Our focus is on the confluence of social networks and virtual organizations. In massively networked populations, ideologies and aspirations spread at phenomenally fast pace. The Arab spring, for instance, arose in Tunisia on December 17, 2010 and its effects were seen in several countries in a short time. Social action, such as in Tunisia, is often observed as network spikes and bursts that propagate and saturate the network rapidly. There are several organizational models published that explain behavioral dynamics in organizations. However, none of these models have the representational power of modeling spontaneous exigencies of a networked organization that account for rapid rates of dissemination in ad-hoc networks. Therefore, we have conceived this in a life cycle for a prototypical spontaneous, networked organization (SNO) and describe operations therein from formation to dissolution. After describing the life cycle, we offer insights for a model of a successful SNO. Furthermore, we have implemented a spacecraft organization of satellites using Netlogo for further validation of our model.

Orientador: Paulo Sérgio de Moraes Barros / Banca: Carlos Augusto Araujo Valadão / Banca: Stélio Pacca Loureiro Luna / Banca: Denise Tabacchi Fantoni / Banca: Newton Nunes / Resumo: Os principais fatores a serem considerados durante a anestesia em eqüinos são a depressão cardiovascular e ventilatória e suas implicações hemodinâmicas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar duas modalidades ventilatórias na espécie eqüina e as repercussões destes modos de ventilação nos parâmetros ventilatórios, hemodinâmicos e mecânica respiratória. Foram utilizados 19 eqüinos clinicamente sadios, em decúbito lateral, aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos, sendo que no Grupo I foi realizada a ventilação com pressão positiva intermitente e, no Grupo II com pressão controlada. O experimento foi dividido em duas fases, sendo que na primeira foram avaliados os parâmetros ventilatórios e de mecânica respiratória e, na segunda fase, além desses, também foram avaliados os parâmetros hemodinâmicos. Observou-se melhora dos parâmetros de ventilação em relação aos momentos de ventilação espontânea, quando empregou-se a ventilação controlada. Não foram observadas alterações hemodinâmicas e de oxigenação quando comparados os diferentes momentos num mesmo grupo, porém os valores da pressão venosa central e da pressão da artéria pulmonar foram superiores no grupo da ventilação com pressão positiva intermitente. Concluiu-se que não há diferença entre a ventilação com pressão positiva intermitente e a ventilação com pressão controlada em eqüinos clinicamente saudáveis. / Abstract: The most important factors to be considered in equine anesthesia are the cardiovascular and ventilatory depressions and further hemodynamic failure. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate two modes of mechanical ventilation in horses and their repercussion on ventilatory and hemodynamic parameters and respiratory mechanics also. Nineteen healthy horses in lateral recumbency, were randomly assigned into two groups. In Group I, intermittent positive pressure ventilation was used and, in Group II, pressure controlled ventilation. The experiment was divided into two phases, in the first ventilatory parameters and respiratory mechanics were evaluated and in the second phase, hemodynamic parameters were also measured. A significant improvement was observed in ventilatory parameters when compared controlled to spontaneous ventilation. No changes in hemodynamic and oxygenation parameters were observed, but central venous pressure and pulmonary arterial pressure were higher with intermittent positive pressure ventilation. In conclusion, there is no difference between intermittent positive pressure ventilation and pressure controlled ventilation in healthy horses. / Doutor

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Les lymphomes sont des cancers parmi les plus fréquents chez l’Homme et le chien. Ils présentent de fortes homologies du point de vue clinique, histologique et de la réponse aux traitements. Dans le contexte actuel, les méthodes de séquençage de nouvelles générations (NGS) permettent l’identification de nombreuses altérations génétiques nécessaires pour le diagnostic, le pronostic et le développement de thérapies ciblées. Pourtant, le développement de nouvelles molécules rencontre une forte proportion d’échec lors des études cliniques. Ce constat est en partie dû à l’utilisation de modèles non représentatifs de la maladie telle qu’elle se présente chez l’Homme. Chez le chien, la sélection artificielle imposée