The ongoing commercialism of sport has generated new legal problems. One of eminent importance id the treatment of restraints of trade in the sport sector. The application of the restraints of trade rule to the sport sector is highly complicated and controversial. Hardly any guidelines have emerged that can already be seen as a South African sports policy. However, with South Africa's economy growing, sport is going to be more and more commercialized and new legal issues realted to restraints of trade will appear. The scope of the thesis is to develop guidelines and rules for the future dealing with restraints of trade in South African sport.

The ongoing commercialism of sport has generated new legal problems. One of eminent importance id the treatment of restraints of trade in the sport sector. The application of the restraints of trade rule to the sport sector is highly complicated and controversial. Hardly any guidelines have emerged that can already be seen as a South African sports policy. However, with South Africa's economy growing, sport is going to be more and more commercialized and new legal issues realted to restraints of trade will appear. The scope of the thesis is to develop guidelines and rules for the future dealing with restraints of trade in South African sport.

Magister Legum - LLM / The ongoing commercialism of sport has generated new legal problems. One of eminent importance id the treatment of restraints of trade in the sport sector. The application of the restraints of trade rule to the sport sector is highly complicated and controversial. Hardly any guidelines have emerged that can already be seen as a South African sports policy. However, with South Africa's economy growing, sport is going to be more and more commercialized and new legal issues realted to restraints of trade will appear. The scope of the thesis is to develop guidelines and rules for the future dealing with restraints of trade in South African sport. / South Africa

As levels of economic prosperity grew in the 1960s, the 1970s and the 1980s in South Korea, so people's concern with health, and with leisure opportunities has grown. In particular since 1988 and the successful staging of the Seoul Olympics, and with the onset of a fledgling democratic government there has been increasing pressure to meet citizens' demands for sporting opportunities. A sport for all policy is a recent innovation in South Korea and little research has been carried out on its implementation, or indeed on sports participation more generally in the South Korean context. The rationale for promoting a policy of sport for all, which is essentially a welfare rationale, reflects the recent major changes in the political system, that is, a change to a democratic regime in the late 1980s and into the 1990s, developing from the system of government characterised by military authoritarianism for the majority of the period since the Korean War. The principal aims of the research on which the thesis is based are two hold. The first is to provide a review of the changing nature of sports policy over time in South Korea, covering the period from 1945 up to the present day, changes which have taken place against a background of significant politico-economic shifts. This is accomplished via an historical review of sports policy and its reporting by government sources and by media of contrasting political affiliation. Most recently there has been a discernible change in emphasis in sport policy, promoting in particular a sport for all approach. The second aim of the thesis is therefore to review the nature of sports participation in urban South Korea, to establish the level of participation, the nature of participants, and to identify barriers to participation, in order to evaluate whether the measures adopted in a sport for all promotion are coherent and likely to be adequate. This latter aim is achieved through the analysis of a questionnaire survey administered to a sample of 600 urban dwellers in the city of Suwon. In addition to supplement this, detailed sports histories are recorded for 79 individuals and for 10 married couples, in order to identify how key life events impact upon sports participation at the individual level. As with West European and American studies, statistically significantly greater levels of sports participation in a wider range of sports are associated with higher levels of education, income, full time employment, and gender (males participate significantly more widely and more often). The sports histories illustrate how major life events influence sports behaviour, while the sports histories of married couples reflect the mutual influence of the sports careers of marital partners, in particular the impact on female sporting behaviour of male sports careers. These findings suggest approaches and priorities which sports policy might take in fostering the achievement of sport for all goals. The major contributions of the thesis to knowledge in this field are, first an enhanced understanding of the development of sports policy in the South Korean context, and the relationship between sports policy goals and the goals of political actors in the evolution of the Korean system of government from styles of authoritarian nationalism to emergent liberal democracy; and second a data base on, and analysis of, sports participation in a major urban settlement, which incorporates for the first time in relation to South Korea, personal sports history data, and for the first time in the wider sports participation literature, analysis of the sports histories of married couples. These data are subsequently analysed in terms of their significance for sports policy in the contemporary South Korean context.

This study was commissioned by the Västerbotten sports federation, who called for an overview of the policies that the municipalities in Västerbotten work after in the field of sport. The study aimed to identify sports policy programs or documents that have been produced by the municipalities, and how they work with them. Furthermore, the study highlights the municipality’s politicians reasoning about sport and recreation-sector, and how their sport policy-work was practiced. The data collection was based on seven interviews and document-collections from the 15 municipalities. The result shows that no municipalities have drawn up a sport policy program, and the lack of common goals, guidelines and a clear vision of the sport and recreation-sector were big. The overall process consisted of running the handling of cases involving the sports industry. Municipalities work with sport and recreational questions dealt largely with preserving the existing level and maintaining the sporting activities already in place.

