Vita. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

The purpose of the present research was to examine extinction of responding with regard to the rapidity and thoroughness of the process when conditioned reinforcement was available on one of five schedules during extinction. Forty-five mixed-breed pigeons served as subjects with 15 in each of three experiments. Reinforcement training schedules were as follows: Experiment 1, continuous; Experiment 2, fixed ratio 15; Experiment 3, variable-interval one-minute. After training, subjects experienced one of five extinction procedures (here called schedules of extinction) which were as follows: traditional schedule without keylight did not provide conditioned reinforcement; traditional with keylight had the keylight on continuously but withheld other conditioned reinforcement (no schedule, per se, was used); the remaining three schedules (i.e., continuous, fixed ratio 15, and variable-interval one-minute) provided the following four conditioned reinforcers: the sound of the food magazine, the hopper light, the sight of food, and the keylight. Predictions for responding were based on the discrimination hypothesis which states that the more alike training and extinction conditions are, the slower the process of extinction. In order to compare response rates among subjects, a percentage of baseline responding was computed. Four spontaneous recovery tests were conducted to measure the thoroughness of the extinction procedures. Results did not support predictions based on the discrimination hypothesis; that is, subject response rates did not appear to be affected by the similarity of the extinction condition to previous training history. The second finding was that the most rapid and thorough extinction was obtained when the extinction schedule was traditional without keylight. When conditioned reinforcement was available, the continuous extinction schedule produced the most rapid and thorough extinction. The third major finding was that the schedule of unconditioned reinforcement was more predictive of extinction responding than was the conditioned reinforcement schedule during extinction. The last finding was that a subject's pattern of responding was typical of the schedule whether it was on an unconditioned or a conditioned reinforcement schedule. It is suggested that extinction-of-a-human-intervention strategies might be more effective if conditioned reinforcement was identified and controlled.

Research on analogical problem solving has delineated several factors that impact one's ability to spontaneously generate a correct solution strategy to a target problem. These factors include, but are not limited to, type of analogy provided to subjects (i.e., partial versus complete), the level of isomorphism between analogies and target problems, and the solver's level of analogical problem-solving expertise Recently, researchers have begun to focus on providing solvers with direct instruction on analogical problem-solving processes and strategies in an effort to augment analogical problem-solving ability. The most common type of instruction (i.e., teacher-generated) involves providing direct instruction on problem-solving processes and strategies without input from the solver. A second type of instruction (i.e., learner-generated) that has gained some attention in the literature but has not yet been tested in the realm of analogical problem solving involves learners actively participating in developing analogical problem-solving strategies while being guided by the instructor. Using an experimental design. the present study examined the differential effects of type of analogue (i.e., partial versus complete), level of expertise (i.e., novice versus expert). and type of training (teacher-generated, learner-generated, or no training) on spontaneous generation of correct solution strategies to two target problems. Findings indicate that solvers. regardless of training group or ability level. were better able to solve the target problem to the complete analogies than the target problem to the partial analogies. x2 (1, N = 116) = 18, p < .001; d = .85. Moreover, there was no advantage for expert solvers to participate in problem-solving training. However. when examining novice solvers. findings indicate that direct instruction on problem-solving processes and strategies resulted in better performance when solving the partial analogy than did no instruction (d = .61). Also, active participation in the learning process resulted in better performance when solving the partial analogy than did no instruction (d = .80). Limitations of the study, implications for educators, and recommendations for future studies are provided.

<p>One image can have various functions for one individual (Nordin & Cumming, 2005).</p><p>Therefore this study took a qualitative approach to examine the following purposes: (1) To</p><p>examine ice hockey players’ understanding of imagery, (2) to examine ice hockey players</p><p>imagery experiences and (3) to examine ice hockey players’ strategies to improve their</p><p>imagery. Eleven elite ice hockey players (m = 23,09) participated in this study, they were</p><p>interviewed using the instrument IPIES (Weibull, 2008). The result showed that: (1) ten</p><p>players had a correct and limited understanding for the concept imagery, (2) ten players</p><p>experienced imagery and (3) all players in some way wanted improve their imagery. The</p><p>players experienced voluntary, spontaneous and involuntary imagery. Involuntary had a</p><p>negative effect that support previous findings by Weibull (2005), further this study</p><p>support Cumming and Hall (2002) that some athletes experience spontaneous imagery.</p><p>The results were discussed in relation to previous imagery research.</p>

One image can have various functions for one individual (Nordin & Cumming, 2005). Therefore this study took a qualitative approach to examine the following purposes: (1) To examine ice hockey players’ understanding of imagery, (2) to examine ice hockey players imagery experiences and (3) to examine ice hockey players’ strategies to improve their imagery. Eleven elite ice hockey players (m = 23,09) participated in this study, they were interviewed using the instrument IPIES (Weibull, 2008). The result showed that: (1) ten players had a correct and limited understanding for the concept imagery, (2) ten players experienced imagery and (3) all players in some way wanted improve their imagery. The players experienced voluntary, spontaneous and involuntary imagery. Involuntary had a negative effect that support previous findings by Weibull (2005), further this study support Cumming and Hall (2002) that some athletes experience spontaneous imagery. The results were discussed in relation to previous imagery research.

