of space. Within the framework of the soccer stadium analysis, the use of this tool shows us that, in the case of Neuchâtel, this place plays a quite important social role. Based on various sources (questionnaire surveys, statistics relative to affluences, discourse analysis on a forum, etc.), the comparison of the situations that characterize the old and new infrastructure leads nevertheless to a nuanced assessment of the process of modernisation

The thesis deals with the topic of the criminal offense of disorderly conduct focusing on disruption of organised sport events. This action is also referred to as spectator violence. The term of spectator violence, sometimes simplified as hooliganism, is used in different ways and it is not strictly defined. It usually includes violent or dangerous behaviour of spectators during sport events. The content is divided into eight chapters, which aim at defining this term and offer a complex and clear analysis. Opening passages are dedicated to criminal offense of disorderly conduct as such. They include an analysis of prerequisites conditioning the committing of criminal offense of disorderly conduct according to the § 358 of penal code. It serves as a vocabulary of terms for further study and for understanding of the mutual interconnection with the term spectator violence. Chapter III is an attempt at a proper definition of the spectator violence phenomenon through the description of values and ideals that are threatened by this conduct and through the overview of the methods used while committing this crime. The next part deals with the profiles of the perpetrators established through the criminological characteristics. Psychological motivation of the spectators to visit the stadiums is also looked...

Dans les années 1990 et 2000, de nombreux clubs de football professionnel (CFP) ont été inscrits sur les marchés boursiers. Le succès des IPO sur les marchés du football, en particulier dans le domaine des performances sportives et financières, est incertain. Ainsi, nombreux recherches académiques empiriques ont été préconisées pour examiner la performance financière des IPO dans ces clubs. De telles recherches ont révélé que la performance financière des clubs cotés a diminuée. La plupart de ces recherches indiquent qu'il existe une relation entre la performance sportive et la performance financière dans ces clubs. Cependant, les chercheurs n'ont pas déterminé les facteurs de ce phénomène. Pour combler cette lacune dans la littérature antérieure, la thèse vise à identifier les facteurs déterminants de la performance sportive et financière listés dans CFP et à les comparer avec les déterminants des performances sportives et financières des CFP au Moyen-Orient.Cette thèse fournit d'autres preuves empiriques sur la relation entre la performance sportive et la performance financière dans les CFP listés. Le plus important est que les résultats de la thèse fournissent un nombre de facteurs déterminants qui affectent la performance sportive et financière dans les CFP. Parmi les résultats intéressants, on peut citer l’existence de facteurs similaires et différents entre les clubs de football européens et les clubs de football du Moyen-Orient. Cela semble être confirmé par le fait que le marché et les tournois et les règlements sont différents. De plus, l’impact des spectateurs est un résultat intéressant, dans lequel leur effet sur la performance financière est indirect, alors qu’il est direct sur la performance sportive. Cependant, la juste valeur du club est incertaine en raison du manque de divulgation et de détail des informations comptables. Nous suggérons donc d'améliorer la gouvernance d'entreprise pour améliorer la transparence et la responsabilité. De plus, la thèse suggère que la perspective de la gestion stratégique est un facteur important pour traiter la performance financière non durable des CFP, en particulier à long terme afin de mesurer la juste valeur du club. Cela a conduit à gagner en pertinence compte tenu de l’importance de la gestion stratégique dans les futures recherches universitaires. Ainsi, nous pouvons poser la question suivante: dans quelle mesure l’introduction en bourse est-elle durable dans les clubs de football professionnels? / In 1990s and 2000s many professional soccer (PSCs) clubs have been listed IPO in stock markets. The success of IPO in soccer markets, especially in the field of sports and financial performance is uncertain. Thus, number of empirical academic researches have been advocated to examine financial performance of IPO in these clubs. Such researches found financial performance of listed clubs is declined. Most of those researches indicate there is relationship between sports performance and financial performance in those listed clubs. However, researchers have not determine the factors of this phenomenon. To bridge this gap in the past literature, thesis aims to identify the determining factors of sports and financial performance in listed PSCs and to compare them with determinants of sports and financial performance of PSCs in Middle East.This thesis provides further empirical evidence on the relationship between sports and financial performance in listed PSCs. More importantly, results of thesis provide number of determining factors that affect sports and financial performance in PSCs. An interesting results, there are some similar and dissimilar factors between European soccer clubs and Middle east soccer clubs. This seemed to be confirmed by the fact that market and tournament and regulations are different. Furthermore, impact of spectators is interesting result, in which their effect on financial performance is indirect, while direct on sports performance. Yet, fair value of club is uncertain because lack of disclosure and detail accounting information. Thus, we suggest improving corporate governance to enhance transparency and accountability. Moreover, thesis suggest that strategic management perspective is important factor to treat unsustainable financial performance of PSCs, especially in long term in order to measure fair value of club. This lead to gain more relevance considering the importance of strategic management in future academic researches. Thus, we can raise the following question is to which extent IPO is sustainable in professional soccer clubs?

Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo o Projeto “Jovens Formadores para Novos Espectadores” realizado junto a um grupo de estudantes da Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental José Plácido de Castro, na cidade de Sapucaia do Sul/RS. O Projeto desenvolvido durante os meses de junho a dezembro do ano de 2014 foi estruturado em duas etapas. A primeira delas ofereceu oficinas aos alunos participantes que proporcionaram maior aproximação dos sujeitos às questões teatrais – como linguagem, teoria e conceitos – além de promover o seu acesso a espetáculos, ou seja, a ida deles ao Teatro. Num segundo momento, esses estudantes assumiram o papel de orientadores em oficinas dirigidas a moradores do bairro, expandindo, desse modo, o conhecimento em relação ao Teatro e, por sua vez, ocupando o lugar de mediadores teatrais. Intencionou-se averiguar quais são as peculiaridades de um processo de formação de espectadores mediado por jovens estudantes e de que modo ocupar o papel de mediadores pode contribuir para as suas formações enquanto observadores da cena e sujeitos autônomos. A partir de práticas desenvolvidas pelos próprios estudantes e dirigidas para pessoas com pouco conhecimento em Teatro – em um aprendizado compartilhado que levou em conta o fazer e a apreciação teatral – pretendeu-se instrumentalizar e sensibilizar os jovens a fim de estimular a sua participação ativa no acontecimento teatral. Neste texto, as ações realizadas ao longo das etapas do Projeto são apresentadas, descritas e analisadas. A trajetória docente do pesquisador também faz parte da escrita, evidenciando referenciais e metodologias que se fizeram presentes ao longo da pesquisa. Tendo como principais referências os estudos de Flávio Desgranges a respeito das práticas necessárias a uma pedagogia do espectador, a noção de espectador emancipado de Jacques Rancière e sua visão sobre os processos educativos possíveis no intercâmbio de saberes entre sujeitos do conhecimento, e as notas de Jorge Larrosa sobre o saber que advém da experiência, este trabalho descreve a experiência expandida vivida no Projeto “Jovens Formadores para Novos Espectadores” como forma de contribuir para propostas desse tipo e, sobretudo, para a reflexão teórica e prática a respeito da mediação teatral e da formação de espectadores em âmbito escolar e comunitário. / This work sets out to study the Project “Young Mediators for New Spectators”, developed along with a group of students from Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental José Plácido de Castro, a primary school located in the municipality of Sapucaia do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. The Project, which was carried out between the months of June and December of 2014, featured two stages. The first consisted of workshops geared towards students, which brought them closer to Theater language, theory and concepts. It also promoted their access to spectacles, through the attendance of several plays. Later, the students took over the role of advisors in workshops offered to the community, hence expanding their knowledge of Theater and becoming mediators themselves. The present study seeks to examine the peculiarities of the process of forming spectators mediated by young students, and also how occupying the role of mediators can contribute to their formation as scene observers and autonomous subjects. Through practices devised by the students, geared towards people with little or no knowledge of Theater, the project aimed to equip and sensitize the youngsters in order to stimulate their active participation in the theatrical event. In this text, the actions developed along the stages of the Project are presented, described and then analyzed. The teaching trajectory of the researcher also permeates the writing, which gives evidence of the references and methodologies presented throughout this research. It draws upon the studies of Flávio Desgranges regarding the necessary practices for a pedagogy of the spectator, the notion of the emancipated spectator of Jacques Rancière and his viewpoint about the possible education processes in the exchange of knowledge between subjects, and Jorge Larrosa's notes about the knowledge that stems from experience. This work describes the expanded experience shared in the Project “Young Mediators for New Spectators” as a way of contributing to proposals of this kind, and above all, to the theoretical reflexion and practice regarding theatrical mediation and the formation of spectators at the school and community level.

As social beings, people naturally form identifications with various social groups within their environment. Individuals gain benefits by forming identifications with groups, such as increased self-esteem and psychological support. Past research has examined the identification people form with various social groups, but no research has examined with which of these social groups people form the strongest identification. This study examines the strength of identification with various social groups within one’s life. It is predicted that individuals will indicate a stronger identification with a sport team than with any other social group. Secondly, it is predicted that identification with a sport team will provide better psychological benefits than identification with another social group. The analysis of 226 participants’ responses indicated that individuals form a stronger identification with a sport team than with a religious group, a school activity, or with a form of community involvement. A similar level of identification was found between identification with a sport team and a social activity as well as one’s occupation. The study’s results also indicated that identification with a sport team contributed slightly more to one’s social psychological health than identification with another form of social group.