Drawing upon a series of interviews with politicians, sports administrators, coaches, journalists and academics and with analysis based on the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), this thesis examines elite sports development policy in Taiwan within a political context. It investigates the issues of whether or not sports development and policy-making reflect institutional features, and how sports policy has changed over time in Taiwan. It further explores the development systems of baseball, taekwondo and tennis, with a particular focus on similarities and differences between them at the elite level. Empirical data gathered from semi-structured interviews and documentary materials is analysed using an institutional approach together the ACF. The main findings suggest that, in essence, sports development and policy-making in Taiwan comply with institutional features and, during different periods from 1949 to the present day, have consistently been influenced by the political needs of the time. The analysis of the development systems of the three selected sports identified some major similarities. The government promotes them using a top-down approach and each sport relies heavily on the public funding. There sports have no national level facilities. Talent identification and development mainly occur in schools and are conducted through the competition systems. There is government financial support for elite athletes to participate in international events or for the governing bodies to host international events. The development systems for coaches share the same mechanisms. Finally, national athletes in each sport can enjoy sports science support from the government during squad training and international events. However, the case studies also reveal considerable differences. The governing bodies of taekwondo and tennis play a more dominant in elite development than that of baseball. Parents play a more significant role in the identification and development of tennis players than for the other sports. Only taekwondo national competitors train relatively frequently at the national training centre. The facilities for elite baseball players are more adequate than for the other sports. Elite baseball players enjoy the most international competition opportunities and taekwondo competitors the least. The existence of a professional baseball league and a highly professionalised international competition system for tennis serve to highlight the difference between the three sports in terms of the emergence of full-time athletes. In sum, this demonstrates quite clearly that there exists in Taiwan a single spine of sports development in general, but with variations.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The importance of health enhancing physical activity participation (HEPA) has always been emphasized globally, as one of the means to reduce the risk of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) occurrence. In Africa, it is more relevant currently, due to the growing burden of NCDs that is coupled with the existing encumbrance of communicable diseases. In Rwanda, specifically, there are limited national strategies to promote health-enhancing physical activity. Consequently, the level of physical activity among Rwandans, especially government office workers, is likely to diminish, which could possibly be attributed to the rapid urbanization that comes with lifestyle changes. Basically, most people tend to abandon the traditional labour-intensive activities, which are associated with high energy expenditure, to more sedentary activities. Therefore, the need to promote health enhancing physical activity participation is crucial. Physical activity participation is an intricate and multifaceted behaviour that may not be viewed from a linear perspective. This current study adopted a socio-ecological framework to assess the factors that influence Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA) among government employees in Kigali City. The study used an exploratory, sequential, mixed methods of qualitative and quantitative designs, in order to comprehensively explore and understand the research problem. Qualitatively, a Case study and exploratory design was used to collect data, specifically from the Rwanda Sport Policy and its implementing stakeholders. Quantitatively, a cross-sectional, descriptive design was used to assess and describe the levels of LTPA among government workers in Kigali City, as well as highlight the various factors that influence, or limit, their participation.

The world of sport has recently been inundated by stories of doping. These reports are not limited to a select few individuals or sports, but seemingly are spread across sports. At first, it was mostly members of the sports community voicing their discontent, but soon actors outside of the sports community, such as government committees, became interested. Anti-doping policies were created to reduce doping; however, these policies were created independently of government and vary in effectiveness. The most visible variances are between professional and amateur sports. Accordingly, this paper investigates why there is variation between professional and amateur anti-doping policies. This investigation is done in a qualitative fashion and employs the Most Similar System of Design (a comparative method) to identify that factors result in the differences. The paper also contributes to the field by creating and organizing the ethics of doping. Furthermore, it compares the various existing approaches to anti-doping policy by analysing the anti-doping policies of the PGA, IOC, WADA, and the MLB. Subsequently, the paper identifies seven obstacles facing anti-doping regulators and identifies new policy tools that could aid anti-doping policies. Finally, it closes with policy recommendations for the future. This paper is comprehensive: it introduces the topic of anti-doping, the subsequent definitions, explains the ethical considerations, answers why there is variation between professional and amateur anti-doping policies, and provides policy recommendations.

More specifically, it seeks to examine the making of sports policy as a field of state activity and as a process involving various projects, agents and transformations, by uncovering the underlying structures and relations in the national sports policy context. The research is informed by the premises of the Strategic Relations Approach as developed by Jessop (1990), while critical theory provides the link between the theoretical foundations and the interpretation of data. This task demands an analysis which can account for the political, social and economic environments in which sports policy is made, and also for the structures and actors involved. In doing so, the thesis challenges both the traditional Marxist approach to the state, and some of the Jessopian claims about interests, strategies and global influences on policy making. The history of the modem Bulgarian state is marked by three major transformations, and the advancement of three distinct projects - Capitalism, Communism and Europeanisation - each aiming to establish a new stateness. Subsequently, it is argued that sports policy is a strategic relation, the formation of which needs to be viewed within state-society relations at particular historical conjuncture. Furthermore, this relation constitutes a process of past and present struggles, the outcomes of which are uncertain. The study draws several conclusions regarding strategic relations in sport policy making by highlighting: the relations between state projects and sports projects; the forms of state intervention in sport in various socio-political environments; the constitution of power in sports policy and state-society interactions; and the role of transnational and local forces in shaping sports policy (e.g. international sports federations and the IOC). The conceptualising and operationalising of Strategic Relations allows for three overriding tendencies pertinent to Bulgaria's sport policy to be outlined - of continuity, statisation and incongruity. One aspect of this study of theoretical interest in that, so far as can be ascertained, it is the first time that the Strategic Relations approach has been applied to a Communist state.

Title: The subsidy policy applied by the city of Přelouč in sport Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to describe the policy of the city of Přelouč in the support of sport, sports funding at the local level with the description of individual funding opportunity, building sports infrastructure in the long run focusing on receiving grants for sport. Methods: In this diploma thesis the method of mixed research is used consisting of work with documents related to grants provided to selected sports facilities in the city. Further personal or written interviews and questioning with representatives of the city of Přelouč and villages in the district of the city and with sports facilities managers. Results: The result of the thesis is a text that contains information about the support given by the city into the sports infrastructure, description of the areas of financing with an emphasis on subsidies. The city of Přelouč fixed the sport as one if its policy priority and within the budget allocates to sport around 1%. Over the last ten years, the city of Přelouč realized with the help of state and Europe grants three large projects for the expansion of the sports infrastructure. The city creates sports conditions for the village inhabitants in the urban district where the situation is not at...