par l’homme fait qu’aujourd’hui, de nombreuses races présentent des prédispositions aux lymphomes et même à certains sous-types. Cette caractéristique fait du chien un modèle spontané pertinent aussi bien pour l’étude des bases génétiques des lymphomes que pour le développement de nouvelles molécules pour l’Homme via des essais cliniques vétérinaires. Mon travail de thèse a consisté à caractériser génétiquement les lymphomes canins pour proposer des modèles prédictifs des lymphomes homologues humains. Suite à une étape de collecte d’un grand nombre de prélèvements de chiens atteints de lymphomes, j’ai travaillé sur l’amélioration d’un test de diagnostic des sous-types B ou T de lymphomes basé sur la technique d’amplification appelé PARR. J’ai également montré une transmission familiale de lymphomes chez le Bouvier bernois, ce qui m’a permis d’effectuer une étude d’association génétique (GWAS) comportant 63 chiens atteints et 167 indemnes. J’ai pu ainsi identifier plusieurs loci sur les chromosomes 9, 15 et 23, ce dernier incluant le gène MYD88 connu pour être impliqué dans les lymphomes humains. J’ai également découvert par différentes approches NGS (RNA-Seq et Capture ciblée) des altérations génétiques récurrentes partagées entre l’Homme et le chien. Parmi celles-ci, j’ai identifié des fusions de gènes entre des immunoglobulines et les cyclines D : 3 cas pour CCND3 et 1 cas pour CCND1. J’ai également retrouvé la forte récurrence d’altérations impliquant les oncogènes KDR, MYC ou UBR5 ainsi que les gènes suppresseurs de tumeur POT1, PTEN ou TP53. Ces évènements étant associés chez l’Homme à des lymphomes agressifs ou résistants aux traitements, les lymphomes canins présentent donc un intérêt majeur en tant que modèle spontané. Enfin, j’ai mis en place des essais de molécules in vitro, réalisables à partir de la lignée CLBL-1 ou de cultures primaires caractérisées par NGS. Cette étape préliminaire permet d’envisager des essais cliniques vétérinaires avec des chiens de propriétaire, atteints de lymphomes. Cette démarche s’intègre dans le concept « One health » dont l’objectif est de faire bénéficier ces recherches à la médecine humaine et vétérinaire. / Lymphomas are among the most common cancers in humans and dogs. They show strong clinical, histological and response homologies to treatments. In the current context, new generation sequencing (NGS) methods allow identification of many genetic alterations needed for the diagnosis, prognosis and development of targeted therapies. However, the development of new molecules encounters a high proportion of failure in clinical studies. This finding is due in part to the use of models that are not reflect all aspects of the disease occurring in humans. In dogs, artificial selection done by humans means that today, many breeds have predispositions to lymphomas and even to certain subtypes. This characteristic makes the dog a relevant spontaneous model both for the study of the genetic basis of lymphomas and for the development of new molecules for humans with veterinary clinical trials. My thesis work consisted in the genetic characterization of canine lymphomas to propose predictive models of human homologous lymphomas. Following a collection step of a large number of lymphomas cases, I worked on the improvement of a diagnostic test to subtype B or T lymphomas based on amplification called PARR. I also showed a familial transmission of lymphomas in the Bernese Mountain Dog, which allows me to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) comprising 63 affected dogs and 167 healthy dogs. I identified several loci on chromosomes 9, 15 and 23, the last one including the MYD88 gene known to be involved in human lymphomas. I have also discovered by different NGS approaches (RNA-Seq and Capture targeted) recurrent genetic alterations shared between the Man and the dog. Among these, I have identified gene fusions between immunoglobulins and cyclins D: 3 cases for CCND3 and 1 case for CCND1. I also found strong recurrences of alterations involving the oncogenes KDR, MYC or UBR5 as well as the tumor suppressor genes POT1, PTEN or TP53. Since these events are associated with aggressive or resistant lymphomas in humans, canine lymphomas are thus of major interest as a spontaneous model. Finally, I have carried out in vitro tests of molecules, which can be carried out from the CLBL-1 cell line or from primary cell cultures characterized by NGS. This preliminary step allows us to consider veterinary clinical trials with owners dogs with lymphomas. This approach is part of the "One Health" concept, which aims to bring this research to human and veterinary medicine.