Cooperative effect in the radiation process has been studied in for more than half a century. It is important in the sense of both basic physics and applied science. In this work, we study the dynamics of the cooperative spontaneous emission from an ensemble of N atoms which is uniformly excited by absorbing a single photon. We reveal that there are two different regimes in which the system exhibits totally different behaviors. One of them is the superradiance type of behavior: the system decays much quicker than single atom decay, with a decay rate proportional to N(λ/R)2, where N is the atom numbers, R is the size of the atom cloud, and λ is the wavelength. We call it Markovian regime because the sytem does not persist memory effect. The other regime is called non-Markovian regime and the system oscillates with effective Rabi oscillation frequency while slowly decaying with a rate proportional to the photon escaping rate. The effective Rabi oscillation is a new type of dynamics which analogs well known Cavity QED behavior. Particularly in the Markovian regime, we study the system dynamics as a manybody eigenfunction and eigenvalue problem. For a dense cloud, we find analytical solutions for the eigenstates and corresponding eigenvalues, which can help to generally describe the system dynamics for any initial conditions in this regime. One of the applications is in atom microscopy. We propose a scheme to measure the distance between two atoms/molecules beyond diffraction limit. It covers the whole range from half the wavelength to sub-nanometers, utilizing both the atom localization technique and the collective frequency shift effect due to the cooperative effect in the radiation of the two atoms. Another application that we propose is to generate Coherent XUV radiation using Raman-type superradaince. We prove that intense short pulses of XUV radiation can be produced by Raman type superradiance from an ensemble of atoms/ions driven by visible or IR laser pulses.

No description available.

In this thesis, we investigate the single-pumped L-band (1570-1610 nm) amplified spontaneous emission fiber source by employing 1480 nm single pumping configuration. Using the 1480 nm-pumped laser, we chose the adequate fiber length and adjusted the pump power to optimize the characteristics of the ASE source. The characteristics are experimentally examined and compared in terms of the output power, mean wavelength, spectral linewidth, and pumping conversion efficiency in four configurations with single-pass forward (SPF), single-pass backward (SPB), double-pass forward (DPF), and double-pass backward (DPB) structures. Among them, the DPF configuration with low mirror reflectance of 8% is the better one to be an L-band ASE fiber source with output power of 13.8 mW, mean wavelength of 1585.7 nm, spectral linewidth of 40.9 nm and pumping efficiency of 13.8%.

During the last decade, the maximum capacity of an optical fiber transmission line more than doubled every year to match the fast-growing communication need. The technology break through in dry fiber fabrication opens the possibility for fiber bandwidth all the way from 1300 nm to 1600 nm. The fast increasing demand of communication capacity results in the emergence of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology, enabling tens of channels with different wavelengths transmitted simultaneously on an optical fiber. In consequence, it raises the requirement of spectral bandwidth of all the optical components used in the optical transport networking systems. Cr4+:YAG has potential to meet this demand because its 3T2¡÷3A2 transition has a strong spontaneous emission that just covers the low-loss window of optical fiber. The crystalline host offers a excellent mechanical characteristic. Such a fiber is, therefore, eminently suitable for super-wideband optical source since the required pump power is expected to be higher. We have successfully demonstrated a diode-laser pumped Cr:YAG crystal fiber ASE light source. The crystal fibers are grown by the laser-heated pedestal growth technique. Using a 46.6 mm-long Cr:YAG single crystal fiber of a 3-dB ASE width of 265 nm and a power spectral density ¡V22.1 dBm/nm was achieved. In the future, to further increase the quantum efficiency and output power we will reduce the core diameter, lengthen the fiber, increase the Cr4+ doping concentration, fabricate double-cladding, coat the fiber facets, and improve the cooling system.

The purpose of this thesis is to give a critical analysis of ¡§Macphersonian possessive individualism¡¨, with regards to the issues of historical methodology as well as political theory. Having introduced my project of study in the opening chapter, I begin chapter two with an examination of the very idea of ¡§possessive individualism¡¨ proposed by C. B. Macpherson, and the theory of property and democracy that the thinker comes to develop in his later works. In chapter three, I turn to cope with the methodological problems implicit in Macpherson¡¦s study of history, mainly in terms of the Cambridge School¡¦s serious attack on its anti-historicity. In addition, the relative criticisms that I have addressed to Macpherson¡¦s methodology include the Marxist determinism and the Rationalist mode of modernity that appear his work. In chapter four, by contrast, it is Macpherson¡¦s theory of property and democracy that is under consideration. Here, taking the thought of Hayek as my case, I set out to show how the liberal formulations of democracy and property can still be free from Macpherson¡¦s Marxist charge. Finally, I conclude this thesis with a brief talk about the plausibility of Giddens¡¦ third way as the possible solution for the long-term debate regarding the intricate tension between property and equality.