The purpose of the current study is to determine whether eliciting the need for assimilation or the need for differentiation influences individuals’ identification with a given team. Team identification is defined as a fan’s psychological connection to a team; that is, the extent to which the fan views the team as an extension of him or herself (Wann, Melnick, Russell, & Pease, 2001). It is important to understand potential factors that may motivate and potentially increase one’s identification with a particular team. The sample consisted of 106 participants attending Western Kentucky University. The participants completed the Sport Fandom Questionnaire (SFQ) and the Need for Affiliation (nAff) scale. Participants were presented with one of three randomly assigned scenarios, and were asked to transcribe two memories, dependent upon the previously assigned scenario. Following this, the gambling scenario was described. Participants rated how identified they were with both the underdog and favored team, regardless of their choice. It was hypothesized that those who are primed to experience the feelings of assimilation will wager more money on and be more highly identified with a team that is a prohibitive favorite. Also, it was hypothesized that those who are primed to experience the feelings of differentiation will wager more money on and be more highly identified with a team that is a large underdog. Results indicated that the hypotheses were not supported; however, significance was approached, as participants who were primed for feelings of differentiation tended to choose the underdog football team. Regardless of condition, participants tended to wager more money on the favorite football team, as opposed to the underdog football team.

Historiska tragedier har visat på den potentiella faran och de allvarliga och ibland tragiska konsekvenser som kan uppstå på arenor och platser där det vistas många människor. I en publik finns alla typer av människor representerade och det finns flera utmaningar kring att kommunicera säkerhet till en bred målgrupp som har fokus på upplevelsen av evenemanget. Syftet med denna studie är att fånga uppfattningen av hur ansvariga på arenor arbetar och interagerar kring säkerhet med besökare på en arena. Totalt har sex stycken kvalitativa intervjuer med åtta personer som arbetar med arenor genomförts och tematiskt analyserats. Resultatet framhäver att säkerhet och trygghet ligger högst på prioritetslistan både hos arenor och arrangörer. Aktörernas storlek och därmed resurser påverkar förutsättningarna för arbetet och därför kan arbetssättet variera. Samverkan mellan olika aktörer och myndigheter har utvecklats de senaste åren och fungerar väl. Även om det sett till lagar och regler finns en tydlig ansvarsfördelning ser flera arenor sig som en form av kontrollant gällande vissa säkerhetsaspekter. Det finns flera utmaningar, bland annat eftersom riskuppfattning är subjektiv och varje evenemang unikt. Planering och analys är därför viktigt, med hänsyn till bland annat typen av evenemang, förväntad publikbild, aktuell hotbild och lokala förutsättningar. Sociala medier har öppnat upp nya möjligheter kring information och dialog men också nya risker då okontrollerad information snabbt kan spridas. Erfarenhetsutbyte mellan arenorna verkar i dagsläget till största delen ske informellt trots att forskning visar att genom att lära sig från sina egna och andras misstag kan nya misstag undvikas eller konsekvenser lindras. Resultatet tyder på att utvecklingen kring säkerhetsinformation går mot en mer proaktiv approach och att trygghet och service är nyckelord. Framtiden finns i ett gemensamt ansvar - ”see something, say something”. / Historical events have shown the potential danger and the serious and sometimes tragic consequences that can occur at arenas and places where large crowds are gathered. There are several challenges when communicating safety to a broad audience whose focus lays on the event and its adventures. The purpose of this study is to examine how managers at arenas operate and interact around the safety of visitors in an arena. A total of six qualitative interviews with eight people who work with arenas was done and thematically analysed. The results of the study show that safety and security are on top of the priority list of both the arenas and organizers. The organisation’s size and thus resources affects the conditions for work and therefore the approach can differ. Although there is a clear division of responsibilities in terms of laws and regulations most arenas consider themselves as a form of controller on certain fundamental aspects of safety. Collaboration between stakeholders and government has evolved during the last years and is considered to be good. There are several challenges since risk perception is subjective, and also because each event is unique. Planning and analysis is therefore crucial, taking into account the nature of the event, expected audience, potential threats and local conditions. Social media has opened up new possibilities related to information and dialogue but also new risks since uncontrolled information can spread rapidly. Exchange of experience between the arenas appears to mainly be done informally, although research has shown that by learning from own and others' mistakes, new mistakes can be avoided and potential impacts milder. The result shows that there is a movement towards a more proactive safety approach and that safety and service are key factors. The future will hold a shared responsibility - “see something, say something”.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ball State University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 42-43). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ball State University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 42-43).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 160-177).