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L'objectif a été de formuler des émulsions multiples Hydrophile/Lipophile/Hydrophile de taille nanométrique par autoémulsification, d'évaluer leurs cytotoxicités et le taux d'encapsulation. Trois formules ont été développées. La phase lipophile est composée de : triglycéride à chaine moyenne et de deux agents de surface : formules (a) Polysorbate 85 (PS85) / Labrasol®, (b) PS 85 / Cremophor® EL, (c) Glycérol / PS85. Les tailles des globules multiples des formules sont (a) 150 nm, (b) 40 nm et (c) 200 nm. La stabilité est de (a) 24 h, (b) 6 mois et (c) 2 mois. Le système multiple a été caractérisé par microscopie électronique à transmission et calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC). L'évaluation de la viabilité cellulaire a montré une cytotoxicité aigüe (a) et retardé (b) et absence de cytotoxicité (c). La stabilité de la formulation (c) a été améliorée par ajout d'un glycéride hémisynthétique (Suppocire®DM). Différentes méthodes d'évaluation du taux d'encapsulation ont été testées, des méthodes usuelles (ultracentrifugation, dialyse) et d'autres méthodes (dégradation enzymatique, intercalant de l'ADN) avec des résultats montrant une interaction. La mise en évidence de la formation de micelles de PS85 dans la phase aqueuse externe a permis d'expliquer cette interaction. L'ultrafiltration a montré que le PS85 encapsulait du principe actif dans la phase aqueuse externe. L'évaluation de l'encapsulation de DTPA-Europium par DSC a permis détecter un taux d'encapsulation de 68 %. Du DTPA-Gadolinium incorporé dans la phase aqueuse interne a montré une supériorité comme agent de contraste positif par imagerie par résonnance magnétique par rapport à la solution de référence. / The aim was to formulate nanoscale Water/Oil/Water (W/O/W) multiple emulsion (ME) byself-emulsification, to evaluate their cytotoxicity and the encapsulation rate of DTPAEuropiumsolution. Three W/O/W ME have been developed. The lipophilic phase is composed of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) and two surfactants (ratio 7/3), which are : formulations:(a) Polysorbate 85 (PS85) / Labrasol ®, (b) PS85 / Cremophor EL®, (c) Glycerol / PS85. The sizes of multiple droplets are (a) 150 nm, (b) 40 nm and (c) 200 nm. Stabilities are (a) 24 h, (b)6 months and (c) 2 months. Multiple system has been characterized by transmission electronmicroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Evaluation of cell viability showacute cytotoxicity (formulation a), delayed cytotoxicity (formulation b) and no cytotoxicity(formulation c). The stability of formulation (c) has been improved by adding to the oily phase a hemisynthetic glycerid (Suppocire® DM). Different methods of evaluation of encapsulation rate have been tested: conventional methods (ultracentrifugation, dialysis, conductivity) and methods used for other nanosystems (enzymatic degradation, DNA intercalating). Results have shown an interaction. The demonstration of the formation of micelles or an emulsion ofPS85 in the external aqueous phase allowed explaining this interaction. Ultrafiltration was used to characterize it and to show that the PS85 encapsulates the active subtance in the external aqueous phase. Evaluation of the encapsulation of a solution of DTPA - Europium byDSC has overcome this interaction, and detecting an encapsulation rate of about 68 %. The incorporation of a solution of DTPA - Gadolinium in the internal aqueous phase has shown superiority as a positive contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging as compared to a reference solution.

L'objet de ce travail de thèse est la description linguistique de la modalité interrogative en conversation spontanée et en synchronie. Il s'agit d'abord de relever et d'évaluer tous les indices morphosyntaxiques qui permettent de faire état de l'information transmise. Puis, l'objectif est de mesurer l'implication dialogique du locuteur. On considère, à l'instar de [Damourette, 1911], qu'un énoncé interrogatif n'est complet que lorsqu'une réponse est apportée. Un locuteur formule sa question en fonction d'une image de réponse qu'il a présente à l'esprit et qui véhicule l'informalion-réponse tout autant qu'un contexte interactif et argumentatif. On peut émettre l'hypothèse que l'intentionnalité d'un locuteur se mesure en se fondant sur la réponse qu'il escompte, c'est-à-dire sur celle qu'il considère être non seulement la plus plausible au sein de sa représentation du monde, mais aussi la plus adéquate à la situation énonciative et dialogique. À partir de cette hypothèse, l'analyse a permis, de procéder à une description modélisée de l'interrogation en fonction de trois axes complémentaires. Cette description modélisée de l'interrogation a ensuite fait l'objet d'une confrontation à des données attestées de deux natures. Un premier corpus de Système de Questions/Réponses a permis de tester la modélisation tandis qu'un second corpus de SMS a permis de valider les modifications apportées. Cette ultime version du modèle a autorisé une description de l'interrogation en conversation spontanée dans la totalité des pratiques langagières observées. / The purpose of this thesis is the linguistic description of the interrogative modality in spontaneous conversation and in synchrony. First, the aim vvas to identify and evaluate all morphosyntactic clues that report the information transmitted. Then, the objective is to measure the dialogic involvement of the speaker. We consider, like [Damourette, 1911 ], an interrogative sentence is only complete when a response is made. A speaker formulates his question based on the image of a response in his mind, vvhich carries the information-response as well as an interactive and argumentative context. One can speculate that the intentionality of a speaker is measured based on the response he expects ; that is to say on that he considers not only the most plausible within its representation of the vvorld, but also the most appropriate to the dialogic utterance. According to this assumption, the analysis allowed to proceed to a modeled description, which based on three complementary dimensions. After a modeled descriplion, a confrontation with evidence of two kinds has been proposed. A first corpus derived from a Questions/Answers System vvas used to test the modeling while a second SMS corpus was used to validate the changes. This latest version of the model has allowed a description of the interrogation, in spontaneous conversation and in all observed utterances.

In this work, we calculate the density of photon states (DOS) of the normal modes in dye-doped chiral nematic liquid crystal (LC) cells in the presence of various loss mechanisms. Losses and gain are incorporated into the transmission characteristics through the introduction of a small imaginary part in the dielectric constant perpendicular and along the director, for which we assume no frequency dispersion. Theoretical results are presented on the DOS in the region of the photonic band gap for a range of values of the loss coefficient and different values of the optical anisotropy. The obtained values of the DOS at the photonic band gap edges predict a reversal of the dominant modes in the structure. Our results are found to be in good agreement with the experimentally obtained excitation thresholds in chiral nematic LC lasers. The behaviour of the DOS is also discussed for amplifying LC cells providing an additional insight to the lasing mechanism of these structures. We subsequently investigate the spontaneous emission properties, under the assumption that the electronic transition frequency is close to the photonic edge mode of the structure (resonance). We take into account the transition broadening and the decay of electromagnetic field modes supported by the so-called 'mirror-less' cavity. We employ the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian to describe the electron interaction with the electromagnetic field, focusing on the mode with the diffracting polarization in the chiral nematic layer. As known in these structures, the density of photon states, calculated via the Wigner method, has distinct peaks on either side of the photonic band gap, which manifests itself as a considerable modification of the emission spectrum. We demonstrate that, near resonance, there are notable differences between the behaviour of the density of states and the spontaneous emission profile of these structures. In addition, we examine in some detail the case of the logarithmic peak exhibited in the density of states in 2D photonic structures and obtain analytic relations for the Lamb shift and the broadening of the atomic transition in the emission spectrum. The dynamical behaviour of the atom-field system is described by a system of two first order differential equations, solved using the Green's function method and the Fourier transform. The emission spectra are then calculated and compared with experimental data. Finally, we detail a new technique for the pumping of dye lasers which requires no moving parts or flushing mechanisms and is applicable to both solid state and liquid based devices. A reconfigurable hologram is used to control the position of incidence of a pump beam onto a dye laser and significant increases in device lifetimes are achieved. The technique is also applied to wavelength tune a dye laser. This offers access to higher repetition rates and larger average output powers. With higher repetition rate pump lasers it is feasible that the approach could allow such organic lasers to reach operating frequencies on the order of MHz. The unique nature of the adaptive pumping method also allows precise control of the spatial wave-front and configuration of the pumping wave which allows greater versatility and functionality to be realised. It is possible to envisage that novel pump beam profiles that optimise propagation through the medium could also be demonstrated.

This dissertation addresses three novel aspects of children’s future thinking: First is a study of 3- to 5-year-olds’ capacity to think about the future across two different conceptual domains. Specifically, children had to think ahead to meet either a future physiological need (desire for food) or psychological need (avoiding boredom). Most future thinking tasks only require children to plan in one domain, this despite that future thinking is presumably domain general in humans. Children were better at addressing a future need for food than a future need for toys, with even 3-year-olds succeeding above chance. This study also served as an opportunity to replicate the results of a previous similar task (Atance et al., 2015) and improve the task by removing unnecessary components (social, pretense). Second is a study of 3- to 5-year-olds’ spontaneous talk (as a proxy for spontaneous thought) about the future and past within the context of a behavioural future thinking task. Spontaneous or involuntary thought about the past and future are ubiquitous in adult cognition. Few developmental studies have investigated past spontaneous thought, and none have investigated future spontaneous thought. Children of all ages spontaneously spoke about the future and past and some children even spontaneously solved the future thinking task. Further, children who spontaneously spoke more about the past and future were more likely to correctly answer an explicit test question. Third is an attempt at addressing a limitation in all existing behavioural future thinking tasks: That is, tasks used to assess the development of future thinking do not require children to think ahead about a future state of the world that differs from the present. Children could potentially be solving behavioural future thinking tasks without having to represent the future. However, representing a future that differs from the present is argued to be core to adaptive future thinking in humans. To overcome this limitation, we modified an existing task so that children could not succeed based on their representation of how the world currently is but, rather, how it will be at a future point in time. Four- to 7-year-olds all remembered the information required to solve the modified task; however, only 7-year-olds made a future-oriented decision more often than chance. With the task modification removed (so the correct answer for the present and future matched), even 4-year-olds succeeded above chance. These findings challenge the current accounts that suggest by age 4, children can reliably succeed in future thinking tasks. Taken together, this research program contributes new insights to the development of future thinking in early childhood and suggests directions for novel research.

I obtained 182 session graphs from 10 client records from a university-based neurotherapy clinic and from a private practitioner. These graphs were used to examine the relationship of therapeutic crossover activity (defined as at least 3 minutes in duration and at least 1μv in amplitude) with and without predetermined amplitude thresholds of beta (15-20Hz) to client reports of imagery and to treatment outcomes. Crosstab analysis revealed that significantly more reports of imagery were observed in the therapeutic crossover with beta condition and that higher amplitudes of slower brainwave activity correlated with progression to deeper states of consciousness. Multi-level modeling revealed a significant interaction between therapeutic crossover activity, higher beta frequency amplitude, and reported salient imagery. Due to small sample size, significance testing was not deemed appropriate. However, observation in change of pre-post scores suggested that individuals who experienced more therapeutic crossover with sufficient beta amplitude conditions had greater improvements on post-test measures (BAI, BDI, BHS, PSQI and MMPI) than those with no or few crossovers. Higher amplitudes of slower brainwave activity correlated with progression to deeper states of consciousness, with delta amplitude positively correlating with transpersonal states. Reports of imagery and/or biographical memory are much more likely to occur during theta-alpha crossover activity characterized by 3 minutes or more in duration, one microvolt or more in amplitude, and 3.75μv amplitude or more of beta. This defined therapeutic crossover condition does appear to facilitate recall of imagery and memories during alpha-theta neurofeedback and was related to better treatment outcomes.